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Hu B, Lu J, Ding W, Liu Y, Shroyer MH, Schulz CE, Xu W, Wang J, Li J. Crystal Structure and Electron Configuration of {MNO} 8 Heme Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:18379-18388. [PMID: 39284105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Although research on nitrosyl (NO) heme complexes and their one-electron reduced form, nitroxyl (or nitroxyl anion, NO-) derivatives, has been going on for decades, there are still disagreements about the electrical configuration of nitroxyl complexes, and the majority of the work on this topic is based on theoretical calculations. Following the initial nitroxyl iron porphyrin crystal structure, we present two further polymorphic forms of [CoCp2][Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]. Using the same completely halogenated porphyrin ligand, we also present two polymorphic forms of nitrosyl cobalt(II) complexes, which are another sort of {MNO}8 structure. In addition to the EXANES and EPR studies of these {FeNO}7 and {CoNO}8 complexes, the {FeNO}8 [CoCp2][Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)] complex is also investigated by temperature-dependent Mössbauer experiments for the first time with the {FeNO}7 precursor as a control sample. The analysis of the Mössbauer and crystal structural parameters between these two types of {MNO}8 (M = Fe or Co) species and previously reported analogous ones allow us to conclude that the electronic configuration of [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]- is best described as an intermediate between low-spin Fe(II)-NO- and Fe(I)-NO•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lu
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
- Beijing Spacecrafts Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mark H Shroyer
- Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401, United States
| | - Charles E Schulz
- Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
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2
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Shukaev AV, Ermakova EV, Fang Y, Kadish KM, Nefedov SE, Tafeenko VA, Michalak J, Bessmertnykh-Lemeune A. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of β-Octa[(4-Diethoxyphosphoryl)phenyl]porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3431-3444. [PMID: 36752761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The β-substituted porphyrinoids commonly used to form functional assembled systems in nature yet are still scarcely used in material chemistry probably due to the laborious synthesis of these compounds. In this work, β-octa[(4-diethoxyphosphoryl)phenyl]porphyrin (2HOPPP) and its metal (Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II)) complexes were prepared in good yields. These highly soluble chromophores were characterized in solution using spectroscopic (NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence), electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical methods. Attachment of the electron-deficient residue (ArP(O)(OEt)2) to the porphyrin macrocycle leads to easier reductions and harder oxidations of the macrocycle for all complexes studied as compared to corresponding meso-tetra[4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)phenyl]porphyrin derivatives reported previously. We demonstrated that the strong electron-deficient character of the MOPPP porphyrins results principally from the increase in the number of electron-withdrawing groups at the periphery of the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle. Electron-deficient porphyrins are highly required in supramolecular and material chemistry in part due to their ability to form supramolecular assemblies via the coordination of axial ligands to the central metal atom. According to single-crystal X-ray data, ZnOPPP forms in the crystalline phase dimers in which each of the two tetrapyrrolic macrocycles is connected through an unusual combination of hydrogen bonding of two phosphoryl groups and the water molecules axially coordinated to the zinc atom of the partner molecule. The involvement of water molecules in porphyrin binding allows for an increase of distance between two porphyrin mean N4 planes, up to 4.478 Å. The offset of phosphoryl groups attached to the macrocycle through a 1,4-phenylene spacer withdraws the whole porphyrin macrocycle of one molecule from spatial overlap with the macrocycle of a partner molecule and increases the Zn-Zn distance up to 10.372 Å. This still unknown type of porphyrin dimers allows one to get deeper insights into the organization of naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. ZnOPPP also forms a labile dimeric complex in 5.3 × 10-7-5.8 × 10-5 M chloroform solutions. In contrast, other complexes prepared in this work exist as monomeric species under these experimental conditions. The self-association constant of ZnOPPP has been determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Shukaev
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Elizaveta V Ermakova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Sergey E Nefedov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Victor A Tafeenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julien Michalak
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Alla Bessmertnykh-Lemeune
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, Dijon 21078, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon 69364, France
