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Holbert S, Colbourne K, Fisk AT, Ross PS, MacDuffee M, Gobas FAPC, Brown TM. Polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether profiles vary with feeding ecology and marine rearing distribution among 10 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stocks in the North Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117476. [PMID: 37879388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) along the west coast of North America have experienced significant declines in abundance and body size over recent decades due to several anthropogenic stressors. Understanding the reasons underlying the relatively high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Chinook stocks is an important need, as it informs recovery planning for this foundation species, as well for the Chinook-dependent Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca, RKW) of British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA). We evaluated the influence of stock-related differences in feeding ecology, using stable isotopes, and marine rearing ground on the concentrations and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Chinook salmon. A principal components analysis (PCA) revealed a clear divergence of PCB and PBDE congener patterns between Chinook with a nearshore rearing distribution ('shelf resident') versus a more offshore distribution. Shelf resident Chinook had 12-fold higher PCB concentrations and 46-fold higher PBDE concentrations relative to offshore stocks. Shelf resident Chinook had PCB and PBDE profiles that were heavier and dominated by more bioaccumulative congeners, respectively. The higher δ13C and δ15N in shelf resident Chinook compared to the offshore rearing stocks, and their different marine distributions explain the large divergence in contaminant levels and profiles, with shelf resident stocks being heavily influenced by land-based sources of industrial contamination. Results provide compelling new insight into the drivers of contaminant accumulation in Chinook salmon, raise important questions about the consequences for their health, and explain a major pathway to the heavily POP-contaminated Resident killer whales that consume them.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holbert
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Colbourne
- Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A T Fisk
- School of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - P S Ross
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, BC, Canada
| | - M MacDuffee
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, BC, Canada
| | - F A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - T M Brown
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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Falahudin D, Herandarudewi SMC, Hukom FD, Arifin Z, Wulandari I, Sudaryanto A, Hoang AQ, Watanabe I, Takahashi S. The first full-congener analysis of 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the blubber of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) stranded along the coast of Savu Island, Indonesia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163008. [PMID: 36966839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Short-finned pilot whales (SFPW) are a group of cetaceans found globally in tropical and temperate seas and are commonly stranded in the group, but the reason behind their stranding is still unknown. No detailed information on the contamination status and bioaccumulation of halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the SFPW from Indonesian waters has been reported. Therefore, we analyzed all 209 PCB congeners in the blubber of 20 SFPW specimens stranded along the coast of Savu Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, in October 2012 to explain the status of contamination, congener profiles, potential risk of PCBs to cetaceans, and the determination of unintentionally produced PCBs (u-PCBs) in the blubber of SFPW. Concentrations of Σ209PCBs, Σ7in-PCBs, Σ12dl-PCBs, and Σ21u-PCBs were between 48 and 490 (mean:240 ± 140), 22-230 (110 ± 60), 2.6-38 (17 ± 10), and 1.0-13 (6.3 ± 3.7) ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. Congener-specific profiles of PCBs among sex and estimated age groups were observed; relatively high proportions of tri-to penta-CBs in juveniles and highly chlorinated recalcitrant congeners in structure-activity groups (SAGs) in sub-adult females were noted. The estimated toxic equivalency (TEQs) value for dl-PCBs ranged from 2.2 to 60 TEQWHO pg/g lw, with juveniles containing high TEQ values than sub-adults and adults. Although the TEQs and concentrations of PCBs in SFPW stranded along Indonesian coasts were lower than those reported for similar whale species from other North Pacific regions, further research is needed to assess the long-term impact of halogenated organic pollutants on their survival and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dede Falahudin
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Sekar M C Herandarudewi
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Frensly Demianus Hukom
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Zainal Arifin
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Ita Wulandari
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Agus Sudaryanto
