1
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Levieux-Souid Y, Martin JF, Moreau P, Herlin-Boime N, Le Caër S. Radiolysis of Electrolytes in Batteries: A Quick and Efficient Screening Process for the Selection of Electrolyte-Additive Formulations. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200712. [PMID: 35997701 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding aging phenomena in batteries is crucial to the design of efficient, safe, and reliable energy storage devices as a part of the current green energy transition. Among the different aspects of a battery, the behavior of the electrolyte is a key parameter. Therefore, screening the aging characteristics of different electrolytes is of major interest. However, few screening studies exist because these are time-consuming and require the monitoring of numerous charge and discharge cycles. It has been demonstrated here that radiation chemistry, i.e., the interaction between ionizing radiation and matter, is a valuable tool to screen the behavior of various electrolytes within a few hours. Indeed, the rapid radiolysis of electrolytes leads to the production of the same gases as produced by electrochemical cycling (i.e., H2 , CO2 ), and the ranking of electrolytes by their H2 production yields similar performance ratings to those reported in the literature. Therefore, this direct comparison of electrolytes alone, lasting a few hours without any manufacturing operations such as the fabrication of electrochemical cells, demonstrates that controlled irradiation makes it possible to predict battery cycling behavior. Additionally, mechanisms involved in the degradation processes of different electrolytes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Levieux-Souid
- CEA/Saclay, DRF/IRAMIS/NIMBE UMR 3685, Bâtiment 546, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, F-91191, France
| | | | - Philippe Moreau
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Nathalie Herlin-Boime
- CEA/Saclay, DRF/IRAMIS/NIMBE UMR 3685, Bâtiment 546, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, F-91191, France
| | - Sophie Le Caër
- CEA/Saclay, DRF/IRAMIS/NIMBE UMR 3685, Bâtiment 546, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, F-91191, France
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2
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Vujović M, Vujisić M. Radiation Compatibility of Geopolymer, Polymer, and Composite Materials for Use as Inner Shielding in Radioactive Waste Containers—A Simulation-Based Study. NUCL TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2070354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vujović
- University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Security Directorate, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Vujisić
- University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Investigation of mechanisms of radiolytic H2 production in C-S-H: Influence of water content and radiation induced defects. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Huang X, Li J, Su X, Fang K, Wang Z, Liu L, Wang H, Yang C, Wang X. Remarkable damage in talc caused by electron beam irradiation with a dose of up to 1000 kGy: lattice shrinkage in the Z- and Y-axis and corresponding intrinsic microstructural transformation process speculation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21870-21884. [PMID: 35478784 PMCID: PMC9034090 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the polluted areas caused by the migration of radioactive or toxic matter, a clear understanding of soil matrix stability, especially the lattice, is essential under irradiation conditions like those of β-ray irradiation. In reality, the matrix of soil or clay is silicate, with talc being one of the most simple species with a similar structure to that matter, exhibiting “2 : 1” stacking and a complete crystal. Therefore, in this work, it was irradiated by an electron beam in air with dose up to 1000 kGy. Then, variations in lattice and the intrinsic microstructural transformation process, especially in terms of defect formation and transformation, were explored. The main results show that irradiation led to talc lattice plane shrinkage and amorphization. Shrinkage and amorphization levels in the Z-axis were more serious than those in the Y-axis. For a 1000 kGy-irradiated sample, the shrinkage level of the (002) lattice plane was close to 2% near 0.2 Å and that of (020) was close to 1.3% near 0.06 Å. Variation in the (002) lattice plane was more obvious than that of (020). The main mechanisms involve the cleavage of tetrahedral Si–O and linkage of tetrahedra and octahedra. Tetrahedral Si–O cleavage was visible, leading to serious amorphization. Nevertheless, lattice plane shrinkage, especially in the Z-axis, was mainly caused by linkage cleavage in this direction. In addition to linkage cleavage, dehydroxylation and H2O volatilization occurred, coupled with H2O radiolysis. Nevertheless, those factors are secondary to lattice variation. Upon irradiation, tetrahedral Si–O and the links of tetrahedron and octahedron sheets are cleaved, leading to shrinkage and amorphization. That in the Z-axis is more pronounced than in the Y-axis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Huang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Jiayan Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Xiaoya Su
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Ke Fang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Zishuang Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Honglong Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Textile University
- Wuhan 430200
- China
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5