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Pigot C, Brunel D, Dumur F. Indane-1,3-Dione: From Synthetic Strategies to Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:5976. [PMID: 36144711 PMCID: PMC9501146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indane-1,3-dione is a versatile building block used in numerous applications ranging from biosensing, bioactivity, bioimaging to electronics or photopolymerization. In this review, an overview of the different chemical reactions enabling access to this scaffold but also to the most common derivatives of indane-1,3-dione are presented. Parallel to this, the different applications in which indane-1,3-dione-based structures have been used are also presented, evidencing the versatility of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Damien Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Meireles AM, Guimarães AS, Querino GR, Castro KADDF, Nakagaki S, DeFreitas‐Silva G. Exploring manganese pyridylporphyrin isomers for cyclohexane oxidation: First‐generation catalysts are better than third‐generation ones. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira Meireles
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Adriano Silva Guimarães
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rabelo Querino
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Shirley Nakagaki
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departamento de Química, Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Gilson DeFreitas‐Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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Thiourea Organocatalysts as Emerging Chiral Pollutants: En Route to Porphyrin-Based (Chir)Optical Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with chiral organic compounds is an emerging problem requiring innovative sensing methods. Amino-functionalized thioureas, such as 2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (Takemoto’s catalyst), are widely used organocatalysts with virtually unknown environmental safety data. Ecotoxicity studies based on the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test reveal significant toxicity of Takemoto’s catalyst (EC50 = 7.9 mg/L) and its NH2-substituted analog (EC50 = 7.2–7.4 mg/L). The observed toxic effect was pronounced by the influence of the trifluoromethyl moiety. En route to the porphyrin-based chemosensing of Takemoto-type thioureas, their supramolecular binding to a series of zinc porphyrins was studied with UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The association constant values generally increased with the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the porphyrins and electron-donating ability of the thioureas, a result of the predominant Zn⋯N cation–dipole (Lewis acid–base) interaction. The binding event induced a CD signal in the Soret band region of the porphyrin hosts—a crucial property for chirality sensing of Takemoto-type thioureas.
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Cabral BN, Milani JLS, Meireles AM, Martins DCDS, Ribeiro SLDS, Rebouças JS, Donnici CL, das Chagas RP. Mn( iii)–porphyrin catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO 2 with epoxides at atmospheric pressure: effects of Lewis acidity and ligand structure. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mn(iii)–porphyrin catalysts with electron-withdrawing substituents were designed to uncover electronic and structural aspects in the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Luiz Sônego Milani
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira Meireles
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio Santos Rebouças
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba
- João Pessoa
- Brazil
| | - Claudio Luis Donnici
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
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8
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Martin MI, Cai Q, Yap GPA, Rosenthal J. Synthesis, Redox, and Spectroscopic Properties of Pd(II) 10,10-Dimethylisocorrole Complexes Prepared via Bromination of Dimethylbiladiene Oligotetrapyrroles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:18241-18252. [PMID: 33284618 PMCID: PMC8211382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two brominated 10,10-dimethylisocorrole (10-DMIC) derivatives containing Pd(II) centers have been prepared and characterized. These compounds were prepared via bromination of 10,10-dimethylbiladiene-based oligotetrapyrroles. Bromination of free base 10,10-dimethylbiladiene (DMBil1) followed by metalation with Pd(OAc)2, as well as bromination of the corresponding Pd(II) dimethylbiladiene complex (Pd[DMBil1]) provide routes to Pd(II) hexabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br6]) and Pd(II) octabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br8]). The solid-state structures of the two brominated isocorrole complexes are presented, as is that for a new decabrominated dimethylbiladiene derivative (DMBil-Br10). The electronic and spectroscopic properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives were probed using a combination of voltammetric methods and steady-state UV-vis absorption and emission experiments. Data obtained from these experiments allow the properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives to be compared to previously studied biladiene derivatives (i.e., DMBil1 and Pd[DMBil1]). CV and DPV experiments demonstrate that Pd[10-DMIC-Br6] and Pd[10-DMIC-Br8] support well-behaved multielectron redox chemistry, similar to that which has been observed for other nonaromatic tetrapyrroles containing sp3-hybridized meso-carbons. Spectroscopic experiments reveal that bromination of the dimethylbiladiene core shifts this system's UV-vis absorption profile to lower energy and that the dimethylisocorrole complexes support panchromatic absorption profiles that extend across the UV-vis and into the near-IR region. Photosensitization experiments demonstrate that unlike previously studied Pd(II) biladiene constructs, DMBil-Br10, Pd[10-DMIC-Br6], and Pd[10-DMIC-Br8] support limited triplet excited state chemistry with O2, indicating that the novel nonaromatic tetrapyrrole derivatives described in this work may be best suited for applications other than singlet