1
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Sui X, Xu B, Kostko O, Yu XY. Investigation of pyruvic acid photolysis at the air-liquid interface as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172729. [PMID: 38670353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid (PA) is a ubiquitous 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. Its photochemical process at the air-liquid (a-l) interface has been suggested as an important source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. We investigated the photochemical reaction pathways of PA at the a-l interface using synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microreactor. Results from mass spectral analysis and the determination of appearance energies (AEs) indicate that photolysis of PA can generate radicals, then they recombine with carboxylic acids and simple molecular oligomers. Furthermore, the preliminary products could form larger oligomers via radical reaction or esterification in the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. Mass spectral comparison shows that most photochemical reactions would complete within 4 h. The expanded photochemistry-driven reaction flowchart of PA is proposed based on the newly discovered products. Our results reveal that the interfacial PA photochemical reactions have different mechanisms from the bulk liquid due to the interfacial properties, such as molecular density, composition, and ion concentration. Our findings show that in situ mass spectral analysis with bright photon ionization is useful to elucidate the contribution of a-l interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-6136, United States.
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2
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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Gao J, Li J. Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:545-559. [PMID: 36522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NOx, SO2, NH3, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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3
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Wong C, Liu S, Nizkorodov SA. Highly Acidic Conditions Drastically Alter the Chemical Composition and Absorption Coefficient of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2983-2994. [PMID: 36561193 PMCID: PMC9762236 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA), formed through the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can reside in the atmosphere for many days. The formation of SOA takes place rapidly within hours after VOC emissions, but SOA can undergo much slower physical and chemical processes throughout their lifetime in the atmosphere. The acidity of atmospheric aerosols spans a wide range, with the most acidic particles having negative pH values, which can promote acid-catalyzed reactions. The goal of this work is to elucidate poorly understood mechanisms and rates of acid-catalyzed aging of mixtures of representative SOA compounds. SOA were generated by the ozonolysis of α-pinene in a continuous flow reactor and then collected using a foil substrate. SOA samples were extracted and aged by exposure to varying concentrations of aqueous H2SO4 for 1-2 days. Chemical analysis of fresh and aged samples was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array spectrophotomety and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, UV-vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used to examine the changes in optical properties before and after aging. We observed that SOA that aged in moderately acidic conditions (pH from 0 to 4) experienced small changes in composition, while SOA that aged in a highly acidic environment (pH from -1 to 0) experienced more dramatic changes in composition, including the formation of compounds containing sulfur. Additionally, at highly acidic conditions, light-absorbing and fluorescent compounds appeared, but their identities could not be ascertained due to their small relative abundance. This study shows that acidity is a major driver of SOA aging, resulting in a large change in the chemical composition and optical properties of aerosols in regions where high concentrations of H2SO4 persist, such as upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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4
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Barquilla MDP, Mayes ML. Role of hydrogen bonding in bulk aqueous phase decomposition, complexation, and covalent hydration of pyruvic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25151-25170. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of hydrogen bonding changes between the gas and aqueous phase, altering the mechanisms of various pyruvic acid processes and consequently affecting the aerosol formation in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dave P. Barquilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Maricris L. Mayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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5
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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6
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Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sakamoto Y, Hirokawa J. Low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls as ozonolysis products of isoprene: Implication for the gaseous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144472. [PMID: 33477044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of isoprene, a major biogenic volatile organic compound emitted from forest canopies, is a potential source of oxalic acid; the dominant species in organic aerosols. We evaluated here ozonolysis of isoprene in dry darkness as a source of oxalic (C2), malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids. We found that oxalic acid and methylglyoxal are dominant products within 10 min of reaction followed by glyoxylic, malonic or succinic acids. Interestingly, molecular distributions of oxidation products from early reactions (9-29 min) were characterized by the predominance of methylglyoxal followed by C2, which became dominant after 30 min. The isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) showed chemical evolution with reaction time towards the molecular characteristics of dicarboxylic acids similar to those of ambient aerosols (C2>C3≥C4). The carbon-based relative abundances of methylglyoxal decreased steadily (40%→30%), while those of C2 increased with reaction time (15%→25%), but no such variations persisted for glyoxal (6-10%). This finding means that methylglyoxal is more important intermediate of oxalic acid than glyoxal. In contrast, smaller variability and lower concentrations of pyruvic and glyoxylic acids than other intermediates indicate that oxalic acid formation under dry conditions follows a different pathway than in aqueous-phase heterogeneous chemistry usually invoked for cloud/fog/atmospheric waters. Here, we propose new reaction schemes for high levels of methylglyoxal and oxalic acid via gas-phase chemical reactions with ozone and OH radicals to better interpret the ambient SOA composition. Furthermore, the relative abundances of C2 exhibit small variability from 1 to 8 h, suggesting its stable character towards the oxidation by hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bikkina
