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Wang A, Feng X, He G, Xiao Y, Zhong T, Yu X. Recent advances in digital microfluidic chips for food safety analysis: Preparation, mechanism and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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2
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Simultaneous quantification of six major allergens in commercial foods for children using a multiplex array on a digital versatile disc. Food Chem 2023; 404:134570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Xin J, Hu Z, Liu Y, Qiu L, Meng Z, Zhang W, Fan J, Xue M. Preparation of a glucose-sensitive one-dimensional photonic crystal via top-down nanocasting. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3638-3643. [PMID: 36073356 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals have been widely explored for biosensing. However, the complicated procedure for the self-assembly of multi-dimensional photonic crystals has driven researchers to look for more economical protocols for preparing photonic crystals. Furthermore, in situ monitoring of glucose with photonic crystals is the main technique used for controlling diabetes. A one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal gel sensor was prepared with a top-down method using a commercially available CD-R or DVD-R disc as a nanomold. The 1-D photonic structure was cast on a glucose-sensitive hydrogel. It was observed that the 1-D photonic crystal cast by DVD-R has a good response ability to glucose, as well as a good linear response relationship in the range of 0.1-4 mM glucose, with an adjusted R2 of 0.99 of the linear fitting curve. The sensor also has a good response ability to the detection of glucose in urine. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.1 mM. The 1-D photonic crystal sensor utilizing the existing optical disc microstructure as a template shows the advantages of its simple preparation, short production cycle, and low cost. It also has great application potential in the preparation of point-of-care (POC) sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
- College of Medicine, Yan'an Uninersity, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yangyang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zeng Z, Zeng G, Xiao R, Wang Y, Hu Y, Tang L, Feng C. Sensors for the environmental pollutant detection: Are we already there? Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Kordasht HK, Hassanpour S, Baradaran B, Nosrati R, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, la Guardia MD. Biosensing of microcystins in water samples; recent advances. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112403. [PMID: 32729523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Safety and quality of water are significant matters for agriculture, animals and human health. Microcystins, as secondary metabolite of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin, are one of the main marine toxins in continental aquatic ecosystems. More than 100 microcystins have been identified, of which MC-LR is the most important type due to its high toxicity and common detection in the environment. Climate change is an impressive factor with effects on cyanobacterial blooms as source of microcystins. The presence of this cyanotoxin in freshwater, drinking water, water reservoir supplies and food (vegetable, fish and shellfish) has created a common phenomenon in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems worldwide. International public health organizations have categorized microcystins as a kind of neurotoxin and carcinogen. There are several conventional methods for detection of microcystins. The limitations of traditional methods have encouraged the development of innovative methods for detection of microcystins. In recent years, the developed sensor techniques, with advantages, such as accuracy, reproducibility, portability and low cost, have attracted considerable attention. This review compares the well-known of biosensor types for detection of microcystins with a summary of their analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Kholafazad Kordasht
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahim Nosrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Point-of-care detection of Microcystin-LR with a personal glucose meter in drinking water source. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Label-free piezoelectric biosensor for prognosis and diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Simultaneous determination of four food allergens using compact disc immunoassaying technology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2261-2268. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Morais S, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Disc-based microarrays: principles and analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4523-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Dobosz P, Morais S, Bonet E, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Massive Immuno Multiresidue Screening of Water Pollutants. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9817-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dobosz
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergi Morais
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Bonet
- Gamaser, S.L., Ronda Isaac Peral
4, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Dobosz P, Morais S, Puchades R, Maquieira A. Nanogold bioconjugates for direct and sensitive multiplexed immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:294-300. [PMID: 25771301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanogold bioconjugates for direct detection of the antibody-antigen immunoreaction is addressed. The integration of gold nanoparticles tracers as signal generators in microarray immunosensing and compact disc detection technique show important advantages to reach sensitive, selective, high throughput, reliable and cost-effective assays. For that, a thorough study of the performances of the size of spherical nanogold particles and coating density was developed. The size of the nanoparticle determines the optimal antibody dilution, being the smaller particles the best performing ones. Enhancement effect of lower size is also studied. The gold labeling method do not affects the recognition capability of the labeled proteins. As a proof of concept, the nanoconjugates were used for the simultaneous and direct determination of small molecules. Employing nanogold bioconjugates as recognition labels resulted in robust and reliable assays, reaching a sensitivity of 0.03 and 1.3μg/L for sulfasalazine and atrazine, respectively. This shows that the use of nanogold bioconjugates for direct immunosensing is very competitive, achieving highly sensitive and reproducible assays (RSD<10%). This approach would simultaneously determine both small and large molecular size targets, in different formats, using the same detection mode what paves the way for many other applications in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dobosz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - S Morais
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - R Puchades
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
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Petryayeva E, Algar WR. Toward point-of-care diagnostics with consumer electronic devices: the expanding role of nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the role that nanoparticles can play in point-of-care diagnostics that utilize consumer electronic devices such as cell phones and smartphones for readout, including an overview of important concepts and examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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13
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Morais S, Tortajada-Genaro L, Maquieira Á. Array-on-a-disk? How Blu-ray technology can be applied to molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:773-5. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.929945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Li X, Weng S, Ge B, Yao Z, Yu HZ. DVD technology-based molecular diagnosis platform: quantitative pregnancy test on a disc. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1686-1694. [PMID: 24695902 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A diagnosis platform based entirely on DVD technology was developed for on-site quantitation of molecular analytes of interest, e.g., human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine samples ("quantitative pregnancy test on a disc"). An hCG-specific monoclonal antibody-binding assay prepared on a regular DVD-R was labeled with nanogold-streptavidin conjugates for signal enhancement with a customized silver-staining protocol. An unmodified, conventional computer optical drive was used for assay reading, and free disc-quality analysis software for data processing. The performance (sensitivity and selectivity) of this DVD assay is comparable to that of well-established colorimetric methods (determination of optical darkness ratios) and standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). As validated by examining its linear correlation with the ELISA results on the same set of samples, the DVD assay promises to be a low-cost, multiplex, point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool for physicians and even for individuals at home, producing prompt results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi 030024, China.
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Lebogang L, Hedström M, Mattiasson B. Development of a real-time capacitive biosensor for cyclic cyanotoxic peptides based on Adda-specific antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 826:69-76. [PMID: 24793855 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of cyanotoxins in surface waters have led to increasing demands for accurate early warning methods. This study proposes a capacitive immunosensor for broad-spectrum detection of the group of toxic cyclic peptides called microcystins (∼80 congeners) at very low concentration levels. The novel analytical platform offers significant advances compared to the existing methods. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, clone AD4G2) that recognize a common element of microcystins were used to construct the biosensing layer. Initially, a stable insulating anchor layer for the mAbs was made by electropolymerization of tyramine onto a gold electrode surface, with subsequent incorporation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the glutaraldehyde (5%) activated polytyramine surface. The biosensor responded linearly to microcystin concentrations from 1×10(-13)M to 1×10(-10)M MC-LR standard with a limit of detection of 2.1×10(-14)M. The stability of the biosensor was evaluated by repeated measurements of the antigen and by determining the capacitance change relative to the original response, which decreased below 90% after the 30th cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesedi Lebogang
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Hedström
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden; CapSenze HB, Annersbergs gård 5520, 26021 Billeberga, Sweden
