1
|
Srour O, Kakosimos KE, Vechot LN. Review of techniques, challenges, and gaps in the subsurface gas release knowledge base. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175444. [PMID: 39134276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Underground pipelines serve as critical infrastructure for gas transmission, strategically buried for safety, environmental, and economic considerations. Despite their importance, operational challenges and external interferences can lead to underground gas leaks with potentially catastrophic consequences for both human safety and the environment. The presence of a protective soil bed introduces complexities in understanding subsurface transport phenomena and quantifying gas releases accurately. Herein, this review presents a systematic analysis of published research in the field of underground gas releases, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches that connect the lithosphere and atmosphere. The analysis highlights the broad spectrum of employed methods, including theoretical models based on fundamental principles, empirical formulations derived from experimental data, and sophisticated computational tools. A clear fundamental understanding and computational analysis, and to a lesser extent experimental, have been established to describe the migration regime. In contrast, more empirical research has addressed the crater formation regime, though focus was given to the far-field modelling following the soil ejection rather than the transient phenomena leading to the formation of the crater. Additionally, this review touches upon practical and conceptual topics, such as detection and localization techniques, and flow regimes in other gaseous flows through soil and powder beds, putting into question the applicability of some presumed granulated concepts to the flowing behavior expected beyond migration. The research landscape predominantly focuses on investigating the influence of release parameters on the release phenomena only from the atmospheric or soil domain perspective. This work provides insights that aim to first transcend both domains and then bridge the three distinct flow regimes-migration, uplift, and crater formation-despite the limited acknowledgment of the necessity of addressing all regimes concurrently through a universal approach. This review serves as a valuable resource for engineers to develop innovative solutions for the management of risks associated with underground gas leaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Srour
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center Qatar, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Konstantinos E Kakosimos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center Qatar, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Luc N Vechot
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center Qatar, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vidal V, Gay A. Future challenges on focused fluid migration in sedimentary basins: Insight from field data, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. PAPERS IN PHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.4279/pip.140011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a present context of sustainable energy and hazard mitigation, understanding fluid migration in sedimentary basins – large subsea provinces of fine saturated sands and clays – is a crucial challenge. Such migration leads to gas or liquid expulsion at the seafloor, whichmay be the signature of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, or precursors to violent subsea fluid releases. If the former may orient future exploitation, the latter represent strong hazards for anthropic activities such as offshore production, CO$_2$ storage, transoceanic telecom fibers or deep-sea mining. However, at present, the dynamics of fluid migration in sedimentary layers, in particular the upper 500 m, still remains unknown in spite of its strong influence on fluid distribution at the seafloor. Understanding the mechanisms controlling fluid migration and release requires the combination of accurate field data, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Each technique shall lead to the understanding of the fluid structures, the mechanisms at stake, and deep insights into fundamental processes ranging from the grain scale to the kilometers-long natural pipes in the sedimentary layers.Here we review the present available techniques, advances and challenges still open for the geosciences, physics, and computer science communities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kia Lashaki M, Sayyad Amin J, Zendehboudi S. Numerical simulation of homogeneous fluidization behaviour of Geldart Group A particles in gas tapered fluidized beds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sohrab Zendehboudi
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University St. John's NL Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modeling of the Minimum Fluidization Velocity and the Incipient Fluidization Pressure Drop in a Conical Fluidized Bed with Negative Pressure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The modeling of the minimum fluidization velocity (U0mf) and the incipient fluidization pressure drop (ΔPmf) is a valuable research topic in the fluidization field. In this paper, first, a series of experiments are carried out by changing the particle size and material mass to explore their effects on U0mf and ΔPmf. Then, an Ergun equation modifying method and the dimensional analysis method are used to obtain the modeling correlations of U0mf and ΔPmf by fitting the experimental data, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed. The experimental results show that U0mf increases significantly with increasing particle size but has little relationship with the material mass; ΔPmf increases significantly with increasing material mass but has little relationship with the particle size. Experiments with small particles show a significant increase at large superficial gas velocity; we propose a conjecture that the particles’ collision with the fluidization chamber’s top surface causes this phenomenon. The fitting accuracy of the modified Ergun equation is lower than that of the dimensionless model. When using the Ergun equation modifying method, it is deduced that the gas drag force is approximately 0.8995 times the material total weight at the incipient fluidized state.