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Building 820 KST BJ. Habibie, Serpong 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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Munschy C, Spitz J, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Pollono C, Chouvelon T. A large diversity of organohalogen contaminants reach the meso- and bathypelagic organisms in the Bay of Biscay (northeast Atlantic). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114180. [PMID: 36183511 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea ecosystems play a key role in the cycling and vertical transfer of matter and energy in oceans. Although the contamination of deep-sea demersal and benthic organisms by persistent organic pollutants has been proven, deep pelagic species have been far less studied. To fill these gaps, we studied the occurrence of a large variety of hydrophobic organic contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), legacy and alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in crustaceans and fish species collected in the Bay of Biscay, northeast Atlantic. The results highlighted the global predominance of PCBs in fish, followed by OCPs, PFASs and PBDEs, with highly variable concentrations among species. Most of the chlorinated or brominated contaminants showed increasing concentrations with increasing δ15N values, while most PFASs showed inverse trends. The contaminant profiles and diagnostic ratios revealed species-specific metabolic capacities and peculiar contribution of highly-brominated BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - J Spitz
- Centre d'Etude Biologique de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, Université de La Rochelle / CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France; Observatoire PELAGIS, UAR 3462, Université de La Rochelle / CNRS, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - N Bely
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - N Olivier
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - C Pollono
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - T Chouvelon
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000 Nantes, France; Observatoire PELAGIS, UAR 3462, Université de La Rochelle / CNRS, 17000 La Rochelle, France
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Chynel M, Munschy C, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Pollono C, Jaquemet S. Legacy and emerging organic contaminants in two sympatric shark species from Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean): Levels, profiles and maternal transfer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141807. [PMID: 33181997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) by legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging organic contaminants was investigated in specimens from Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean) in 2018 and 2019. Contamination levels were determined in the muscle of adult individuals of both sexes in relation to biological and trophic parameters. Maternal transfer was additionally investigated in one set of embryos in each species. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), organochlorinated pesticide (OCP) and perfluoroalkylated substance (PFAS) concentrations were 2597 ± 2969, 785 ± 966 and 267 ± 194 pg g-1 ww, respectively, in bull sharks, and 339 ± 270, 1025 ± 946 and 144 ± 53 pg g-1 ww in tiger sharks. The results highlighted higher PCB contamination, and by the heavier congeners, in adult bull sharks versus tiger sharks. The significant differences found in PCB profiles and concentrations suggest that the two species are exposed to different contamination sources. As bull sharks rely on a more coastal habitat for feeding, their higher contamination by PCBs suggests the occurrence of local PCB sources. DDT concentrations were similar in both species, suggesting a more homogeneous contamination on the scale of the Southwest Indian Ocean. Female bull sharks showed lower OCP and PCB concentrations than males, while this trend was not observed in tiger sharks. The ratio of chlorinated contaminants in muscle between the mother and her embryos was related to molecule hydrophobicity in bull shark but not in tiger shark, suggesting that shark mode of gestation, known to be different in the two species, is a key driver of organic contaminant maternal transfer. Finally, the results show that organic contaminant levels in the studied species were lower than those of other shark species in the Southern Hemisphere, related to the limited urbanization and industrialization of Reunion Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chynel
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Munschy
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - N Bely
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Pollono
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - S Jaquemet
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion-CNRS-IRD), Avenue René Cassin CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France
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Tran TAM, Malarvannan G, Hoang TL, Nguyen VH, Covaci A, Elskens M. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment and fish in Cau Hai lagoon of Central Vietnam: Human health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:521-528. [PMID: 30955764 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish from the Cau Hai lagoon, a part of the largest coastal lagoon in Southeast Asia. Seven selected PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides in sediments and edible fish tissues were quantified by GC-MS. The sum of ICES-7 PCB and DDTs concentrations in fish species consumed regularly and of economic value were in ranges 26-43 ng g-1 lw and 182-277 ng g-1 lw, respectively. The ratio between the parent DDT compound and the sum of metabolites, DDE and DDD, was most of the time smaller than 1, suggesting primarily an historical contamination of the lagoon. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering indicates sites located in the north-western part of the Cau Hai lagoon were characterized by above-average concentrations of DDE and DDT. Comparing to previous data, a large decrease in ∑DDT residues can be seen over the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ai My Tran
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue, Hue, Viet Nam.
