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Chen M, Li S, Yun L, Xu Y, Chen D, Lin C, Qiu Z, You Y, Liu M, Luo Z, Zhang L, Cheng C, Li M. Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Airport Sources and Their Effects on Ozone Production. TOXICS 2024; 12:243. [PMID: 38668466 PMCID: PMC11053784 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, commercial air transport has increased considerably. However, the compositions and source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from aircraft are still not clear. In this study, the characteristics of VOCs (including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs)) emitted from airport sources were measured at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. The results showed that the compositions and proportions of VOC species showed significant differences as the aircraft operating state changed. OVOCs were the dominant species and accounted for 63.17%, 58.44%, and 51.60% of the total VOC mass concentration during the taxiing, approach, and take-off stages. Propionaldehyde and acetone were the main OVOCs, and dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were the main halohydrocarbons. Propane had the highest proportion among all alkanes, while toluene and benzene were the predominant aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared with the source profiles of VOCs from construction machinery, the proportions of halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes emitted from aircraft were significantly higher, as were those of propionaldehyde and acetone. OVOCs were still the dominant VOC species in aircraft emissions, and their calculated ozone formation potential (OFP) was much higher than that of other VOC species at all stages of aircraft operations. Acetone, propionaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethylene were the greatest contributors to ozone production. This study comprehensively measured the distribution characteristics of VOCs, and its results will aid in the construction of a source profile inventory of VOCs emitted from aircraft sources in real atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shiping Li
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; (S.L.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Long Yun
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; (S.L.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Daiwei Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chuxiong Lin
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; (S.L.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zhicheng Qiu
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; (S.L.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yinong You
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhenrong Luo
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China; (M.L.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (M.C.); (Y.X.); (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Xu H, Xiao K, Cheng J, Yu Y, Liu Q, Pan J, Chen J, Chen F, Fu Q. Characterizing aircraft engine fuel and emission parameters of taxi phase for Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport with aircraft operational data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137431. [PMID: 32145615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aircraft engine emissions during landing and take-off cycle are commonly estimated on the basis of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) promulgated calculation model and emission parameters; however, the ICAO certified parameters are generally not applicable for an individual airport. In this study, the operation times, fuel and emission parameters of 8 aircraft models during taxi phase at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) are analyzed with the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) data, and compared with corresponding values referenced by the ICAO. The results show perceptible discrepancies between the SHA-specific and ICAO certified values. The taxi-out times at SHA are considerably overestimated (up to 35.3%) by ICAO for all the analyzed aircraft models, whereas the taxi-in durations are highly close to the ICAO referenced value with a variation within -6.3% to 9.7%. In the majority of cases, the localized fuel flows and emission indices (EIs) are overvalued by ICAO, and the extent of overestimation can be as large as 21.6% and 28.3%, respectively. Variabilities in operation times, fuel and emission parameters are also characterized depending on aircraft types. Additionally, as a novel attempt, the effect of engine aging on EIs is explored and no significant correlation has been detected, indicating that other factors may affect the EIs dominantly over engine age. The resulting SHA-specific emission parameters are significant towards a precise emission quantification and modeling of impacts on air quality and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Wuhan Environmental Protection Science Academy, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Fangting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Turgut ET, Usanmaz O, Rosen MA. Empirical analysis of the effect of descent flight path angle on primary gaseous emissions of commercial aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:226-235. [PMID: 29414344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of descent flight path angle (between 1.25° and 4.25°) on aircraft gaseous emissions (carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides) are explored using actual flight data from aircraft flight data recording system and emissions indices from the International Civil Aviation Organization. All emissions parameters are corrected to flight conditions using Boeing Fuel Flow Method2, where the ambient air pressure, temperature and humidity data are obtained from long-term radiosonde data measured close to the arrival airport. The main findings highlight that the higher the flight path angle, the higher the emission indices of CO and HC, whereas the lower the emissions index of NOx and fuel consumption. Furthermore, during a descent, a heavier aircraft tends to emit less CO and HC, and more NOx. For a five-tonne aircraft mass increase, the average change in emissions indices are found to be -4.1% and -5.7% (CO), -5.4% and -8.2% (HC), and +1.1% and +1.6% (NOx) for high and low flight path angle groups, respectively. The average emissions indices for CO, HC and NOx during descent are calculated to be 24.5, 1.7 and 5.6 g/kg of fuel, whereas the average emissions for descending from 32,000 ft (9.7 km) and 24,000 ft (7.3 km) are calculated to be 7-8 kg (CO), ∼0.5 kg (HC) and ∼3 kg (NOx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis T Turgut
- Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Anadolu University, TR26470, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Oznur Usanmaz
- Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Anadolu University, TR26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Marc A Rosen
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada
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Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:409-455. [PMID: 32288558 PMCID: PMC7108289 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is fast-growing (about +5% every year), mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated, particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers, especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports, many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft, but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground, the traffic due to the airport ground service, maintenance work, heating facilities, fugitive vapours from refuelling operations, kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators, intermodal transportation systems, and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention, despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution, the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Bossioli E, Tombrou M, Helmis C, Kurtenbach R, Wiesen P, Schäfer K, Dandou A, Varotsos KV. Issues related to aircraft take-off plumes in a mesoscale photochemical model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:69-81. [PMID: 23584035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical characteristics of aircraft plumes at the take-off phase are simulated with the mesoscale CAMx model using the individual plume segment approach, in a highly resolved domain, covering the Athens International Airport. Emission indices during take-off measured at the Athens International Airport are incorporated. Model predictions are compared with in situ point and path-averaged observations (NO, NO₂) downwind of the runway at the ground. The influence of modeling process, dispersion properties and background air composition on the chemical evolution of the aircraft plumes is examined. It is proven that the mixing properties mainly determine the plume dispersion. The initial plume properties become significant for the selection of the appropriate vertical resolution. Besides these factors, the background NOx and O₃ concentration levels control NOx distribution and their conversion to nitrogen reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Bossioli
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Division of Physics, Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Build. Phys. V, University Campus, Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece.