oxygen sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Qiuqi Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Alemayehu AB, Einrem RF, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Settineri NS, Ghosh A. Synthesis and molecular structure of perhalogenated rhenium-oxo corroles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19727. [PMID: 33184456 PMCID: PMC7665048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop rhenium-oxo corroles as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy, we investigated the potential β-perhalogenation of five ReO meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O) (X = CF3, H, F, CH3, and OCH3), with elemental chlorine and bromine. With Cl2, β-octachlorinated products Re[Cl8TpXPC](O) were rapidly obtained for X = CF3, H, and CH3, but X = OCH3 resulted in overchlorination on the meso-aryl groups. Full β-octabromination proved slower relative to Cu and Ir corroles, but the desired Re[Br8TpXPC](O) products were finally obtained for X = H and F after a week at room temperature. For X = CH3 and OCH3, these conditions led to undecabrominated products Re[Br11TpXPC](O). Compared to the β-unsubstituted starting materials, the β-octahalogenated products were found to exhibit sharp 1H NMR signals at room temperature, indicating that the aryl groups are locked in place by the β-halogens, and substantially redshifted Soret and Q bands. Single-crystal X-ray structures of Re[Cl8TpCF3PC](O), Re[Cl8TpCH3PC](O), and Re[Br8TpFPC](O) revealed mild saddling for one Cl8 structure and the Br8 structure. These structural variations, however, appear too insignificant to explain the slowness of the β-octabromination protocols, which seems best attributed to the deactivating influence of the high-valent Re center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Kingsbury CJ, Flanagan KJ, Kielmann M, Twamley B, Senge MO. Crystal structures of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octa-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetra-kis-(penta-fluoro-phen-yl)porphyrin as the chloro-form monosolvate and tetra-hydro-furan monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:214-220. [PMID: 32071749 PMCID: PMC7001836 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the title compounds, two solvates (CHCl3 and THF) of a symmetric and highly substituted porphyrin, C44H2Br8F20N4 or OBrTPFPP, are described. These structures each feature a non-planar porphyrin ring, exhibiting a similar conformation of the strained ring independent of solvent identity. These distorted porphyrins are able to form hydrogen bonds and sub-van der Waals halogen inter-actions with enclathrated solvent; supra-molecular inter-actions of proximal macrocycles are additionally affected by solvent choice. The crystal studied for compound 1·CHCl3 was refined as an inversion twin. One penta-fluoro-phenyl group was modelled as disordered over two sites [occupancy ratio = 0.462 (7):0.538 (7)]. The chloro-form solvate was also modelled as disordered over two orientations [occupancy ratio = 0.882 (7): 0.118 (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11
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The chemistry, recent advancements and activity descriptors for macrocycles based electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Rathi P, Butcher R, Sankar M. Unsymmetrical nonplanar 'push-pull' β-octasubstituted porphyrins: facile synthesis, structural, photophysical and electrochemical redox properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15002-15011. [PMID: 31556414 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02792k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed substitution at the β-position of porphyrins influences their photophysical and electrochemical redox properties. Two new series of asymmetrically mixed β-octasubstituted porphyrins viz. MTPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br and M = 2H, Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Zn(ii)) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal X-ray structure of H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 showed a nonplanar saddle shape conformation of the macrocyclic core. Furthermore, the fully optimized geometries confirmed the saddle shape conformation of H2TPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br). Electronic spectra revealed a significant bathochromic shift by appending both electron donor and acceptor substituents at the β-position of the meso-tetraphenylporphyrin skeleton, which reflects the following order H2TPP < H2TPP(NO2) < H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2 < H2TPP(Ph)2Br6 < H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5. H2TPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br) exhibited a significant bathochromic shift (Δλmax = 53-61 nm) in the Soret band and (Δλmax = 90-95 nm) in the longest wavelength Qx(0,0) band as compared to H2TPP. Nonplanar conformations and electron withdrawing β-substituents induce higher protonation and deprotonation constants for H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 and H2TPP(Ph)2Br6 as compared to precursor porphyrins viz. H2TPP, H2TPP(NO2) and H2TPP(NO2)(Ph)2. The electronic spectral properties and redox potentials of MTPP(Ph)2Br5X (X = NO2 or Br and M = 2H, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) are affected by β-substituents at the periphery of the porphyrin core. Redox tunability was achieved by appending push-pull substituents at the β-position of the MTPP (M = 2H, CoII, NiII, CuII, and ZnII) skeleton of the macrocycle. CuTPP(Ph)2Br6 and CuTPP(NO2)(Ph)2Br5 exhibited a dramatically reduced HOMO-LUMO gap with a difference of 0.55 V and 0.62 V, respectively as compared to CuTPP due to the push-pull effect of β-substituents and nonplanarity of the porphyrin core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, India.
