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Tuuri EM, Gascooke JR, Leterme SC. Efficacy of chemical digestion methods to reveal undamaged microplastics from planktonic samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174279. [PMID: 38942303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Standardisation and validation of methods for microplastics research is essential. A major methodological challenge is the removal of planktonic organisms from marine water samples allowing for the identification of microplastics associated to planktonic communities. To improve the reproducibility and accuracy of digestion methods for the removal of planktonic biomass, we compared and modified existing chemical digestion methods. These digestion methods included an acidic digestion using nitric acid, alkaline digestions with potassium hydroxide (alkaline 1 digestion) and sodium hydroxide from drain cleaner (alkaline 2 digestion), an oxidative digestion using sodium dodecyl sulfate with hydrogen peroxide, and an enzymatic digestion using enzyme drain clean pellets. Chemical digestion of three densities of zooplankton communities (high, medium, and low) in the presence of five commonly found environmental microplastic pollutants (polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene) were performed for each treatment. The chemical treatments were assessed for (i) their digestion efficiency of zooplankton communities by different biomass densities, and (ii) their impact on microplastic particles through the comparison of both chemical (Raman spectroscopy) and physical (length, width, and visual) changes, between the pre-treatment and post-treatment microplastic particles. The alkaline 1, alkaline 2 and oxidative methods demonstrated significantly better digestion efficiency (p < 0.05) than the modified enzymatic and acidic treatments. The acidic, alkaline 1, and alkaline 2, treatments caused the most damages to the microplastic particles. We suggest future studies to implement the oxidative digestion method with sodium dodecyl sulfate and hydrogen peroxide because of its high digestion efficiency, and low damage to microplastic particles. This method is similar to the wet peroxide oxidation digestion method used throughout the literature but can be implemented at a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Tuuri
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Jason R Gascooke
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sophie C Leterme
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research and Innovation, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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2
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Aftab A, Hassanpouryouzband A, Martin A, Kendrick JE, Thaysen EM, Heinemann N, Utley J, Wilkinson M, Haszeldine RS, Edlmann K. Geochemical Integrity of Wellbore Cements during Geological Hydrogen Storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:551-556. [PMID: 37455863 PMCID: PMC10339721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing greenhouse gas emissions have put pressure on global economies to adopt strategies for climate-change mitigation. Large-scale geological hydrogen storage in salt caverns and porous rocks has the potential to achieve sustainable energy storage, contributing to the development of a low-carbon economy. During geological storage, hydrogen is injected and extracted through cemented and cased wells. In this context, well integrity and leakage risk must be assessed through in-depth investigations of the hydrogen-cement-rock physical and geochemical processes. There are significant scientific knowledge gaps pertaining to hydrogen-cement interactions, where chemical reactions among hydrogen, in situ reservoir fluids, and cement could degrade the well cement and put the integrity of the storage system at risk. Results from laboratory batch reaction experiments concerning the influence of hydrogen on cement samples under simulated reservoir conditions of North Sea fields, including temperature, pressure, and salinity, provided valuable insights into the integrity of cement for geological hydrogen storage. This work shows that, under the experimental conditions, hydrogen does not induce geochemical or structural alterations to the tested wellbore cements, a promising finding for secure hydrogen subsurface storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Aftab
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
- Curtin
University, Discipline of Petroleum Engineering, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, 6151 Kensington, Australia
| | - Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Abby Martin
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie E. Kendrick
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Science, Ludwig
Maximilian University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Eike M. Thaysen
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental
Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center
of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niklas Heinemann
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - James Utley
- School
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - R. Stuart Haszeldine
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Katriona Edlmann
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh,
Grant Institute, West Main Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
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Fu Q, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Xu W, Niu D. Effects of nanosilica on microstructure and durability of cement-based materials. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Mahmoud A, Elkatatny S, Al-Majed A, Al Ramadan M. The Use of Graphite to Improve the Stability of Saudi Class G Oil-Well Cement against the Carbonation Process. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5764-5773. [PMID: 35224336 PMCID: PMC8867795 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil-well cement physical characteristics considerably change after being carbonated by a CO2-rich solution. In this study, the influence of graphite particles in the characteristics of oil-well cement reacted with a CO2-rich solution at 130 °C and 10 MPa for 10 days was studied. After 10 days of carbonation, incorporating 0.2% by weight of cement (BWOC) of graphite into the cement slurry decreased the carbonation depth by 29.8% as confirmed by the direct measurement and the micro-computerized tomography scan technique. The addition of 0.2% BWOC of graphite also reduced the cement matrix permeability by 31.4% and increased its compressive strength by 16.4% and tensile strength by 23.8% compared to the sample without graphite. The decrease in the cement matrix portlandite concentration and permeability of the samples prepared with graphite contributed to promote the cement matrix carbonation resistance. The microscopic images also proved that the incorporation of graphite delayed the leaching of calcium carbonate, and this is also attributed to decreasing the cement strength deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
Abdulhamid Mahmoud
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salaheldin Elkatatny
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Majed
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Al Ramadan
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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5
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The Fabrication of Portland Composite Cement Based on Pozzolan Napa Soil. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133638. [PMID: 34209933 PMCID: PMC8269729 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate Napa soil's potential as an alternative additive in producing Portland composite cement. The Napa soil of Tanah Datar district, West Sumatra, Indonesia is a natural material which contains SiO2 and Al2O3 as its major components. The parameters used were the fineness of the cement particles, the amount left on a 45 μm sieve, the setting time, normal consistency, loss on ignition, insoluble parts, compressive strength and chemical composition. The composition of Napa soils (% w/w) used as variables include 4, 8, 12 and 16%. Furthermore, 8% pozzolan was used as a control in this research. The results showed that the compressive strength of Napa soil cement which contained 4% Napa soil was much better compared to that of the control on the 7th and 20th day. Furthermore, all the analyzed Napa soil cements met the standard of cement as stipulated in Indonesian National Standard, SNI 7064, 2016.