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Thai Long Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Van Hop Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Ravenscroft J, Schell LM. Patterns of PCB exposure among Akwesasne adolescents: The role of dietary and inhalation pathways. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:963-972. [PMID: 30359956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study is to determine if consumption of fish and other dietary elements are related to the serum PCB levels of a group of adolescents. A dietary pattern approach is used to provide a more complete dietary exposure profile rather than a single food/group approach. Additionally, dietary patterns are examined in relation to traditional PCB groupings as well as derived PCB congener profiles. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING AND METHODS The sample is comprised of 246 Mohawk adolescents between the ages of 10-16.9 years of age residing at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. Food frequency data was collected and serum PCB levels were (101 congeners) quantitated during a cross-sectional study investigating adolescent exposure to environmental pollutants. RESULTS Principal component analysis identified four dietary patterns: "well-rounded" "snacks and sweets" "fruits and vegetables" "fish and dairy" and four PCB congener profiles: "1248-like", Persistent/"1260-like", "mono-ortho", and "1254-like". In a multiple regression models, the "fish and dairy" dietary or traditional PCB determinants (age, sex, prior breastfeeding, BMI, pattern) were each predictors of one or more of three of the identified PCB congener profiles. However, the "1248-like" pattern was not related to either dietary pattern or any of the typical PCB determinants, suggesting an alternative source/exposure pathway for this congener profile. CONCLUSION Even relatively low levels of fish consumption within the composite dietary matrix of adolescents at Akwesasne remains a pathway of exposure to postnatally acquired PCBs. In addition, there is evidence of an unidentified, perhaps airborne, exposure pathway that warrants further attention as this congener profile accounted for 50% of the total variance within the adolescents' serum PCB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ravenscroft
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA; Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, One University Place, Room 131, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Risso F, Magherini A, Ottonelli M, Magi E, Lottici S, Maggiolo S, Garbarino M, Narizzano R. A comprehensive approach to actual polychlorinated biphenyls environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8770-8780. [PMID: 26805927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution is due to complex mixtures with high number of congeners, making the determination of total PCBs in the environment an open challenge. Because the bulk of PCBs production was made of Aroclor mixtures, this analysis is usually faced by the empirical mixture identification via visual inspection of the chromatogram. However, the identification reliability is questionable, as patterns in real samples are strongly affected by the frequent occurrence of more than one mixture. Our approach is based on the determination of a limited number of congeners chosen to enable objective criteria for Aroclor identification, summing up the advantages of congener-specific analysis with the ones of total PCBs determination. A quantitative relationship is established between congeners and any single mixture, or mixtures combination, leading to the identification of the actual contamination composition. The approach, due to its generality, allows the use of different sets of congeners and any technical mixture, including the non-Aroclor ones. The results confirm that PCB environmental pollution in northern Italy is based on Aroclor. Our methodology represents an important tool to understand the source and fate of the PCBs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Risso
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Magherini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Ottonelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Lottici
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Maggiolo
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Garbarino
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Narizzano
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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Gerig BS, Chaloner DT, Janetski DJ, Rediske RR, O'Keefe JP, Moerke AH, Lamberti GA. Congener Patterns of Persistent Organic Pollutants Establish the Extent of Contaminant Biotransport by Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:554-563. [PMID: 26641658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Great Lakes, introduced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can transport persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), to new environments during their spawning migrations. To explore the nature and extent of POP biotransport by salmon, we compared 58 PCB and 6 PBDE congeners found in spawning salmon directly to those in resident stream fish. We hypothesized that stream fish exposed to salmon spawners would have congener patterns similar to those of salmon, the presumed contaminant source. Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), we found that POP congener patterns of Pacific salmon varied among regions in the Great Lakes basin (i.e., Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, or Lake Superior), tissue type (whole fish or eggs), and contaminant type (PCB or PBDE). For stream-resident fish, POP congener pattern was influenced by the presence of salmon, location (i.e., Great Lakes Basin), and species identity (i.e., brook trout [Salvelinus fontinalis] or mottled sculpin [Cottus bairdii]). Similarity in congener patterns indicated that salmon are a source of POPs to brook trout in stream reaches receiving salmon spawners from Lake Michigan and Lake Huron but not from Lake Superior. Congener patterns of mottled sculpin differed from those of brook trout and salmon, suggesting that brook trout and mottled sculpin either use salmon tissue to differing degrees, acquire POPs from different dietary sources, or bioaccumulate or metabolize POPs differently. Overall, our analyses identified the important role of salmon in contaminant biotransport but also demonstrated that the extent of salmon-mediated POP transfer and uptake in Great Lakes tributaries is location- and species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gerig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Dominic T Chaloner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David J Janetski
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania , Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, United States
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University , Muskegon, Michigan 49441, United States
| | - James P O'Keefe
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University , Muskegon, Michigan 49441, United States
| | - Ashley H Moerke
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University , Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Brown TM, Iverson SJ, Fisk AT, Macdonald RW, Helbing CC, Reimer KJ. Local contamination, and not feeding preferences, explains elevated PCB concentrations in Labrador ringed seals (Pusa hispida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 515-516:188-197. [PMID: 25725460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in high trophic level species typically reflect the contributions of myriad sources, such that source apportionment is rarely possible. The release of PCBs by a military radar station into Saglek Bay, Labrador contaminated the local marine food web. For instance, while heavier (higher chlorinated) PCB profiles in some ringed seals (Pusa hispida) were previously attributed to this local source, differences in feeding preferences among seals could not be ruled out as a contributing factor. Herein, similar fatty acid profiles between those seals with 'local' PCB profiles and those with 'long-range' or background profiles indicate little support for the possibility that differential feeding ecologies underlay the divergent PCB profiles. Ringed seals appeared to feed predominantly on zooplankton (Mysis oculata and Themisto libellula), followed by the dusky snailfish (Liparis gibbus), arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Principal components analysis (PCA) and PCB homolog profiles illustrated the extent of contamination of the Saglek food web, which had very different (and much heavier) PCB profiles than those food web members contaminated by 'long-range' sources. Locally contaminated prey had PCB levels that were higher (2- to 544-fold) than prey contaminated by 'long-range' sources and exceeded wildlife consumption guidelines for PCBs. The application of multivariate analyses to two distinct datasets, including PCB congeners (n=50) and fatty acids (n=65), afforded the opportunity to clearly distinguish the contribution of locally-released PCBs to a ringed seal food web from those delivered via long-ranged transport. Results from the present study strongly suggest that habitat use rather than differences in prey selection is the primary mechanism explaining the divergent PCB patterns in Labrador ringed seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada; Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada.
| | - Sara J Iverson
- Department of Biology, 1355 Oxford Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ken J Reimer
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
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Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread persistent anthropogenic contaminants that can accumulate in tissues of fish. The toxicity of PCBs and their transformation products has been investigated for nearly 50 years, but there is a lack of consensus regarding the effects of these environmental contaminants on wild fish populations. The objective of this review is to critically examine these investigations and evaluate publicly available databases for evidence of effects of PCBs in wild fish. Biological activity of PCBs is limited to a small proportion of PCB congeners [e.g., dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs)] and occurs at concentrations that are typically orders of magnitude higher than PCB levels detected in wild fish. Induction of biomarkers consistent with PCB exposure (e.g., induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system) has been evaluated frequently and shown to be induced in fish from some environments, but there does not appear to be consistent reports of damage (i.e., biomarkers of effect) to biomolecules (i.e., oxidative injury) in these fish. Numerous investigations of endocrine system dysfunction or effects on other organ systems have been conducted in wild fish, but collectively there is no consistent evidence of PCB effects on these systems in wild fish. Early life stage toxicity of DL-PCBs does not appear to occur at concentrations reported in wild fish embryos, and results do not support an association between PCBs and decreased survival of early life stages of wild fish. Overall, there appears to be little evidence that PCBs have had any widespread effect on the health or survival of wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Henry
- a School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS , UK.,b The University of Tennessee Center for Environmental Biotechnology , 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville , Tennessee 37996, USA.,c Department of Forestry , Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee , 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville , Tennessee , 37996, USA