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Hirokawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Pollet R, Chin W. Reversible Hydration of α-Dicarbonyl Compounds from Ab Initio Metadynamics Simulations: Comparison between Pyruvic and Glyoxylic Acids in Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2942-2951. [PMID: 33725456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxylic and pyruvic oxoacids are widely available in the atmosphere as gas-phase clusters and particles or in wet aerosols. In aqueous conditions, they undergo interconversion between the unhydrated oxo and gem-diol forms, where two hydroxyl groups replace the carbonyl group. We here examine the hydration equilibrium of glyoxylic and pyruvic acids with first-principles simulations in water at ambient conditions using ab initio metadynamics to reconstruct the corresponding free-energy landscapes. The main results are as follows: (i) our simulations reveal the high conformational diversity of these species in aqueous solutions. (ii) We show that gem-diol is strongly favored in water compared to its oxo counterpart by 29 and 16 kJ/mol for glyoxylic and pyruvic acids, respectively. (iii) From our atomic-scale simulations, we present new insights into the reaction mechanisms with a special focus on hydrogen-bond arrangements and the electronic structure of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Pollet
- NIMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wutharath Chin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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8
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Kappes KJ, Deal AM, Jespersen MF, Blair SL, Doussin JF, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Hopper BN, Johnson MS, Vaida V. Chemistry and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1036-1049. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keaten J. Kappes
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Deal
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Malte F. Jespersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sandra L. Blair
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC) et Université de Paris (UP), 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Brianna N. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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9
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Luo M, Shemesh D, Sullivan MN, Alves MR, Song M, Gerber RB, Grassian VH. Impact of pH and NaCl and CaCl2 Salts on the Speciation and Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid in the Aqueous Phase. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5071-5080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Institute of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael N. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael R. Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Meishi Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92037, United States
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10
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Chen T, Liu J, Liu Y, Ma Q, Ge Y, Zhong C, Jiang H, Chu B, Zhang P, Ma J, Liu P, Wang Y, Mu Y, He H. Chemical characterization of submicron aerosol in summertime Beijing: A case study in southern suburbs in 2018. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125918. [PMID: 31978659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matters have a crucial impact on climate change, visibility and human health. In this study, a detailed characteristic of summertime PM1 was real-time measured in south suburb of Beijing from 16th August to 16th September 2018. Averaged PM1 concentration of 24.1 ± 18.0 μg m-3 was observed, consisting of OM (50.8%), SO42- (16.0%), BC (13.2%), NO3- (10.2%), NH4+ (9.2%), and Cl- (0.6%). There was an accumulation mode with a peak diameter of ∼500 nm for all the species (except BC), and OM was additionally characterized by a smaller mode of <100 nm. Elemental analysis of OM showed that the diurnal variations of H/C, O/C, N/C, and S/C were correlated to the photochemical and aqueous-phase process. Four organic factors including one hydrocarbon-like (HOA) and three oxygenated (LO-OOA, SV-OOA and MO-OOA) organic aerosol factors were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. The contributions of these factors varied with PM1 concentration and their average values were 31%, 30%, 14%, and 25%, respectively. Contribution of HOA was RH-independent but decreased with the increasing PM1 concentration, while OOA factors were a combined result of RH and Ox (=O3+NO2), revealing the important role of photochemical and aqueous-phase process in OA evolution. The contribution of SV-OOA with the highest S/C increased significantly with RH, indicating a certain number of S-containing organics. Our results also showed that secondary OA was the dominant species, as well as increased with the pollution level, implicating VOCs and NOx should be controlled to relieve the secondary OA pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Shemesh D, Luo M, Grassian VH, Gerber RB. Absorption spectra of pyruvic acid in water: insights from calculations for small hydrates and comparison to experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12658-12670. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that small hydrate models including the roles of both neutral and deprotonated speciated forms provide a good quantitative description and a microscopic interpretation of the experimental spectrum of pyruvic acid in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Shemesh
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- USA
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
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12
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Gordon BP, Moore FG, Scatena LF, Richmond GL. On the Rise: Experimental and Computational Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy Studies of Pyruvic Acid and Its Surface-Active Oligomer Species at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10609-10619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Frederick G. Moore
- Department of Physics, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Lawrence F. Scatena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Geraldine L. Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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13
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Abstract
Environmental chambers have proven to be essential for atmospheric photochemistry research. This historical perspective summarizes chamber research characterizing smog. Experiments with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-nitrogen oxides (NOx) have characterized O3 and aerosol chemistry. These led to the creation and evaluation of complex reaction mechanisms adopted for various applications. Gas-phase photochemistry was initiated and developed using chamber studies. Post-1950s study of photochemical aerosols began using smog chambers. Much of the knowledge about the chemistry of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derives from chamber studies complemented with specially designed atmospheric studies. Two major findings emerge from post-1990s SOA experiments: (1) photochemical SOAs hypothetically involve hydrocarbons and oxygenates with carbon numbers of 2, and (2) SOA evolves via more than one generation of reactions as condensed material exchanges with the vapor phase during “aging”. These elements combine with multiphase chemistry to yield mechanisms for aerosols. Smog chambers, like all simulators, are limited representations of the atmosphere. Translation to the atmosphere is complicated by constraints in reaction times, container interactions, influence of precursor injections, and background species. Interpretation of kinetics requires integration into atmospheric models addressing the combined effects of precursor emissions, surface exchange, hydrometeor interactions, air motion and sunlight.