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Pukhovskaya SG, Ivanova YB, Nam DT, Semeikin AS, Syrbu SA, Mamardashvili NZ. Spectral, Acid, and Coordination Properties of Dodecasubstituted Porphyrins. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321903040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Kuvshinova EM, Vershinina IA, Islyaikin MK, Syrbu SA, Golubchikov OA. Kinetics of the Dissociation of Cu2+ and Co2+ Complexes of Nitro Derivatives of 5,15-Diphenyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetraethylporphyrin in Proton-Donor Media. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321903037x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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The (oxo)[(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octachloro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-tolylporphyrinato)]vanadium(IV): Synthesis, UV–visible, Cyclic voltammetry and X-ray crystal structure. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Roucan M, Kielmann M, Connon SJ, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Conformational control of nonplanar free base porphyrins: towards bifunctional catalysts of tunable basicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:26-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No metal needed: nonplanar free base porphyrins act as bifunctional organocatalysts revealing a new mode of action for porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Roucan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
| | - M. Kielmann
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
| | - S. J. Connon
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Dublin 2
| | - S. S. R. Bernhard
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
| | - M. O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
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17
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Chaudhri N, Butcher RJ, Sankar M. Synthesis and structural, photophysical, electrochemical redox and axial ligation properties of highly electron deficient perchlorometalloporphyrins and selective CN− sensing by Co(ii) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of MTPP(NO2)Cl7 have been reported. ZnII porphyrins exhibited higher Lewis acidity as compared to perbromoporphyrins. CoII porphyrins were utilized for the selective rapid visual detection of cyanide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | | | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
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18
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Conradie J, Ghosh A. Energetics of Saddling versus Ruffling in Metalloporphyrins: Unusual Ruffled Dodecasubstituted Porphyrins. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6708-6714. [PMID: 31457262 PMCID: PMC6644939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first major density functional theory (BP86/D3/STO-TZ2P) survey of the energetics of saddling versus ruffling for a wide range of dodecasubstituted metalloporphyrins with M = Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Pt. For the majority of X8TPP (i.e., β-octasubstituted-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin), the calculations indicated a clear preference for the saddled conformation, consistent with a large body of experimental data. The preference for the saddled conformation relative to the ruffled conformation was found to vary from about ∼0.3-0.4 eV for Me8TPP derivatives up to 1 eV for I8TPP and (CF3)8TPP derivatives. For X = Ph, that is, dodecaphenylporphyrins, the saddled and the ruffled conformation are almost equienergetic, with even a slight preference for the ruffled conformation in some cases. This finding provides a satisfactory explanation for the X-ray crystallographic observation of both saddled and ruffled conformations for dodecaphenylporphyrin complexes as well as for spectroscopic evidence for conformational mobility of these complexes in solution. The calculations also indicate near-equienergetic saddled and ruffled conformations for meso-tetraacetylenyltetrabenzoporphyrins, again consonant with key crystallographic findings. By and large, both the energetics and nonplanar distortions of the metalloporphyrin derivatives correlated well with the Charton and Sterimol B1 steric parameters of the peripheral substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Chaudhri N, Grover N, Sankar M. Versatile Synthetic Route for β-Functionalized Chlorins and Porphyrins by Varying the Size of Michael Donors: Syntheses, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11532-11545. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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20
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Kuvshinova EM, Vershinina IA, Syrbu SA, Golubchikov OA. Synthesis and coordination properties of nitro derivatives of 5,15-diphenyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetraethylporphyrin. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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22
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Syrbu SA, Lyubimtsev AV, Ivanov DA, Ugarov VS, Koifman OI. Electrophilic substitution in meso-phenylporphyrins. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Hu B, He M, Yao Z, Schulz CE, Li J. Unique Axial Imidazole Geometries of Fully Halogenated Iron(II) Porphyrin Complexes: Crystal Structures and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9632-9643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Mingrui He
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Charles E. Schulz
- Department
of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401, United States
| | - Jianfeng Li