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Capacitive sensing of microcystin variants of Microcystis aeruginosa using a gold immunoelectrode modified with antibodies, gold nanoparticles and polytyramine. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Arnandis-Chover T, Morais S, González-Martínez MÁ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. High density MicroArrays on Blu-ray discs for massive screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 51:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Navarro P, Morais S, Gabaldón JA, Pérez AJ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Arrays on disc for screening and quantification of pollutants. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yu HZ, Li Y, Ou LML. Reading disc-based bioassays with standard computer drives. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:258-68. [PMID: 23025412 DOI: 10.1021/ar300104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods of disease diagnosis are both time-consuming and labor-intensive, and many tests require expensive instrumentation and trained professionals, which restricts their use to biomedical laboratories. Because patients can wait several days (even weeks) for the results, the consequences of delayed treatment could be disastrous. Therefore, affordable and simple point-of-care (POC) biosensor devices could fill a diagnostic niche in the clinic or even at home, as personal glucose meters do for diabetics. These devices would allow patients to check their own health conditions and enable physicians to make prompt treatment decisions, which could improve the chances for rapid recovery and cure. Compact discs (CDs) provide inexpensive substrate materials for the preparation of microarray biochips, and conventional computer drives/disc players can be adapted as precise optical reading devices for signal processing. Researchers can employ the polycarbonate (PC) base of a CD as an alternative substrate to glass slides or silicon wafers for the preparation of microanalytical devices. Using the characteristic optical phenomena occurring on the metal layer of a CD, researchers can develop biosensors based on advanced spectroscopic readout (interferometry or surface plasmon resonance). If researchers integrate microfluidic functions with CD mechanics, they can control fluid transfer through the spinning motion of the disc, leading to "lab-on-a-CD" devices. Over the last decade, our laboratory has focused on the construction of POC biosensor devices from off-the-shelf CDs or DVDs and standard computer drives. Besides the initial studies of the suitability of CDs for surface and materials chemistry research (fabrication of self-assembled monolayers and oxide nanostructures), we have demonstrated that an ordinary optical drive, without modification of either the hardware or the software driver, can function as the signal transducing element for reading disc-based bioassays quantitatively. In this Account, we first provide a brief introduction to CD-related materials chemistry and microfluidics research. Then we describe the mild chemistry developed in our laboratory for the preparation of computer-readable biomolecular screening assays: photochemical activation of the polycarbonate (PC) disc surface and immobilization and delivery of probe and target biomolecules. We thoroughly discuss the analysis of the molecular recognition events: researchers can "read" these devices quantitatively with an unmodified optical drive of any personal computer. Finally, and critically, we illustrate our digitized molecular diagnosis approach with three trial systems: DNA hybridization, antibody-antigen binding, and ultrasensitive lead detection with a DNAzyme assay. These examples demonstrate the broad potential of this new analytical/diagnostic tool for medical screening, on-site food/water safety testing, and remote environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yunchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Lily M.-L. Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Arnandis-Chover T, Morais S, Tortajada-Genaro LA, Puchades R, Maquieira Á, Berganza J, Olabarria G. Detection of food-borne pathogens with DNA arrays on disk. Talanta 2012; 101:405-12. [PMID: 23158341 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A DNA oligonucleotide array for duplex pathogen detection on a DVD platform is developed. The assay involves hybridization of PCR products and optical detection using compact disc technology. Different DNA array constructions for attachment of synthetic oligonucleotides on to DVD surface are evaluated, finding that streptavidin-biotin coupling method yielded the highest sensitivity in combination with enzymatic signal amplification. Issues of importance for the DNA array construction such immobilized probes design, PCR product labeling strategy and composition of the hybridization buffer were addressed. The methodology was proved scoring single nucleotide polymorphisms with high selectivity. The assay capability was also demonstrated by the identification of two pathogenic microorganisms in powder milk samples. In fifty minutes, the DVD-array system identifies Salmonella spp. and Cronobacter spp. (previously named Enterobacter sakazakii) precise and simultaneously with a sensitivity of 10(0) and 10(2) cfu/mL, respectively, in infant milk. Results were in good agreement with those obtained by quantitative real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnandis-Chover
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4614-48. [PMID: 21668018 DOI: 10.1021/ac200915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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