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14
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Grygoryeva K, Ončák M, Pysanenko A, Fárník M. Pyruvic acid proton and hydrogen transfer reactions in clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8221-8227. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate ion chemistry in pyruvic acid (PA) clusters in a molecular beam experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Grygoryeva
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 23 Prague
- Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- A-6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 23 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 23 Prague
- Czech Republic
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15
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Huang DD, Zhang Q, Cheung HHY, Yu L, Zhou S, Anastasio C, Smith JD, Chan CK. Formation and Evolution of aqSOA from Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Phenolic Carbonyls: Comparison between Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Nitrate Solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9215-9224. [PMID: 29985589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of sulfate and nitrate on the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol formed in the aqueous phase (aqSOA) from photooxidation of two phenolic carbonyls emitted from wood burning. AqSOA was formed efficiently from the photooxidation of both syringaldehyde (C9H10O4) and acetosyringone (C10H12O4) in ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solutions, with mass yields ranging from 30% to 120%. Positive matrix factorization on the organic mass spectra acquired by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer revealed a combination of functionalization, oligomerization, and fragmentation processes in the chemical evolution of aqSOA. Functionalization and oligomerization dominated in the first 4 h of reaction, with phenolic oligomers and their derivatives significantly contributing to aqSOA formation; and oxidation of the first-generation products led to an abundance of oxygenated ring-opening products. Degradation rates of syringaldehyde and acetosyringone in nitrate solutions were 1.5 and 3.5 times faster than rates in sulfate solutions, and aqSOA yields in nitrate experiments are twice as high as in sulfate experiments. Nitrate likely promoted the reactions because it is a photolytic source of OH radicals, while sulfate is not, highlighting the importance of aerosol-phase nitrate in the formation of aqSOA by facilitating the photooxidation of organic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Huang
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , P. R. China
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shang Hai 200233 , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Heidi H Y Cheung
- Division of Environment , Hong Kong of University of Science and Technology , Kowloon , Hong Kong , P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jeremy D Smith
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , P. R. China
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16
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Rapf R, Perkins RJ, Dooley MR, Kroll JA, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Environmental Processing of Lipids Driven by Aqueous Photochemistry of α-Keto Acids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:624-630. [PMID: 29806009 PMCID: PMC5968514 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight can initiate photochemical reactions of organic molecules though direct photolysis, photosensitization, and indirect processes, often leading to complex radical chemistry that can increase molecular complexity in the environment. α-Keto acids act as photoinitiators for organic species that are not themselves photoactive. Here, we demonstrate this capability through the reaction of two α-keto acids, pyruvic acid and 2-oxooctanoic acid, with a series of fatty acids and fatty alcohols. We show for five different cases that a cross-product between the photoinitiated α-keto acid and non-photoactive species is formed during photolysis in aqueous solution. Fatty acids and alcohols are relatively unreactive species, which suggests that α-keto acids are able to act as radical initiators for many atmospherically relevant molecules found in the sea surface microlayer and on atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael R. Dooley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jay A. Kroll
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School
of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United
Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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17
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Kaur R, Anastasio C. First Measurements of Organic Triplet Excited States in Atmospheric Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5218-5226. [PMID: 29611699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidants chemically transform organic compounds in atmospheric drops and particles. Photooxidants such as hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) have been characterized in cloud and fog drops, but there are no measurements of the triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*). These "triplets", which are formed from excitation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), i.e., brown carbon, are difficult to measure because they are a mixture of species instead of a single entity. Here, we use a two-probe technique to measure the steady-state concentrations, rates of photoformation, and quantum yields of oxidizing triplet states during simulated-sunlight illumination of bulk fog waters. Concentrations of 3C* are (0.70-15) × 10-14 M with an average (±σ) value of 5.0 (±5.1) × 10-14 M. The average 3C* photoformation rate is 130 (±130) μM h-1, while the average quantum yield is 3.7 (±4.5)%. Based on our previous measurements of •OH and 1O2* in the same fog samples, the ratio of the steady-state concentrations for 1O2*:3C*:•OH is approximately 3:1:0.04, respectively. At our measured concentrations, triplet excited states can be the dominant aqueous oxidants for organic compounds such as phenols from biomass combustion.