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Brown TM, Luque S, Sjare B, Fisk AT, Helbing CC, Reimer KJ. Satellite telemetry informs PCB source apportionment in a mobile, high trophic level marine mammal: the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13110-13119. [PMID: 25314596 DOI: 10.1021/es504010q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals are typically poor indicators of point sources of environmental contaminants as a consequence of their often complex feeding ecologies and extensive movements, all of which mask the contributions of specific inputs. The release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by a military radar station into Saglek Bay, Labrador (Canada) has contaminated marine sediments, bottom-feeding fish, seabirds, and some ringed seals, but attributing the PCBs in the latter highly mobile animals to this source is exceedingly difficult. In addition to the application of such tools as stable isotopes (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) and univariate and multivariate statistical exploration of contaminant patterns and ratios, we used satellite telemetry to track the movements of 13 seals in their transient use of different feeding areas. Reduced size of home range and core area (i.e., areas of concentrated use), as well as increased time in coastal inlets, were important determinants of increased PCB concentrations in seals reflecting the contribution of Saglek Bay. Seals were classified into the same feeding groups using both space use and their contaminant burdens 85% of the time, highlighting the link between feeding ecology and exposure to PCBs. While the PCB source at Saglek provided a strong local signal in a remote environment, this first use of satellite telemetry demonstrates the utility of evaluating space-use strategies to better understand contaminant exposure, and more specifically the contribution of contaminant hotspots to mobile predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Halm-Lemeille MP, Abbaszadeh Fard E, Latire T, Ferard JF, Costil K, Lebel JM, Bureau R, Serpentini A. The effect of different polychlorinated biphenyls on two aquatic models, the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 110:120-128. [PMID: 24630249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Using the algal growth inhibition test, the green algae median Effective Concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.34μM for PCB28 to more than 100μM for PCBs 101 and 153. Considering the MTT viability test, the abalone EC50 values ranged from 1.67μM for PCB153 to 89μM for PCB28. Our results in contrast to previous observation in vertebrates did not show significant differences between the dioxin like- and non dioxin like-PCBs toxicities regardless of the model used. However, our results demonstrated that the toxicities of PCBs were species dependent. For example, PCB28 was the most toxic compound for P. subcapitata whereas PCBs 1, 180 and 153 were less toxic for that species. On the contrary, PCB153 was reported as the most toxic for H. tuberculata haemocytes and PCB28 the least toxic. To investigate the mode of action of these compounds, we used an in silico method. Our results suggested that PCBs have a non-specific mode of action (e.g., narcosis) on green algae, and another mode of action, probably more specific than narcosis, was reported for PCBs on the abalone haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France.
| | - Elham Abbaszadeh Fard
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Latire
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-François Ferard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 CNRS, Rue du Général Delestraint, F-57070 Metz, France
| | - Katherine Costil
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lebel
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Antoine Serpentini
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France.
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Matsumoto R, Tu NPC, Haruta S, Kawano M, Takeuchi I. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations and congener composition in masu salmon from Japan: a study of all 209 PCB congeners by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:549-557. [PMID: 24820644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We collected two subspecies of masu salmon: Oncorhynchus masou masou from four localities (southern Sea of Japan northward to Hokkaido) and O. masou ishikawae from upstream from Ise Bay close to a heavy industrial area. All 209 PCB congeners were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. PCA ordination of congener concentrations divided data into three groups: (i) ssp. masou from Hokkaido, (ii) ssp. masou from the other regions and (iii) ssp. ishikawae. The highest ∑ PCB concentration (40.39 ng/wet wt) was in ssp. ishikawae followed by ssp. masou from southern waters; however the TEQdioxin-like PCBs was highest in ssp. masou from southern water (1.96 pg-TEQdioxin-like PCBs/g wet wt.) due to the high proportion of congener #126 in its complement (#126 has the highest toxic equivalency factor among congeners). There is likely a contamination source offshore in the southern Sea of Japan and/or along the migratory route of ssp. masou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsumoto
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Phuc Cam Tu
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Department of Fishery Biology and Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Shinsuke Haruta
- Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Masahide Kawano