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
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24
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Senge MO, MacGowan SA, O'Brien JM. Conformational control of cofactors in nature - the influence of protein-induced macrocycle distortion on the biological function of tetrapyrroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:17031-63. [PMID: 26482230 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole-containing proteins are one of the most fundamental classes of enzymes in nature and it remains an open question to give a chemical rationale for the multitude of biological reactions that can be catalyzed by these pigment-protein complexes. There are many fundamental processes where the same (i.e., chemically identical) porphyrin cofactor is involved in chemically quite distinct reactions. For example, heme is the active cofactor for oxygen transport and storage (hemoglobin, myoglobin) and for the incorporation of molecular oxygen in organic substrates (cytochrome P450). It is involved in the terminal oxidation (cytochrome c oxidase) and the metabolism of H2O2 (catalases and peroxidases) and catalyzes various electron transfer reactions in cytochromes. Likewise, in photosynthesis the same chlorophyll cofactor may function as a reaction center pigment (charge separation) or as an accessory pigment (exciton transfer) in light harvesting complexes (e.g., chlorophyll a). Whilst differences in the apoprotein sequences alone cannot explain the often drastic differences in physicochemical properties encountered for the same cofactor in diverse protein complexes, a critical factor for all biological functions must be the close structural interplay between bound cofactors and the respective apoprotein in addition to factors such as hydrogen bonding or electronic effects. Here, we explore how nature can use the same chemical molecule as a cofactor for chemically distinct reactions using the concept of conformational flexibility of tetrapyrroles. The multifaceted roles of tetrapyrroles are discussed in the context of the current knowledge on distorted porphyrins. Contemporary analytical methods now allow a more quantitative look at cofactors in protein complexes and the development of the field is illustrated by case studies on hemeproteins and photosynthetic complexes. Specific tetrapyrrole conformations are now used to prepare bioengineered designer proteins with specific catalytic or photochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Stuart A MacGowan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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25
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Grover N, Sankar M, Song Y, Kadish KM. Asymmetrically Crowded “Push–Pull” Octaphenylporphyrins with Modulated Frontier Orbitals: Syntheses, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:584-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Yang Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar K. Thomassen
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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27
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28
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30
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Bhyrappa P, Sarangi U, Varghese B. Mixed β-pyrrole substituted meso-tetraphenylporphyrins and their metal complexes: Synthesis, structures and electrochemical redox properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Shahroosvand H, Zakavi S, Sousaraei A, Eskandari M. Saddle-shaped porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells: new insight into the relationship between nonplanarity and photovoltaic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6347-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04722b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the theoretical and experimental studies of the new dye-sensitized solar cells functionalized with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin zinc(ii) complexes bearing 2- and 8-bromo substituents at the β positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Zakavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences
- Zanjan
- Iran
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32
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Kumar R, Sankar M. Synthesis, Spectral, and Electrochemical Studies of Electronically Tunable β-Substituted Porphyrins with Mixed Substituent Pattern. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12706-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, India
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33
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Nandi G, Titi HM, Goldberg I. Pitfalls in bromination reactions of zinc porphyrins: two-sided ring opening of the porphyrin macrocycle. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7894-900. [PMID: 25029516 DOI: 10.1021/ic500468r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of [Zn(II)(TTP)] (1) (TTP = dianion of 5,10,15,20-meso-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrin) with 16 equiv of N-bromosuccinamide (NBS) in methanol at reflux led to the unexpected two-sidedd open-ring brominated product [Zn(II)(C26H20N2O2Br5)2] (2). Similar observations have been made with other meso-substituted zinc porphyrins as well [Zn(II)(por)] {por = dianion of 5,10,15,20-meso-tetrakis(aryl)porphyrin; aryl = phenyl (TPP), p-(t)Bu-phenyl (TBPP), m-Cl-phenyl (TClPP)}. The respective products [Zn(II)(C24H16N2O2Br5)2] (3), [Zn(II)(C32H32N2O2Br5)2] (4), and [Zn(II)(C24H14N2O2Cl2Br5)2] (5) have been isolated in good to moderate yields and characterized by elemental analysis and UV-vis, (1)H NMR, and mass spectrometry. Additional bromination reaction of 1 with 8 equiv of NBS in a chloroform/methanol mixture led (after the two-sided ring opening) to nonmetalated brominated bi(pyrrole) product, C36H34N2O4Br4 (6). The detailed structures of complexes 1, 2, 3, and 6, available in a single crystal form, have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Nandi