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18
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Reed Harris AE, Cazaunau M, Gratien A, Pangui E, Doussin JF, Vaida V. Atmospheric Simulation Chamber Studies of the Gas-Phase Photolysis of Pyruvic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8348-8358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Reed Harris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- LISA,
UMR-CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Aline Gratien
- LISA,
UMR-CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- LISA,
UMR-CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- LISA,
UMR-CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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19
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Rapf RJ, Dooley MR, Kappes K, Perkins RJ, Vaida V. pH Dependence of the Aqueous Photochemistry of α-Keto Acids. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8368-8379. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael R. Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Keaten Kappes
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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20
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Rapf RJ, Perkins RJ, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Mechanistic Description of Photochemical Oligomer Formation from Aqueous Pyruvic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4272-4282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School
of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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21
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Rapf RJ, Perkins RJ, Yang H, Miyake GM, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Photochemical Synthesis of Oligomeric Amphiphiles from Alkyl Oxoacids in Aqueous Environments. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6946-6959. [PMID: 28481114 PMCID: PMC5518611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous phase photochemistry of a series of amphiphilic α-keto acids with differing linear alkyl chain lengths was investigated, demonstrating the ability of sunlight-initiated reactions to build molecular complexity under environmentally relevant conditions. We show that the photochemical reaction mechanisms for α-keto acids in aqueous solution are robust and generalizable across alkyl chain lengths. The organic radicals generated during photolysis are indiscriminate, leading to a large mixture of photoproducts that are observed using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, but these products are identifiable following literature photochemical mechanisms. The alkyl oxoacids under study here can undergo a Norrish Type II reaction to generate pyruvic acid, increasing the diversity of observed photoproducts. The major products of this photochemistry are covalently bonded dimers and trimers of the starting oxoacids, many of which are multi-tailed lipids. The properties of these oligomers are discussed, including their spontaneous self-assembly into aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Reed Harris AE, Pajunoja A, Cazaunau M, Gratien A, Pangui E, Monod A, Griffith EC, Virtanen A, Doussin JF, Vaida V. Multiphase Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid under Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3327-3339. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Reed Harris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aki Pajunoja
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- LISA, UMR
CNRS 7583,
Université Paris Est Cretéil (UPEC), Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 94010 Cretéil, France
| | - Aline Gratien
- LISA, UMR
CNRS 7583,
Université Paris Est Cretéil (UPEC), Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 94010 Cretéil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- LISA, UMR
CNRS 7583,
Université Paris Est Cretéil (UPEC), Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 94010 Cretéil, France
| | - Anne Monod
- Aix Marseille
Université, CNRS, LCE, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Elizabeth C. Griffith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- LISA, UMR
CNRS 7583,
Université Paris Est Cretéil (UPEC), Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 94010 Cretéil, France
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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23
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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24
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Perkins RJ, Shoemaker RK, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Chemical Equilibria and Kinetics in Aqueous Solutions of Zymonic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10096-10107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Richard K. Shoemaker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School
of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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25
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Duan FK, He KB, Ma YL, Ihozaki T, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R, Kitayama S, Tujimoto K, Huang T, Kimoto T, Furutani H, Toyoda M. High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs) in severe winter haze: Direct observation and insights on the formation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:289-296. [PMID: 27423501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs), formed as secondary organic aerosols (SOA), have been reported in many laboratory studies. However, little evidence of HMW-OCs formation, in particular during winter season in the real atmosphere, has been reported. In January 2013, Beijing faced historically severe haze pollution, in which the hourly PM2.5 concentration reached as high as 974 μg m-3. Four typical haze events (HE1 to HE4) were identified, and HE2 (Jan. 9-16) was the most serious of these. Based on the hourly observed chemical composition of PM2.5 and the daily organic composition analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), we found that abundant ion peaks in m/z 200-850 appeared on heavy haze days, whereas these were negligible on a clear day, indicating the existence of HMW-OCs in the wintertime haze. A negative nonlinear correlation between HMW-OCs and O3 suggested that gas oxidation was not likely to be the dominant mechanism for HMW-OCs formation. During the heavy haze events, the relative humidity and mass ratio of H2O/PM2.5 reached as high as 80% and 0.2, respectively. The high water content and its good positive correlation with HMW-OCs indicated that an aqueous-phase process may be a significant pathway in wintertime. The evidence that acidity was much higher during HE2 (0.37 μg m-3) than on other days, as well as its strong correlation with HMW-OCs, indicated that acid-catalyzed reactions likely resulted in HMW-OCs formation during the heavy winter haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - K B He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Y L Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - T Ihozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - H Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - R Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - S Kitayama