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Influence of Hydration Time Prior to Carbonation in Portland Cement Admixed with CaO Expansive Additive. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Plattenberger DA, Ling FT, Peters CA, Clarens AF. Targeted Permeability Control in the Subsurface via Calcium Silicate Carbonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7136-7144. [PMID: 31134804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop safe and effective next-generation energy and carbon-storage technologies in the subsurface require novel means to control undesired fluid migration. Here we demonstrate that the carbonation of calcium silicates can produce reaction products that dramatically reduce the permeability of porous media and that are stable. Most calcium silicates react with CO2 to form solid carbonates but some polymorphs (here, pseudowollastonite, CaSiO3) can react to form a range of crystalline calcium silicate hydrates (CCSHs) at intermediate pH. High-pressure (1.1-15.5 MPa) column and batch experiments were conducted at a range of temperatures (75-150 °C) and reaction products were characterized using SEM-EDS and synchrotron μXRD and μXRF. Two characteristics of CCSH precipitation were observed, revealing unique properties for permeability control relative to carbonate precipitates. First, precipitation of CCSHs tends to occur on the surface of sand grains and into pore throats, indicating that small amounts of precipitation relative to the total pore volume can effectively block flow, compared to carbonates which precipitate uniformly throughout the pore space. Second, the precipitated CCSHs are more stable at low pH conditions, which may form more secure barriers to flow, compared to carbonates, which dissolve under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Plattenberger
- Engineering Systems and Environment , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Florence T Ling
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Catherine A Peters
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Andres F Clarens
- Engineering Systems and Environment , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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8
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Quantifying Rock Weakening Due to Decreasing Calcite Mineral Content by Numerical Simulations. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040542. [PMID: 29614776 PMCID: PMC5951426 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of changes in geomechanical properties due to chemical reactions is of paramount importance for geological subsurface utilisation, since mineral dissolution generally reduces rock stiffness. In the present study, the effective elastic moduli of two digital rock samples, the Fontainebleau and Bentheim sandstones, are numerically determined based on micro-CT images. Reduction in rock stiffness due to the dissolution of 10% calcite cement by volume out of the pore network is quantified for three synthetic spatial calcite distributions (coating, partial filling and random) using representative sub-cubes derived from the digital rock samples. Due to the reduced calcite content, bulk and shear moduli decrease by 34% and 38% in maximum, respectively. Total porosity is clearly the dominant parameter, while spatial calcite distribution has a minor impact, except for a randomly chosen cement distribution within the pore network. Moreover, applying an initial stiffness reduced by 47% for the calcite cement results only in a slightly weaker mechanical behaviour. Using the quantitative approach introduced here substantially improves the accuracy of predictions in elastic rock properties compared to general analytical methods, and further enables quantification of uncertainties related to spatial variations in porosity and mineral distribution.