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University , Ramat-Aviv, 6997801 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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34
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Fang Y, Bhyrappa P, Ou Z, Kadish KM. Planar and Nonplanar Free-Base Tetraarylporphyrins: β-Pyrrole Substituents and Geometric Effects on Electrochemistry, Spectroelectrochemistry, and Protonation/Deprotonation Reactions in Nonaqueous Media. Chemistry 2013; 20:524-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Zakavi S, Najafi Ragheb M. Interaction of meso-tetraarylporphyrins with formic acid: A variable temperature 1H NMR study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Vinogradova EV, Enakieva YY, Nefedov SE, Birin KP, Tsivadze AY, Gorbunova YG, Bessmertnykh Lemeune AG, Stern C, Guilard R. Synthesis and Self-Organization of Zinc β-(Dialkoxyphosphoryl)porphyrins in the Solid State and in Solution. Chemistry 2012; 18:15092-104. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Horváth O, Valicsek Z, Harrach G, Lendvay G, Fodor MA. Spectroscopic and photochemical properties of water-soluble metalloporphyrins of distorted structure. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Electrochemical study of the dication of porphyrins with carboxylic acids: Shift of the absorption bands compared to that of the redox potentials. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Bhyrappa P, Velkannan V. β-Tetrakis(2-thienyl)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins: Synthesis, structural and electrochemical redox properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Abstract
The reaction of mercury(II) hydroxide with 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, [Formula: see text]( H 2P4−), to form the mercury(II) porphyrin [( TPPSBr 8) Hg ]4−( HgP 4−) was investigated in the pH range 6.2-8.5. The observed rate constant was first-order with respect to the mercury(II) concentration and decreased with increasing pH from pH 6.2 to 7.5 and then increased from pH 7.5 to 8.5. The rate expression was written as d [ HgP 4−]/dt = (kHPK−1[ H +]−1 + k H 2 P + k H 3P K 1[ H +])(1 + K1[ H +] + K−1[ H +]−1)−1[ Hg ( OH )2][ H 2 P 4−]. The kHP, kH2P and kH3P values were found to be (1.33 ± 0.02) × 108, (5.50 ± 0.08) × 106 and (1.40 ± 0.08) × 108 M −1 s−1 respectively, with K1 = [ H 3 P 3−][ H 2 P 4−]−1[ H +]−1 = 104.83 ± 0.04 and K−1 = [ HP 5−][ H +][ H 2 P 4−]−1 = 1010.02 ± 0.02. The activation parameters were [Formula: see text] and ΔS‡ HP = 226 ± 22 J K −1 mol −1 for the k HP path, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the k H 2 P path and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the k H 3 P path. The kinetic results show the high reactivity of mercury(II) hydroxide towards the protonated porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. NAHAR
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840, Japan
| | - M. TABATA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840, Japan
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41
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D'SOUZA FRANCIS, HSIEH YIYING, DEVIPRASAD GR. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Water-soluble, β-Pyrrolebrominated Cobalt Porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199807/10)2:4/5<429::aid-jpp117>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of two water-soluble porphyrins, namely the tetrachloro salt of cobalt(II) tetrakis-(N-methyl pyridyl)-β-octabromoporphyrin, [( Br 8 TMPyP ) Co II] Cl 4, and the tetrasodium salt of cobalt(II) tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-β-octabromoporphyrin, Na 4[( Br 8 TPPS ) Co II], under different pH conditions is reported. The investigated porphyrins are highly non-planar and electron-deficient owing to the presence of eight bromides at the β-pyrrole positions and the four meso-aryl substituents. The redox potentials corresponding to the first oxidation and first reduction are shifted positively compared with the redox potentials of the respective unbrominated porphyrin derivatives. Spectroelectrochemical studies reveal the formation of a cobalt(III) complex during the first oxidation of both cobalt porphyrins. The first reduction of Br 8 TPPS ) Co II]4− results in a cobalt(I) complex, while involvement of the peripheral N-methyl pyridyl groups in the case of Br 8 TMPyP ) Co II]4+ is suggested. The peak potentials of the first oxidation corresponding to a Co II/ Co III redox couple of both investigated compounds are found to be pH-dependent. Debromination of the β-pyrrole bromo substituents of Br 8 TMPyP ) Co II]4+ at more negative potentials is observed. The UV-vis spectrum obtained after bulk electrolysis of Br 8 TMPyP ) Co II]4+ at −1.0 V vs Ag / AgCl followed by reoxidation at 0.2 V indicates complete elimination of the bromo substituents of the porphyrin periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- FRANCIS D'SOUZA
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
| | - YI-YING HSIEH
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
| | - G. R. DEVIPRASAD
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
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42
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Abstract