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - K Tujimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - H Furutani
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Manufacturing Support, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - M Toyoda
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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26
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Estillore AD, Hettiyadura APS, Qin Z, Leckrone E, Wombacher B, Humphry T, Stone EA, Grassian VH. Water Uptake and Hygroscopic Growth of Organosulfate Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4259-4268. [PMID: 26967467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OS) are important components of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that have been identified in numerous field studies. This class of compounds within SOA can potentially affect aerosol physicochemical properties such as hygroscopicity because of their polar and hydrophilic nature as well as their low volatility. Currently, there is a dearth of information on how aerosol particles that contain OS interact with water vapor in the atmosphere. Herein we report a laboratory investigation on the hygroscopic properties of a structurally diverse set of OS salts at varying relative humidity (RH) using a Hygroscopicity-Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA). The OS studied include the potassium salts of glycolic acid sulfate, hydroxyacetone sulfate, 4-hydroxy-2,3-epoxybutane sulfate, and 2-butenediol sulfate and the sodium salts of benzyl sulfate, methyl sulfate, ethyl sulfate, and propyl sulfate. In addition, mixtures of OS and sodium chloride were also studied. The results showed gradual deliquescence of these aerosol particles characterized by continuous uptake and evaporation of water in both hydration and dehydration processes for the OS, while the mixture showed prompt deliquescence and effloresce transitions, albeit at a lower relative humidity relative to pure sodium chloride. Hygroscopic growth of these OS at 85% RH were also fit to parameterized functional forms. This new information provided here has important implications about the atmospheric lifetime, light scattering properties, and the role of OS in cloud formation. Moreover, results of these studies can ultimately serve as a basis for the development and evaluation of thermodynamic models for these compounds in order to consider their impact on the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Erin Leckrone
- Department of Chemistry, Truman State University , Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
| | - Becky Wombacher
- Department of Chemistry, Truman State University , Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
| | - Tim Humphry
- Department of Chemistry, Truman State University , Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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27
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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28
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Axson JL, Creamean JM, Bondy AL, Capracotta SS, Warner KY, Ault AP. An In Situ Method for Sizing Insoluble Residues in Precipitation and Other Aqueous Samples. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:24-34. [PMID: 25705069 PMCID: PMC4333727 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2014.991439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Particles are frequently incorporated into clouds or precipitation, influencing climate by acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, taking up coatings during cloud processing, and removing species through wet deposition. Many of these particles, particularly ice nuclei, can remain suspended within cloud droplets/crystals as insoluble residues. While previous studies have measured the soluble or bulk mass of species within clouds and precipitation, no studies to date have determined the number concentration and size distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation or cloud water using in situ methods. Herein, for the first time we demonstrate that Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is a powerful in situ method for determining the total number concentration, number size distribution, and surface area distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation, both of rain and melted snow. The method uses 500 μL or less of liquid sample and does not require sample modification. Number concentrations for the insoluble residues in aqueous precipitation samples ranged from 2.0-3.0(±0.3)×108 particles cm-3, while surface area ranged from 1.8(±0.7)-3.2(±1.0)×107 μm2 cm-3. Number size distributions peaked between 133-150 nm, with both single and multi-modal character, while surface area distributions peaked between 173-270 nm. Comparison with electron microscopy of particles up to 10 μm show that, by number, > 97% residues are <1 μm in diameter, the upper limit of the NTA. The range of concentration and distribution properties indicates that insoluble residue properties vary with ambient aerosol concentrations, cloud microphysics, and meteorological dynamics. NTA has great potential for studying the role that insoluble residues play in critical atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessie M. Creamean
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy L. Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Katy Y. Warner
- Division of Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, El Portal, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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29
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Wagstrom KM, Baker KR, Leinbach AE, Hunt SW. Synthesizing scientific progress: outcomes from U.S. EPA's carbonaceous aerosols and source apportionment STAR grants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10561-10570. [PMID: 25111572 DOI: 10.1021/es500782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to recommendations by the National Research Council in the late 1990 s and early 2000s for critical research into understanding sources and formation mechanisms of PM2.5, EPA created multiple funding opportunities through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program: "Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter" (2003) and "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter" (2004). The carbonaceous fine PM solicitation resulted in 16 different projects focusing on the measurement methods, source identification, and exploration of the chemical and physical processes important for PM2.5 carbon in the atmosphere. The source apportionment funding opportunity led to 11 projects improving tools and characterization of source-receptor relationships of PM2.5. Many funding mechanisms include a final synopsis of funded research and published manuscripts. Here, this evaluation is extended to include citations of research published as part of these solicitations. These solicitations resulted in 275 publications that included more than 850 unique authors in 37 different journals with a weighted average 2011 impact factor of 4.21. At the time of this assessment, these publications have been cited by 13,612 peer review journal articles with 31 (11%) of the manuscripts being cited over 100 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Wagstrom