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9
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Li Q, Steefel CI, Jun YS. Incorporating Nanoscale Effects into a Continuum-Scale Reactive Transport Model for CO 2-Deteriorated Cement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10861-10871. [PMID: 28783325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wellbore cement deterioration is critical for wellbore integrity and the safety of CO2 storage in geologic formations. Our previous experimental work highlighted the importance of the portlandite (CH)-depleted zone and the surface dissolution zone in the CO2-attacked cement. In this study, we simulated numerically the evolution of the CH-depleted zone and the dissolution of the cement surfaces utilizing a reduced-dimension (1D) reactive transport model. The approach shows that three nanoscale effects are important and had to be incorporated in a continuum-scale model to capture experimental observations: First, it was necessary to account for the fact that secondary CaCO3 precipitation does not fill the pore space completely, with the result that acidic brine continues to diffuse through the carbonated zone to form a CH-depleted zone. Second, secondary precipitation in brine begins via nucleation kinetics, and this could not be described with previous models using growth kinetics alone. Third, our results suggest that the CaCO3 precipitates in the confined pore space are more soluble than those formed in brine. This study provides a new platform for a reduced dimension model for CO2 attack on cement that captures the important nanoscale mechanisms influencing macroscale phenomena in subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Carl I Steefel
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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10
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Jun YS, Zhang L, Min Y, Li Q. Nanoscale Chemical Processes Affecting Storage Capacities and Seals during Geologic CO 2 Sequestration. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1521-1529. [PMID: 28686035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS) is a promising strategy to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emission to the atmosphere. Suitable geologic storage sites should have a porous reservoir rock zone where injected CO2 can displace brine and be stored in pores, and an impermeable zone on top of reservoir rocks to hinder upward movement of buoyant CO2. The injection wells (steel casings encased in concrete) pass through these geologic zones and lead CO2 to the desired zones. In subsurface environments, CO2 is reactive as both a supercritical (sc) phase and aqueous (aq) species. Its nanoscale chemical reactions with geomedia and wellbores are closely related to the safety and efficiency of CO2 storage. For example, the injection pressure is determined by the wettability and permeability of geomedia, which can be sensitive to nanoscale mineral-fluid interactions; the sealing safety of the injection sites is affected by the opening and closing of fractures in caprocks and the alteration of wellbore integrity caused by nanoscale chemical reactions; and the time scale for CO2 mineralization is also largely dependent on the chemical reactivities of the reservoir rocks. Therefore, nanoscale chemical processes can influence the hydrogeological and mechanical properties of geomedia, such as their wettability, permeability, mechanical strength, and fracturing. This Account reviews our group's work on nanoscale chemical reactions and their qualitative impacts on seal integrity and storage capacity at GCS sites from four points of view. First, studies on dissolution of feldspar, an important reservoir rock constituent, and subsequent secondary mineral precipitation are discussed, focusing on the effects of feldspar crystallography, cations, and sulfate anions. Second, interfacial reactions between caprock and brine are introduced using model clay minerals, with focuses on the effects of water chemistries (salinity and organic ligands) and water content on mineral dissolution and surface morphology changes. Third, the hydrogeological responses (using wettability alteration as an example) of clay minerals to chemical reactions are discussed, which connects the nanoscale findings to the transport and capillary trapping of CO2 in the reservoirs. Fourth, the interplay between chemical and mechanical alterations of geomedia, using wellbore cement as a model geomedium, is examined, which provides helpful insights into wellbore and caprock integrities and CO2 mineralization. Combining these four aspects, our group has answered questions related to nanoscale chemical reactions in subsurface GCS sites regarding the types of reactions and the property alterations of reservoirs and caprocks. Ultimately, the findings can shed light on the influences of nanoscale chemical reactions on storage capacities and seals during geologic CO2 sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yujia Min
- Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Cheshire MC, Stack AG, Carey JW, Anovitz LM, Prisk TR, Ilavsky J. Wellbore Cement Porosity Evolution in Response to Mineral Alteration during CO 2 Flooding. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:692-698. [PMID: 27958703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral reactions during CO2 sequestration will change the pore-size distribution and pore surface characteristics, complicating permeability and storage security predictions. In this paper, we report a small/wide angle scattering study of wellbore cement that has been exposed to carbon dioxide for three decades. We have constructed detailed contour maps that describe local porosity distributions and the mineralogy of the sample and relate these quantities to the carbon dioxide reaction front on the cement. We find that the initial bimodal distribution of pores in the cement, 1-2 and 10-20 nm, is affected differently during the course of carbonation reactions. Initial dissolution of cement phases occurs in the 10-20 nm pores and leads to the development of new pore spaces that are eventually sealed by CaCO3 precipitation, leading to a loss of gel and capillary nanopores, smoother pore surfaces, and reduced porosity. This suggests that during extensive carbonation of wellbore cement, the cement becomes less permeable because of carbonate mineral precipitation within the pore space. Additionally, the loss of gel and capillary nanoporosities will reduce the reactivity of cement with CO2 due to reactive surface area loss. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding not only changes in total porosity but also how the distribution of porosity evolves with reaction that affects permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cheshire
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrew G Stack
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - J William Carey
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Lawrence M Anovitz