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Wang Z, Walter ED, Sassi M, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li XS, Chen Y, Cui W, Tuladhar A, Chase Z, Winkelman AD, Wang HF, Pearce CI, Clark SB, Rosso KM. The role of surface hydroxyls on the radiolysis of gibbsite and boehmite nanoplatelets. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122853. [PMID: 32768813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanistic pathways to radiolytic hydrogen generation by metal oxyhydroxide nanomaterials is challenging because of the difficulties of distinguishing key locations of OH bond scission, from structural interiors to hydroxylated surfaces to physi-sorbed water molecules. Here we exploited the interface-selectivity of vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) to isolate surface versus bulk hydroxyl groups for gibbsite and boehmite nanoplatelets before and after 60Co irradiation at dose levels of approximately 7.0 and 29.6 Mrad. While high-resolution microscopy revealed no effect on particle bulk and surface structures, VSFG results clearly indicated up to 83% and 94% radiation-induced surface OH bond scission for gibbsite and boehmite, respectively, a substantially higher proportion than observed for interior OH groups by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic spectroscopy revealed that the major radiolysis products bound in the mineral structures are trapped electrons, O, O2- and possibly F-centers in gibbsite, and H, O and O3- in boehmite, which persist on the time frame of several months. The entrapped radiolysis products appear to be highly stable, enduring re-hydration of particle surfaces, and likely reflect a permanent adjustment in the thermodynamic stabilities of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States.
| | - Eric D Walter
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Michel Sassi
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Xiaohong S Li
- Energy and Environmental Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Aashish Tuladhar
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Zizwe Chase
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Austin D Winkelman
- Energy and Environmental Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States; Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | - Carolyn I Pearce
- Energy and Environmental Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Sue B Clark
- Energy and Environmental Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States; Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
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Baú JPT, Villafañe-Barajas SA, da Costa ACS, Negrón-Mendoza A, Colín-Garcia M, Zaia DAM. Adenine Adsorbed onto Montmorillonite Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Essays on Prebiotic Chemistry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:26-38. [PMID: 31549853 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most adsorption and radiolysis experiments related to prebiotic chemistry studies are performed in distilled water or sodium chloride solutions. However, distilled water and sodium chloride solutions do not represent the composition of the primitive seas of Earth. In this work, an artificial seawater with ion abundances Mg2+ > Ca2+ >> Na+ ≈ K+ and SO42- >> Cl- was used, one that is different from the average composition of seawater today. This artificial seawater is named seawater 4.0 Ga, since it better represents the composition of the major constituents of seawater of primitive Earth. The radiolysis of adenine adsorbed onto montmorillonite was studied. The most important result is that adenine is adsorbed onto montmorillonite, when it is dissolved in artificial seawater 4.0 Ga, and the clay protects adenine against gamma radiation decomposition. However, desorption of adenine from montmorillonite was possible only with 0.10 mol L-1 of KOH. This result indicates that adenine was strongly bonded to montmorillonite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that NH2 group and electrostatic interactions, between negatively charged montmorillonite and positively charged adenine, are responsible for adsorption of adenine onto montmorillonite. In addition, X-ray diffractograms showed that adenine enters in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo T Baú
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil
| | - Sául A Villafañe-Barajas
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | | | - Alicia Negrón-Mendoza
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - María Colín-Garcia
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Dimas A M Zaia
- Laboratório de Química Prebiótica, Departamento de Química-CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil
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7
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Influence of calcium to silica ratio on H2 gas production in calcium silicate hydrate. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Wang H, Sun Y, Chu J, Wang X, Zhang M. Intensive study on structure transformation of muscovite single crystal under high-dose γ-ray irradiation and mechanism speculation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190594. [PMID: 31417756 PMCID: PMC6689601 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intensive study on structure transformation of muscovite single crystal under high-dose γ-ray irradiation is essential for its use in irradiation detection and also beneficial for mechanism cognition on defect formation within a matrix of clay used in the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW). In this work, muscovite single crystal was irradiated with Co-60 γ ray in air at a dose rate of 54 Gy min-1 with doses of 0-1000 kGy. Then, structure transformation and mechanism were explored by Raman spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, CA, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The main results show that variations in the chemical/crystalline structure are dose-dependent. Low-dose irradiation sufficiently destroyed the structure, removing Si-OH, thus