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Reed Harris AE, Ervens B, Shoemaker RK, Kroll JA, Rapf RJ, Griffith EC, Monod A, Vaida V. Photochemical Kinetics of Pyruvic Acid in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8505-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502186q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Reed Harris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Barbara Ervens
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Richard K. Shoemaker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Jay A. Kroll
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Elizabeth C. Griffith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Anne Monod
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- CIRES, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
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31
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Hawkins LN, Baril MJ, Sedehi N, Galloway MM, De Haan DO, Schill GP, Tolbert MA. Formation of semisolid, oligomerized aqueous SOA: lab simulations of cloud processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2273-80. [PMID: 24428707 DOI: 10.1021/es4049626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, and hydroxyacetone form N-containing and oligomeric compounds during simulated cloud processing with small amines. Using a novel hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analysis (HTDMA) system that allows varied humidification times, the hygroscopic growth (HG) of each of the resulting products of simulated cloud processing was measured. Continuous water uptake (gradual deliquescence) was observed beginning at ∼ 40% RH for all aldehyde-methylamine products. Particles containing ionic reaction products of either glyoxal or glycine were most hygroscopic, with HG between 1.16 and 1.20 at 80% RH. Longer humidification times (up to 20 min) produced an increase in growth factors for glyoxal-methylamine (19% by vol) and methylglyoxal-methylamine (8% by vol) aerosol, indicating that unusually long equilibration times can be required for HTDMA measurements of such particles. Glyoxal- and methylglyoxal-methylamine aerosol particles shattered in Raman microscopy impact-flow experiments, revealing that the particles were semisolid. Similar experiments on glycolaldehyde- and hydroxyacetone-methylamine aerosol found that the aerosol particles were liquid when dried for <1 h, but semisolid when dried for 20 h under ambient conditions. The RH required for flow (liquification) during humidification experiments followed the order methylglyoxal > glyoxal > glycolaldehyde = hydroxyacetone, likely caused by the speed of oligomer formation in each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelia N Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College , 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711
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32
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Regional Air Quality Model Application of the Aqueous-Phase Photo Reduction of Atmospheric Oxidized Mercury by Dicarboxylic Acids. ATMOSPHERE 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Nguyen TB, Coggon MM, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Reactive uptake and photo-Fenton oxidation of glycolaldehyde in aerosol liquid water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4307-4316. [PMID: 23557515 DOI: 10.1021/es400538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactive uptake and aqueous oxidation of glycolaldehyde were examined in a photochemical flow reactor using hydrated ammonium sulfate (AS) seed aerosols at RH = 80%. The glycolaldehyde that partitioned into the aerosol liquid water was oxidized via two mechanisms that may produce aqueous OH: hydrogen peroxide photolysis (H2O2 + hν) and the photo-Fenton reaction (Fe (II) + H2O2 + hν). The uptake of 80 (±10) ppb glycolaldehyde produced 2-4 wt % organic aerosol mass in the dark (kH* = (2.09-4.17) × 10(6) M atm(-1)), and the presence of an OH source increased the aqueous uptake by a factor of 4. Although the uptake was similar in both OH-aging mechanisms, photo-Fenton significantly increased the degree of oxidation (O/C = 0.9) of the aerosols compared to H2O2 photolysis (O/C = 0.5). Aerosol organics oxidized by photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis resemble ambient "aged" and "fresh" OA, respectively, after the equivalent of 2 h atmospheric aging. No uptake or changes in particle composition occurred on dry seed aerosol. This work illustrates that photo-Fenton chemistry efficiently forms highly oxidized organic mass in aerosol liquid water, providing a possible mechanism to bridge the gap between bulk-phase experiments and ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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34
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A chromatographic method to analyze products from photo-oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic mixtures of volatile organic compounds in smog chambers. Talanta 2013; 106:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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36
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Fang W, Gong L, Zhang Q, Cao M, Li Y, Sheng L. Measurements of secondary organic aerosol formed from OH-initiated photo-oxidation of isoprene using online photoionization aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3898-904. [PMID: 22397593 DOI: 10.1021/es204669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a significant source of atmospheric organic aerosol; however, the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and involved chemical reaction pathways have remained to be elucidated. Recent works have shown that the photo-oxidation of isoprene leads to form SOA. In this study, the chemical composition of SOA from the OH-initiated photo-oxidation of isoprene, in the absence of seed aerosols, was investigated through the controlled laboratory chamber experiments. Thermal desorption/tunable vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (TD-VUV-TOF-PIAMS) was used in conjunction with the environmental chamber to study SOA formation. The mass spectra obtained at different photon energies and the photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra of the SOA products can be obtained in real time. Aided by the ionization energies (IE) either from the ab initio calculations or the literatures, a number of SOA products were proposed. In addition to methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and 3-methyl-furan, carbonyls, hydroxycarbonyls, nitrates, hydroxynitrates, and other oxygenated compounds in SOA formed in laboratory photo-oxiadation experiments were identified, some of them were investigated for the first time. Detailed chemical identification of SOA is crucial for understanding the photo-oxidation mechanisms of VOCs and the eventual formation of SOA. Possible reaction mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Fang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China.