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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Desforges JPW, Ross PS, Dangerfield N, Palace VP, Whiticar M, Loseto LL. Vitamin A and E profiles as biomarkers of PCB exposure in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the western Canadian Arctic. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 142-143:317-328. [PMID: 24077185 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the utility of vitamin A and E profiles as biomarkers of contaminant exposure in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas; n=66) harvested by the Inuvialuit in the Beaufort Sea. Blubber was an important repository for these vitamins, accounting for 76.8±2.6% of the total body store of vitamin A, and 98.5±0.4% of total vitamin E. While the free alcohol form of vitamin A (retinol) appeared highly regulated, the vitamin A esters were influenced by several biological factors including age, body condition and length. Vitamin E concentrations in liver and blubber were related to age, condition, length and feeding ecology, as described δ(15)N and δ(13)C. Despite the influence of these factors, collective results from univariate statistics, best fit multiple regressions, and principal component analysis (PCA) identified polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as important determinants of vitamin concentrations and profiles in beluga tissues. Blubber PCB concentrations best explained variation of the first principal component in a PCA of hepatic vitamins (r(2)=0.13, p=0.014), and regression models found that vitamin A concentrations were negatively correlated with PCB levels in liver (esters: r(2)=0.19, p=0.001), but positively in plasma (retinol: r(2)=0.20, p=0.06) and blubber (retinol: r(2)=0.22, p=0.001, esters: r(2)=0.43, p<0.001). Our analyses provide a basis to propose an integrated toxicity reference value for disruption of vitamin A and E profiles in beluga of 1.6 mg/kg lw PCBs. This disruption of vitamin profiles by moderate levels of PCBs in an arctic cetacean highlights the global reach and impact of these legacy chemicals decades after their peak use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre W Desforges
- University of Victoria, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2
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15
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Christensen JR, Yunker MB, MacDuffee M, Ross PS. Plant consumption by grizzly bears reduces biomagnification of salmon-derived polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organochlorine pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:995-1005. [PMID: 23401324 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterizes the uptake and loss of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) by sampling and analyzing their terrestrial and marine foods and fecal material from a remote coastal watershed in British Columbia, Canada. The authors estimate that grizzly bears consume 341 to 1,120 µg of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 3.9 to 33 µg of polybrominated diphenyl ethers daily in the fall when they have access to an abundant supply of returning salmon. The authors also estimate that POP elimination by grizzly bears through defecation is very low following salmon consumption (typically <2% of intake) but surprisingly high following plant consumption (>100% for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides). Excretion of individual POPs is largely driven by a combination of fugacity (differences between bear and food concentrations) and the digestibility of the food. The results of the present study are substantiated by a principal components analysis, which also demonstrates a strong role for log KOW in governing the excretion of different POPs in grizzly bears. Collectively, the present study's results reveal that grizzly bears experience a vegetation-associated drawdown of POPs previously acquired through the consumption of salmon, to such an extent that net biomagnification is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie R Christensen
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Desforges JPW, Ross PS, Loseto LL. Metabolic transformation shapes polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether patterns in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1132-1142. [PMID: 23400821 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While the accumulation of persistent contaminants in marine mammals can be attributed directly to their prey, the role of metabolism in shaping patterns is often overlooked. In the present study, the authors investigated the role of metabolic transformation in influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) patterns in offshore and nearshore groups of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and their prey. Congener profiles and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed similar PCB and PBDE patterns in beluga whales feeding either offshore or nearshore, despite divergent contaminant patterns in the putative prey of these two feeding groups. The clustering of PCBs into metabolically derived structure-activity groups (SAGs) and the separation of metabolizable and recalcitrant groups along principal component 1 of the PCA revealed the important role of metabolic transformation in shaping PCB patterns in beluga. Lack of metabolism for congeners with high ortho-chlorine content was revealed by metabolic slopes equal to or greater than 1.0. Metabolic slopes for all other SAGs were less than 1.0 (p<0.001), suggesting metabolism of congeners with ortho-meta and meta-para vicinal hydrogens via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A/2B/3A). Metabolic indices less than 1.0 for PBDEs (p<0.001) suggested that beluga metabolized these poorly understood flame retardants. The strikingly similar PCB patterns in a captive beluga and free-ranging beluga from the Beaufort Sea provide additional evidence that metabolic transformation is a dominant driver of contaminant patterns in beluga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre W Desforges