Collapse
|
5
|
Das HJ, Mahanta P, Saikia R, Aamir MS. Performance Evaluation of drying Ccharacteristics in conical bubbling fluidized bed dryer. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Mixing and regime transition analysis of liquid-solid conical fluidized bed through RPT technique. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Noi KF, Roozmand A, Björnmalm M, Richardson JJ, Franks GV, Caruso F. Assembly-Controlled Permeability of Layer-by-Layer Polymeric Microcapsules Using a Tapered Fluidized Bed. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27940-27947. [PMID: 26651354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microcapsules engineered through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly are finding an increasingly large number of applications as catalysts, electrochemical biosensors, bioreactors, artificial cells and drug delivery vehicles. While centrifugation-based LbL assembly is the most common method for coating template particles and preparing capsules, it is a batch process and requires frequent intervention that renders the system challenging to automate and scale up. Here, we report the use of a tapered fluidized bed (TFB) for the preparation of multilayered polymer capsules. This is a significant improvement over our recent approach of fluidizing particles in cylindrical fluidized beds (CFB) for LbL assembly. We demonstrate that TFB is compatible with particles <3 μm in diameter (an order-of-magnitude improvement compared with CFB), which can be fluidized with minimal entrainment. Additionally, layering materials were expanded to include both electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding polymer pairs (e.g., poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and thiol-modified poly(methacrylic acid) (PMASH) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), respectively). Finally, differences between capsules prepared via centrifugation-based and TFB LbL assembly were investigated. The obtained TFB microcapsules demonstrate increased film thickness and roughness compared with those prepared using centrifugation-based LbL assembly. Furthermore, PMASH microcapsules exhibit lower swelling and permeability when prepared via TFB LbL assembly compared with centrifugation-based LbL assembly due to enhanced multilayer deposition, entanglement, and cross-linking. Therefore, polymeric capsules fabricated via TFB LbL assembly may be useful for encapsulation and retention of relatively low molecular weight (∼20 kDa) hydrophilic biomacromolecules to passively or responsively release the payload for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Fung Noi
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Roozmand
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George V Franks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development of tapered rotating fluidized bed granulator for increasing yield of granules. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Jaafari J, Mesdaghinia A, Nabizadeh R, Hoseini M, kamani H, Mahvi AH. Influence of upflow velocity on performance and biofilm characteristics of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) in treating high-strength wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:139. [PMID: 25485140 PMCID: PMC4256795 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the key parameters in Fluidized Bed reactors is the control of biofilm thickness and configuration. The effect of upflow velocity on performance and biofilm characteristics of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor was studied in treating Currant wastewater at various loading rates. The reactor used this study was made of a plexiglass column being 60 mm diameter, 140 cm height, and a volume of 3.95 L. The results demonstrated that the AFBR system is capable of handling an exceptionally high organic loading rate. At organic loading rates of 9.4 to 24.2 (kg COD m(-3)) at steady state, reactor performances with upflow velocities of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 (m min(-1)) were 89.3- 63.4, 96.9 - 79.6 and 95 - 73.4 percent, respectively. The average biomass concentration per unit volume of the AFBR (as gVSSatt L(-1) expended bed) decreased with the increase of upflow velocity in the range of 0.5-1 m min(-1) at all applied organic loading rates. The total biomass in the reactor increased with increases in the organic loading rate. The peak biomass concentration per unit volume (as gVSSatt L(-1) expended bed) was observed at the bottom part of the reactor, then it droped off slowly towards the top. The biofilm thickness increased from the bottom to the top of the reactor representing a stratification of the media in the AFBR. The bed porosity increased from the bottom to the top of the reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Jaafari
- />School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- />School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- />School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein kamani
- />Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- />School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakamura H, Deguchi N, Takeuchi H, Watano S. Numerical analysis of fluid flow and particle entrainment in a novel tapered rotating fluidized bed. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Gan L, Lu X, Wang Q. Experimental and theoretical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of tapered fluidized beds. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Gas holdup in tapered bubble column using pseudoplastic non-Newtonian liquids. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Cui X, Li J, Chan A, Chapman D. Coupled DEM–LBM simulation of internal fluidisation induced by a leaking pipe. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Murthy JSN, Reddy VS, Tasleem S, Kumar DV, Krishna CS, Sankarshana T. Hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidization in tapered beds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Sau D, Mohanty S, Biswal K. Critical fluidization velocities and maximum bed pressure drops of homogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles in gas–solid tapered fluidized beds. POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Zhou D, Dong S, Wang H, Bi HT. Minimum Fluidization Velocity of a Three-Phase Conical Fluidized Bed in Comparison to a Cylindrical Fluidized Bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie8001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhou
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuangshi Dong
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Heli Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hsiaotao T. Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zhang B, Liu X, Zhu H. Mechanism of Local Fluidization in Converging Packed Beds. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450810504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Depypere F, Pieters J, Dewettinck K. Expanded bed height determination in a tapered fluidised bed reactor. J FOOD ENG 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Son SY, Lee DH, Han GY, Kim DJ, Sim SJ, Kim SD. Effect of air distributor on the fluidization characteristics in conical gas fluidized beds. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02701503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Singh RK, Suryanarayana A, Roy GK. Prediction of minimum velocity and minimum bed pressure drop for gas-solid fluidization in conical conduits. CAN J CHEM ENG 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
Determination of the lower bound of minimum fluidization velocity: application at elevated temperatures. Chem Eng Sci 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(86)85214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|