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37
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Zhao R, Lee AKY, Abbatt JPD. Investigation of aqueous-phase photooxidation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal by aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometry: observation of hydroxyhydroperoxide formation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6253-63. [PMID: 22296207 DOI: 10.1021/jp211528d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase processing of glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MG) produces highly oxygenated, less volatile organic acids that can contribute to SOA formation and aging. In this study, aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometry (aerosol CIMS) is employed to monitor aqueous-phase photooxidation of GLY and MG. Using iodide (I(-)) as the reagent ion, aerosol CIMS can simultaneously detect important species involved in the reactions: organic acids, peroxides, and aldehydes, so that the reconstructed total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations from aerosol CIMS data agree well with offline TOC analysis. This study also reports the first direct detection of hydroxyhydroperoxide (HHP) formation from the reaction of H(2)O(2) with GLY or MG. The formation of HHPs is observed to be reversible and an estimate of their equilibrium constants is made to be between 40 and 200 M(-1). Results of this study suggest that HHPs can form additional formic acid and acetic acid via photooxidation and regenerate GLY or MG during photooxidation, compensating their loss. HHP formation needs to be further studied for inclusion in aqueous-phase chemical models given that it may affect the aqueous partitioning of carbonyls in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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38
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Larsen MC, Vaida V. Near Infrared Photochemistry of Pyruvic Acid in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5840-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2087972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
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39
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Nguyen TB, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Direct aqueous photochemistry of isoprene high-NOx secondary organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9702-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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Mochida M, Nishita-Hara C, Furutani H, Miyazaki Y, Jung J, Kawamura K, Uematsu M. Hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleus activity of marine aerosol particles over the western North Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Huang XHH, Ip HSS, Yu JZ. Secondary organic aerosol formation from ethylene in the urban atmosphere of Hong Kong: A multiphase chemical modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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De Haan DO, Hawkins LN, Kononenko JA, Turley JJ, Corrigan AL, Tolbert MA, Jimenez JL. Formation of nitrogen-containing oligomers by methylglyoxal and amines in simulated evaporating cloud droplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:984-91. [PMID: 21171623 DOI: 10.1021/es102933x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of methylglyoxal with amino acids, methylamine, and ammonium sulfate can take place in aqueous aerosol and evaporating cloud droplets. These processes are simulated by drying droplets and bulk solutions of these compounds (at low millimolar and 1 M concentrations, respectively) and analyzing the residuals by scanning mobility particle sizing, nuclear magnetic resonance, aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), and electrospray ionization MS. The results are consistent with imine (but not diimine) formation on a time scale of seconds, followed by the formation of nitrogen-containing oligomers, methylimidazole, and dimethylimidazole products on a time scale of minutes to hours. Measured elemental ratios are consistent with imidazoles and oligomers being major reaction products, while effective aerosol densities suggest extensive reactions take place within minutes. These reactions may be a source of the light-absorbing, nitrogen-containing oligomers observed in urban and biomass-burning aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110, United States.