The term ‘high-valent’ refers to iron complexes of porphyrins and related macrocycles in which the oxidation state of the iron center exceeds III. High-valent iron porphyrins and chlorins are important biological transients whose intermediacy has been demonstrated in numerous peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Two species, compounds I and II, are spectroscopically detectable upon stoichiometric addition of monooxygen donors to resting ferric enzymes. Compounds I and II are formally two and one oxidizing equivalents respectively above the ferric state. In compound II the oxidizing equivalent has been shown by spectroscopic studies to be located on iron as an oxoiron(IV) unit. The spectroscopic and magnetic properties of compound I support the structural assignment of an S = 1 oxoiron(IV) unit magnetically coupled to a heme π-cation radical (S = 1/2). Studies on model hemes have contributed much to the understanding of protein chemistry. Much work has been accomplished with meso-tetaarylporphyrins and, more recently, with physiologically congruent meso-unsubstituted pyrrole β-substituted complexes. Compounds I of both proteins and synthetic models have been characterized by a wide array of spectroscopic methods, including UV-vis, NMR, resonance Raman, EPR, variable-temperature/variable-field magnetic Mössbauer, magnetic circular dichroism and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Results of these studies are summarized. Recent developments, which promise to yield a detailed picture of electronic structure, are variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, studies in the pre-K-edge region and L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to obtain the first structural data on the protein forms of compound I.
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Affiliation(s)
- AVRAM GOLD
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, CB7400, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA
| | - RAYMOND WEISS
- Institut Le Bel, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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43
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Bhyrappa P, Velkannan V. β-Tetrabromo-meso-tetrakis(4′-substituted phenyl)porphyrins: synthesis and electrochemical redox properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,3,12,13-tetrabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4′-substituted phenyl)porphyrins, H2 T(4′-R Ph) PBr4 ( R = OCH3 , t-butyl, H and CO2CH3 ) and their metal ( Co(II) , Cu(II) , and Zn(II) ) complexes were synthesized and their electrochemical redox properties were explored. The plot of E1/2vs. the Hammett parameter (σp) of the substituents (R) follow a fairly linear relationship for the ring centered redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - V. Velkannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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44
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Mahammed A, Tumanskii B, Gross Z. Effect of bromination on the electrochemistry, frontier orbitals, and spectroscopy of metallocorroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of fully β-pyrrole brominated triarylcorrole metal complexes has been prepared for investigating the changes in visible spectra and redox potentials relative to the non-brominated derivatives, as well as for comparing the effect of bromination in corroles and porphyrins. The results reveal that bromination has a much larger effect on the electrochemistry of metallocorroles relative to metalloporphyrins, for both macrocycle- and metal-centered redox processes. The HOMO–LUMO gap energy of the triarylcorrole post-transition metal complexes decreases upon bromination because the effect on the LUMO is about twice as large of as on the HOMO; and both the HOMO and the LUMO are more affected in corroles than in porphyrins. Spectroscopic examinations of the transition metal complexes reveal that the synthetic access to divalent metallocorroles becomes feasible for the brominated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahammed
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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45
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Rayati S, Zakavi S, Bohloulbandi E, Jafarian M, avei MR. Comparative study of the catalytic activity of a series of β-brominated Mn–porphyrins in the oxidation of olefins and organic sulfides: Better catalytic performance of the partially brominated ones. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Venanzi M, Tagliatesta P, Pastorini A, Mari P, Elisei F, Latterini L, Kadish KM. Perhalogenated porphyrins as a sink of excitation energy in porphyrin heterodimers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424602000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of a new family of free-base and zinc derivatives of meso- tetraphenylporphyrin heterodimers have been studied by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and nanosecond flash photolysis techniques. An almost complete (≈99%) and directionally controlled transfer of excitation energy from a donor porphyrin moiety was obtained by multiple bromination (four and eight Br substituents in the two series of compounds investigated) on the β-pyrrole positions of the acceptor porphyrin molecule. The covalently linked porphyrin dimers populate almost exclusively low energy triplet states because of the extremely efficient intramolecular singlet-to-triplet inter system crossing (ISC) process which is enhanced by the multiple heavy atoms substitutions. The nature of the electronic interactions determining the actual relaxation pathway followed by the porphyrin donor-acceptor pair is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Venanzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Univ. Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Univ. Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pastorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Univ. Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Univ. Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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47