declining hydrophilicity. With dose increase up to 100 kGy, CA increased from 20° to 40°. Except for hydrophilicity variation, shrink occurred in the (004) lattice plane which later recovered; the variation range at 500 kGy irradiation was 0.5% close to 0.02 Å. The main mechanisms involved were framework break and H2O radiolysis. Framework break results in Si-OH removal and H2O radiolysis results in extra OH introduction. The extra introduced OH probably results in Si-OH bond regeneration, lattice plane shrink and recovered surface hydrophilicity. The importance of framework break and H2O radiolysis on structure transformation is dose-dependence. At low doses, framework break seems more important while at high doses H2O radiolysis is important. Generally, variations in the chemical structure and surface property are nonlinear and less at high doses. This indicates using the chemical structure or surface property variation to describe irradiation is correct at low doses but not at high doses. This finding is meaningful for realizing whether muscovite is suitable for detecting high-dose irradiation or not, and mechanism exploration is efficient for identifying the procedure for defect formation within the matrix of clay used in disposal HLRW in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Zhang
- Authors for correspondence: Ming Zhang e-mail:
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9
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Wang H, Sun Y, Chu J, Wang X, Zhang M. Intensive evaluation of radiation stability of phlogopite single crystals under high doses of γ-ray irradiation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6199-6210. [PMID: 35517284 PMCID: PMC9060914 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08565j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of radiation stability of clay is important for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW). In this study, phlogopite single crystals were irradiated by Co-60 γ-rays in air at a dose rate of 3.254 kGy h−1 with doses up to 1000 kGy. Subsequently, the radiation stability and mechanism of radiation damage were explored by RS, FT-ATR, XRD, TGA, CA, and SEM techniques. In general, phlogopite single crystals show worthwhile radiation resistance toward their chemical structure but poor radiation stability toward their crystalline structure. Upon irradiation, their chemical structure changed slightly, while their crystalline structure varied obviously. For the 1000 kGy-irradiated sample, the interlayer space d of the (001) lattice plane increased by more than 1% with a value close to 0.13 Å, showing expansion. This could be mainly ascribed to H2O radiolysis and framework breakage: the former seems more important. These variations had a considerable impact on surface hydrophilicity, while they had marginal impacts on thermal stability and morphology: the effect on surface hydrophilicity is dose-dependent. A lower dose of irradiation sufficiently reduced the hydrophilicity, while a higher dose recovered the hydrophilicity. For instance, the CA increased from 14° to 28° with dose increases from 0 kGy to 200 kGy and then decreased to approximately 20° as the dose continued to increase to 1000 kGy. In general, the crystalline structure is more sensitive toward γ-ray irradiation and phlogopites could be regarded as poorly radiation-resistant. In this procedure, H2O radiolysis occupies a crucial role and seems to be the dominant factor. This finding is meaningful to evaluate the radiation stability of clay matrixes and to understand the microscopic property variations in clays used in practice when they are under irradiation. Upon irradiation, the framework underwent breakage, H2O underwent radiolysis, and the radiolysis products reacted with the framework, expanding the lattice plane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglong Wang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Jiangyou 621908 China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Jiangyou 621908 China
| | - Jian Chu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Jiangyou 621908 China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Jiangyou 621908 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Jiangyou 621908 China
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10
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Soft X-ray Heterogeneous Radiolysis of Pyridine in the Presence of Hydrated Strontium-Hydroxyhectorite and its Monitoring by Near-Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6164. [PMID: 29670155 PMCID: PMC5906652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous radiolysis of organic molecules in clays is a matter of considerable interest in astrochemistry and environmental sciences. However, little is known about the effects of highly ionizing soft X-rays. By combining monochromatized synchrotron source irradiation with in situ Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (in the mbar range), and using the synoptic view encompassing both the gas and condensed phases, we found the water and pyridine pressure conditions under which pyridine is decomposed in the presence of synthetic Sr2+-hydroxyhectorite. The formation of a pyridine/water/Sr2+ complex, detected from the Sr 3d and N 1s core-level binding energies, likely presents a favorable situation for the radiolytic breaking of the O-H bond of water molecules adsorbed in the clay and the subsequent decomposition of the molecule. However, decomposition stops when the pyridine pressure exceeds a critical value. This observation can be related to a change in the nature of the active radical species with the pyridine loading. This highlights the fact that the destruction of the molecule is not entirely determined by the properties of the host material, but also by the inserted organic species. The physical and chemical causes of the present observations are discussed.