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Timko MT, Fortner E, Franklin J, Yu Z, Wong HW, Onasch TB, Miake-Lye RC, Herndon SC. Atmospheric measurements of the physical evolution of aircraft exhaust plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3513-3520. [PMID: 23356965 DOI: 10.1021/es304349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from a series of field measurement activities including the Alternative Aviation Fuels Experiments (AAFEX1 and AAFEX2), we present experimental measurements of particle number, size, and composition-resolved mass that describe the physical and chemical evolution of aircraft exhaust plumes on the time scale of 5 s to 2-3 min. As the plume ages, the particle number emission index initially increases by a factor of 10-50, due to gas-to-particle formation of a nucleation/growth mode, and then begins to fall with increased aging. Increasing the fuel sulfur content causes the initial increase to occur more rapidly. The contribution of the nucleation/growth mode to the overall particle number density is most pronounced at idle power and decreases with increasing engine power. Increasing fuel sulfur content, but not fuel aromatic content causes the nucleation/growth mode to dominate the particle number emissions at higher powers than for a fuel with "normal" sulfur and aromatic content. Particle size measurements indicate that the observed particle number emissions trends are due to continuing gas-to-particle conversion and coagulation growth of the nucleation/growth mode particles, processes which simultaneously increase particle mass and reduce particle number density. Measurements of nucleation/growth mode mass are consistent with the interpretation of particle number and size data and suggest that engine exit plane measurements may underestimate the total particle mass by as much as a factor of between 5 and 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Timko
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, 45 Manning Road, Billerica Massachusetts 01821, United States
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Kinsey JS, Timko MT, Herndon SC, Wood EC, Yu Z, Miake-Lye RC, Lobo P, Whitefield P, Hagen D, Wey C, Anderson BE, Beyersdorf AJ, Hudgins CH, Thornhill KL, Winstead E, Howard R, Bulzan DI, Tacina KB, Knighton WB. Determination of the emissions from an aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) during the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX). JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:420-30. [PMID: 22616284 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2012.655884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The emissions from a Garrett-AiResearch (now Honeywell) Model GTCP85-98CK auxiliary power unit (APU) were determined as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX) using both JP-8 and a coal-derived Fischer Tropsch fuel (FT-2). Measurements were conducted by multiple research organizations for sulfur dioxide (SO2, total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), speciated gas-phase emissions, particulate matter (PM) mass and number, black carbon, and speciated PM. In addition, particle size distribution (PSD), number-based geometric mean particle diameter (GMD), and smoke number were also determined from the data collected. The results of the research showed PM mass emission indices (EIs) in the range of 20 to 700 mg/kg fuel and PM number EIs ranging from 0.5 x 10(15) to 5 x 10(15) particles/kg fuel depending on engine load and fuel type. In addition, significant reductions in both the SO2 and PM EIs were observed for the use of the FT fuel. These reductions were on the order of approximately 90% for SO2 and particle mass EIs and approximately 60% for the particle number EI, with similar decreases observed for black carbon. Also, the size of the particles generated by JP-8 combustion are noticeably larger than those emitted by the APU burning the FT fuel with the geometric mean diameters ranging from 20 to 50 nm depending on engine load and fuel type. Finally, both particle-bound sulfate and organics were reduced during FT-2 combustion. The PM sulfate was reduced by nearly 100% due to lack of sulfur in the fuel, with the PM organics reduced by a factor of approximately 5 as compared with JP-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Kinsey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle to Park, NC 27711, USA.
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