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Gilroy EAM, Muir DGC, McMaster ME, Darling C, Campbell LM, de Solla SR, Parrott JL, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in wild fish from Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern, Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2788-97. [PMID: 23027467 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) and plasma hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) concentrations were determined in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Wheatley Harbour, Ontario, Canada. Elevated ΣPCBs in Wheatley Harbour are suspected to have originated from industrial waste disposal and/or discharges from nearby fish processing through discarding of fish remains. Mean ΣPCB concentrations in brown bullhead from Wheatley Harbour were approximately 250 ng/g wet weight compared with approximately 40 ng/g wet weight for brown bullhead from the reference sites, Hillman Marsh and Turkey Creek (both in Ontario, Canada). A significant relationship was found between the concentrations of non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB concentrations (toxic equivalents) and liver mixed-function oxygenase in brown bullhead (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Plasma OH-PCB concentrations were greater in Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead than in those from Hillman Marsh (3.6 vs 1.5 ng/g wet wt, p < 0.01), and were detected infrequently in those from Turkey Creek (0.1 ng/g wet wt, n = 2). The OH-PCB congeners most frequently detected were 4'-OH-CB172, 3'-OH-CB180, 4-OH-CB187, 4-OH-CB146, 3-OH-CB138, and 4-OH-CB130, which are structurally similar to the thyroid hormones. To test the hypothesis of fish waste as the cause of the observed PCB contamination of Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the brown bullhead PCB congener data with equivalent data for Lake Erie walleye, Lake Erie sediment, and industrial Aroclor mixtures. The relative proportions of each Aroclor mixture were estimated using the conjugated gradient method. The high similarity between the congener signatures for Lake Erie walleye and Wheatley Harbour brown bullhead supports the hypothesis of contamination from the fish processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A M Gilroy
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water, Science, and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Cullon DL, Yunker MB, Christensen JR, Macdonald RW, Whiticar MJ, Dangerfield NJ, Ross PS. Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) food web from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2445-2455. [PMID: 22847788 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) biomagnification was characterized in a harbor seal food web in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PCBs averaged 3.6, with a range of 0.7 to 9.4. The TMFs for individual congeners correlated with log K(OW) (r(2) = 0.56, p < 0.001), reflecting the role that physicochemical properties play in driving the biomagnification of PCBs in marine food webs. However, TMFs differed among PCB structure activity groups, clearly indicating an additional role for metabolic transformation of certain PCBs. The known feeding preferences of harbor seals enabled the calculation of trophic level-adjusted biomagnification factors (BMF(TL)) for PCBs in this species, which averaged 13.4 and ranged from 0.2 to 150.6. Metabolic transformation in seals explained some of the variation in congener-specific biomagnification, with lower BMF(TL) values for PCB congeners with meta- and parachlorine unsubstituted positions. Principal components analysis revealed the distinct roles played by trophic level, log K(OW), and metabolic transformation in explaining the notable differences in PCB patterns among harbor seals, their pups, and their prey. In the present study, the authors estimate there to be approximately 76 kg of PCBs in the biota of the Strait of Georgia, of which 1.6 kg is retained by harbor seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Cullon
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Stephansen DA, Svendsen TC, Vorkamp K, Frier JO. Changes in patterns of persistent halogenated compounds through a pelagic food web in the Baltic Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 73:17-24. [PMID: 22098675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and patterns of persistent halogenated compounds (PHCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were examined in a pelagic food web from the southern Baltic Sea consisting of sediment, zooplankton, sprat, Atlantic salmon and anadromous brown trout. Lipid-normalized concentrations generally increased from low trophic levels to high trophic levels, with the exception of HCHs. Due to high concentrations of PBDEs in some zooplankton samples, biomagnification of BDE-47 was only observed for salmon/sprat and trout/sprat. Sprat collected individually and from salmon stomach had significantly different lipid-normalized concentrations and varied in their PHC pattern as well, possibly indicating a large natural variation within the Baltic Sea. The highest lipid-normalized concentrations were found in brown trout. Salmon and brown trout were similar in their PHC pattern suggesting similar food sources. Variation in PHC patterns among trophic levels was not smaller than that among geographically distinct locations, confirming the importance of comparable trophic levels for the assessment of PHC patterns, e.g. for tracing migratory fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Stephansen
- Aalborg University, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sohngårdsholmsvej 57, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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