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11
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γ-radiation induced corrosion of copper in bentonite-water systems under anaerobic conditions. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Lainé M, Balan E, Allard T, Paineau E, Jeunesse P, Mostafavi M, Robert JL, Le Caër S. Reaction mechanisms in swelling clays under ionizing radiation: influence of the water amount and of the nature of the clay mineral. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Picosecond pulse radiolysis experiments performed on natural swelling clays evidence a fast trapping of electrons in the layers of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lainé
- LIONS
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
| | - E. Balan
- IMPMC
- Sorbonne Universities
- UPMC
- CNRS UMR-7590
- MNHN
| | - T. Allard
- IMPMC
- Sorbonne Universities
- UPMC
- CNRS UMR-7590
- MNHN
| | - E. Paineau
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91405 Orsay Cedex
| | - P. Jeunesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
- CNRS/Université Paris-Sud
- F-91405 Orsay
- France
| | - M. Mostafavi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
- CNRS/Université Paris-Sud
- F-91405 Orsay
- France
| | | | - S. Le Caër
- LIONS
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris Saclay
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13
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Application of Radiation Chemistry to Some Selected Technological Issues Related to the Development of Nuclear Energy. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Radiolysis as a solution for accelerated ageing studies of electrolytes in Lithium-ion batteries. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6950. [PMID: 25907411 PMCID: PMC4421840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate are prototype examples of eco-friendly solvents used in lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their degradation products affect both the battery performance and its safety. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the reaction mechanisms involved in the ageing processes. Among those, redox processes are likely to play a critical role. Here we show that radiolysis is an ideal tool to generate the electrolytes degradation products. The major gases detected after irradiation (H2, CH4, C2H6, CO and CO2) are identified and quantified. Moreover, the chemical compounds formed in the liquid phase are characterized by different mass spectrometry techniques. Reaction mechanisms are then proposed. The detected products are consistent with those of the cycling of Li-based cells. This demonstrates that radiolysis is a versatile and very helpful tool to better understand the phenomena occurring in lithium-ion batteries.
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15
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Ohkubo K, Kohno N, Yamada Y, Fukuzumi S. Laser-induced pinpoint hydrogen evolution from benzene and water using metal free single-walled carbon nanotubes with high quantum yields. Chem Sci 2015; 6:666-674. [PMID: 28936314 PMCID: PMC5590240 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution occurred efficiently in benzene containing single-walled carbon nanotubes under laser irradiation at 532 nm with an extremely high turnover number of 2 000 000 and a high quantum yield of 130%. The rate of hydrogen evolution increased with increasing laser intensity to exhibit a fourth power dependence, suggesting that hydrogen was evolved via four-photon processes in which the coupling of two radical anions derived from benzene is the rate-determining step and the benzene radical anion is produced by electron transfer from benzene to the doubly excited state of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which requires two photons. Polymerisation of benzene was induced by the photogenerated C6H6˙-, accompanied by hydrogen evolution, resulting in a leverage effect to increase the quantum yield of hydrogen evolution to well over the 25% expected for the four-photon process. Laser-induced hydrogen evolution also occurred in water containing single-walled carbon nanotubes. In contrast to the case of benzene, water was not oxidized but hydrogen evolution from water was accompanied by the multi-oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The yield of hydrogen based on one mole of single-walled carbon nanotubes with 1.4 nm diameter and 1-5 mm length was determined to be 2 700 000%, when oxidations of single-walled carbon nanotubes occurred to produce the polyhydroxylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , ALCA , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 6 6879 7368
| | - Naoki Kohno
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , ALCA , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 6 6879 7368
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , ALCA , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 6 6879 7368
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , ALCA , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 6 6879 7368
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