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Sankar M, Arunkumar C, Bhyrappa P. Unusual solvent dependent electronic absorption spectral properties of nickel(II) and copper(II) perhaloporphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electronic absorption spectra of divalent metal ( Ni (II) and Cu (II)) complexes of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octa(bromo/chloro)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins (MOXTPP; X = Br , Cl ) were examined in various solvents. M (II) perhaloporphyrins exhibited dramatic shifts in their optical absorption spectral features relative to the corresponding metallotetraphenylporphyrins, MTPPs. Copper(II) perhaloporphyrins show significant red-shifts of the absorption bands in coordinating solvents relative to that observed for nickel(II) perhaloporphyrins. The large red-shift of the electronic absorption bands and the gain in intensity of the longest wavelength band (Q(0,0)), of Cu (II) perhaloporphyrins in certain coordinating solvents is comparable to that found in meso-tetraphenylporphinatozinc(II), ZnTPP. The solvent dependent spectral features of M (II) perhaloporphyrins are attributed to a coordinative interaction of the solvent with the core metal ion induced by the electron deficient porphyrin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Chellaiah Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Puttaiah Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
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48
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Ou Z, Shao J, D'Souza F, Tagliatesta P, Kadish KM. β-Pyrrole brominated meso-tetraphenylporphyrins: synthesis, spectral and electrochemical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, catalytic properties, UV-visible spectra and electrochemistry of β-pyrrole brominated porphyrins are summarized in this brief review. The effect of the Br substituents of the porphyrin ring on the redox behavior, and on axial CO or pyridine binding to the porphyrins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Jianguo Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma-Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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49
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Bhyrappa P, Arunkumar C, Varghese B. Influence of steric hindrance on the solvent-dependent absorption spectral behavior of highly brominated free base porphyrin and its Zn(II) complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electronic absorption spectra of highly brominated free base porphyrin, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-tetrakis(2′,6′-dibromo-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin, H 2 T (3′,5′-DMP) PBr 16 and its Zn (II) complex were examined in various solvents. These derivatives exhibit red-shifted absorption spectral features in polar solvents relative to that observed in less polar or nonpolar solvents. The extent of red shifts observed in highly brominated porphyrins is less than those reported for the corresponding 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, H 2 TPPBr 8 and its Zn (II) complex. The crystal structure of the H 2T(3′,5′-DMP) PBr 16 showed saddle-shaped geometry with steric hindrance of the bromo groups on the opposite phenyl rings which provide limited open access to the core. The decreased red shift of the absorption spectral bands of MT (3′,5′-DMP) PBr 16 ( M = 2 H , Zn (II)) derivatives when compared to unhindered MTPPBr 8 is possibly due to the steric hindrance offered by the ortho-bromo groups rather than the electronic effects of the porphyrin π-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttaiah Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Chellaiah Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Babu Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
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50
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Bhyrappa P, Purushothaman B, Vittal JJ. Highly brominated porphyrins: synthesis, structure and their properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the first perbromination of β-pyrrole and meso-phenyl groups of the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)porphinato copper(II) to generate highly brominated porphyrin, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2',6'-dibromo-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-porphinato copper(II), CuT (3',5'- DMP ) PBr 16 complex. Its crystal structure exhibited unusual five-coordination geometry with saddle shaped conformation of the porphyrin core. H2T(3',5'- DMP ) PBr 16 and its metal complexes exhibited large anodic shift of oxidation potentials with marginal changes in reduction potentials relative to their corresponding octabromotetraphenylporphyrin, MTPPBr 8 derivatives. The enhanced electron deficiency of the ZnT (3',5'-DMP)PBr16 complex was probed by axial ligation of various Lewis bases with differing pK a values. The ZnT (3',5'-DMP)PBr16 complex exhibited decrease in equilibrium constants for the ligation of bases relative to sterically unhindered ZnTPPBr 8. This has been ascribed to the sterics induced by the bulky ortho-bromo phenyl substituents that prevents the facile binding of Lewis bases to the Zn (II)-center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttaiah Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Bhavana Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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