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43
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Bateman AP, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Photolytic processing of secondary organic aerosols dissolved in cloud droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12199-212. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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44
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Miyazaki Y, Kawamura K, Sawano M. Size distributions and chemical characterization of water-soluble organic aerosols over the western North Pacific in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Grgić I, Nieto-Gligorovski LI, Net S, Temime-Roussel B, Gligorovski S, Wortham H. Light induced multiphase chemistry of gas-phase ozone on aqueous pyruvic and oxalic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:698-707. [DOI: 10.1039/b914377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Tan Y, Perri MJ, Seitzinger SP, Turpin BJ. Effects of precursor concentration and acidic sulfate in aqueous glyoxal-OH radical oxidation and implications for secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:8105-12. [PMID: 19924930 PMCID: PMC2771719 DOI: 10.1021/es901742f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments demonstrated that aqueous OH radical oxidation of glyoxal yields low-volatility compounds. When this chemistry takes place in clouds and fogs, followed by droplet evaporation (or if it occurs in aerosol water), the products are expected to remain partially in the particle phase, forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Acidic sulfate exists ubiquitously in atmospheric water and has been shown to enhance SOA formation through aerosol phase reactions. In this work, we investigate how starting concentrations of glyoxal (30-3000 microM) and the presence of acidic sulfate (0-840 microM) affect product formation in the aqueous reaction between glyoxal and OH radical. The oxalic acid yield decreased with increasing precursor concentrations, and the presence of sulfuric acid did not alter oxalic acid concentrations significantly. A dilute aqueous chemistry model successfully reproduced oxalic acid concentrations, when the experiment was performed at cloud-relevant concentrations (glyoxal <300 microM), but predictions deviated from measurements at increasing concentrations. Results elucidate similarities and differences in aqueous glyoxal chemistry in clouds and in wet aerosols. They validate for the first time the accuracy of model predictions at cloud-relevant concentrations. These results suggest that cloud processing of glyoxal could be an important source of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Corresponding author phone: 732-932-9800, extension 6219: fax: 732-932-8644; e-mail:
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47
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Miyazaki Y, Aggarwal SG, Singh K, Gupta PK, Kawamura K. Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi, India, in winter: Characteristics and formation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Plath KL, Axson JL, Nelson GC, Takahashi K, Skodje RT, Vaidaa V. Gas-phase vibrational spectra of glyoxylic acid and its gem diol monohydrate. Implications for atmospheric chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-009-5528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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De Haan DO, Corrigan AL, Smith KW, Stroik DR, Turley JJ, Lee FE, Tolbert MA, Jimenez JL, Cordova KE, Ferrell GR. Secondary organic aerosol-forming reactions of glyoxal with amino acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2818-24. [PMID: 19475956 DOI: 10.1021/es803534f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal, the simplest and most abundant alpha-dicarbonyl compound in the atmosphere, is scavenged by clouds and aerosol, where it reacts with nucleophiles to form low-volatility products. Here we examine the reactions of glyoxal with five amino acids common in clouds. When glyoxal and glycine, serine, aspartic acid or ornithine are present at concentrations as low as 30/microM in evaporating aqueous droplets or bulk solutions, 1,3-disubstituted imidazoles are formed in irreversible second-order reactions detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In contrast, glyoxal reacts with arginine preferentially at side chain amino groups, forming nonaromatic five-membered rings. All reactions were accompanied by browning. The uptake of 45 ppb glyoxal by solid-phase glycine aerosol at 50% RH was also studied and found to cause particle growth and the production of imidazole measured by scanning mobility particle sizing and AMS, respectively, with a glyoxal uptake coefficient alpha = 0.0004. Comparison of reaction kinetics in bulk and in drying droplets shows that conversion of glyoxal dihydrate to monohydrate accelerates the reaction by over 3 orders of magnitude, allowing these reactions to occur at atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, USA.
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50
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Carlton AG, Turpin BI, Altieri KE, Seitzinger SP, Mathur R, Roselle SJ, Weber RJ. CMAQ model performance enhanced when in-cloud secondary organic aerosol is included: comparisons of organic carbon predictions with measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8798-802. [PMID: 19192800 DOI: 10.1021/es801192n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that low-volatility (particle-phase) organic compounds form in the atmosphere through aqueous phase reactions in clouds and aerosols. Although some models have begun including secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through cloud processing, validation studies that compare predictions and measurements are needed. In this work, agreement between modeled organic carbon (OC) and aircraft measurements of water soluble OC improved for all 5 of the compared ICARTT NOAA-P3 flights during August when an in-cloud SOA (SOAcld) formation mechanism was added to CMAQ (a regional-scale atmospheric model). The improvement was most dramatic for the August 14th flight, a flight designed specifically to investigate clouds. During this flight the normalized mean bias for layer-averaged OC was reduced from -64 to -15% and correlation (r) improved from 0.5 to 0.6. Underpredictions of OC aloft by atmospheric models may be explained, in part, by this formation mechanism (SOAcld). OC formation aloft contributes to long-range pollution transport and has implications to radiative forcing, regional air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie G Carlton
- Air Resources Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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