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Timothy R Prisk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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12
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Abstract
Mineral nucleation is a phase transformation of aqueous components to solids with an accompanying creation of new surfaces. In this evolutional, yet elusive, process, nuclei often form at environmental interfaces, which provide remarkably reactive sites for heterogeneous nucleation and growth. Naturally occurring nucleation processes significantly contribute to the biogeochemical cycles of important components in the Earth's crust, such as iron and manganese oxide minerals and calcium carbonate. However, in recent decades, these cycles have been significantly altered by anthropogenic activities, which affect the aqueous chemistry and equilibrium of both surface and subsurface systems. These alterations can trigger the dissolution of existing minerals and formation of new nanoparticles (i.e., nucleation and growth) and consequently change the porosity and permeability of geomedia in subsurface environments. Newly formed nanoparticles can also actively interact with components in natural and engineered aquatic systems, including those posing a significant hazard such as arsenic. These interactions can bilaterally influence the fate and transport of both newly formed nanoparticles and aqueous components. Due to their importance in natural and engineered processes, heterogeneous nucleation at environmental interfaces has started to receive more attention. However, a lack of time-resolved in situ analyses makes the evaluation of heterogeneous nucleation challenging because the physicochemical properties of both the nuclei and surfaces significantly and dynamically change with time and aqueous chemistry. This Account reviews our in situ kinetic studies of the heterogeneous nucleation and growth behaviors of iron(III) (hydr)oxide, calcium carbonate, and manganese (hydr)oxide minerals in aqueous systems. In particular, we utilized simultaneous small-angle and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/GISAXS) to investigate in situ and in real-time the effects of water chemistry and substrate identity on heterogeneously and homogeneously formed nanoscale precipitate size dimensions and total particle volume. Using this technique, we also provided a new platform for quantitatively comparing between heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanoparticles and obtaining undiscovered interfacial energies between nuclei and surfaces. In addition, nanoscale surface characterization tools, such as in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), were utilized to support and complement our findings. With these powerful nanoscale tools, we systematically evaluated the influences of environmentally abundant (oxy)anions and cations and the properties of environmental surfaces, such as surface charge and hydrophobicity. The findings, significantly enhanced by in situ observations, can lead to a more accurate prediction of the behaviors of nanoparticles in the environment and enable better control of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles in engineered systems, such as catalytic reactions and energy storage.
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Hangx SJT, van der Linden A, Marcelis F, Liteanu E. Defining the Brittle Failure Envelopes of Individual Reaction Zones Observed in CO2-Exposed Wellbore Cement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1031-1038. [PMID: 26690239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To predict the behavior of the cement sheath after CO2 injection and the potential for leakage pathways, it is key to understand how the mechanical properties of the cement evolves with CO2 exposure time. We performed scratch-hardness tests on hardened samples of class G cement before and after CO2 exposure. The cement was exposed to CO2-rich fluid for one to six months at 65 °C and 8 MPa Ptotal. Detailed SEM-EDX analyses showed reaction zones similar to those previously reported in the literature: (1) an outer-reacted, porous silica-rich zone; (2) a dense, carbonated zone; and (3) a more porous, Ca-depleted inner zone. The quantitative mechanical data (brittle compressive strength and friction coefficient) obtained for each of the zones suggest that the heterogeneity of reacted cement leads to a wide range of brittle strength values in any of the reaction zones, with only a rough dependence on exposure time. However, the data can be used to guide numerical modeling efforts needed to assess the impact of reaction-induced mechanical failure of wellbore cement by coupling sensitivity analysis and mechanical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J T Hangx
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van der Linden
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Fons Marcelis
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Liteanu
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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14
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Li Q, Lim YM, Jun YS. Effects of Sulfate during CO2 Attack on Portland Cement and Their Impacts on Mechanical Properties under Geologic CO2 Sequestration Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7032-7041. [PMID: 25938805 DOI: 10.1021/es506349u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of sulfate on CO2 attack on wellbore cement (i.e., chemical and mechanical alterations) during geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS), we reacted cement samples in brine with 0.05 M sulfate and 0.4 M NaCl at 95 °C under 100 bar of either N2 or supercritical CO2. The results were compared to those obtained from systems without additional sulfate at the same temperature, pressure, salinity, and initial brine pHs. After 10 reaction days, chemical analyses using scanning electron microscopy with a backscattered electron detector (SEM-BSE) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that the CO2 attack in the presence of additional sulfate was much less severe than that in the system without additional sulfate. The results from three-point bending tests also indicated that sulfate significantly mitigated the deterioration of the cement's strength and elastic modulus. In all our systems, typical sulfate attacks on cement via formation of ettringite were not observed. The protective effects of sulfate on cement against CO2 attack resulted from sulfate adsorption, coating of CaSO4 on the CaCO3 grains in the carbonated layer, or both, which inhibited dissolution of CaCO3. Findings from this study provide new, important information for understanding the integrity of wellbores at GCS sites and thus promote safer GCS operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- †Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yun Mook Lim
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- †Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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