1
|
Abstract
Porphyrin macrocycles have been the subject of intense study in the last century because they are widely distributed in nature, usually as metal complexes of either iron or magnesium. As such, they serve as the prosthetic groups in a wide variety of primary metabolites, such as hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls; these compounds have multiple applications in materials science, biology and medicine. This article describes current methodology for preparation of simple, symmetrical model porphyrins, as well as more complex protocols for preparation of unsymmetrically substituted porphyrin macrocycles similar to those found in nature. The basic chemical reactivity of porphyrins and metalloporphyrin is also described, including electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions, oxidations, reductions, and metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Using the synthetic approaches and reactivity profiles presented, eventually almost any substituted porphyrin system can be prepared for applications in a variety of areas, including in catalysis, electron transport, model biological systems and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria da G.H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young ER, Rosenthal J, Nocera DG. Energy transfer mediated by asymmetric hydrogen-bonded interfaces. Chem Sci 2012; 3:10.1039/C1SC00596K. [PMID: 24363889 PMCID: PMC3868475 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidine-appended ferrocene derivatives form a supramolecular assembly with Ru(ii)(bpy-COOH) (L)22+ complexes (bpy-COOH is 4-CO2H-4'-CH3-bpy and L = bpy, 2,2'-bipyridine or btfmbpy, 4,4'-bis (trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine). Steady-state, time-resolved spectroscopy and kinetic isotope effects establish that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of the Ru(ii) complexes are quenched by proton-coupled energy transfer (PCEnT). These results show that proton motion can be effective in mediating not only electron transfer (ET) but energy transfer (EnT) as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Young
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst, MA, 01002-5000, USA
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA. ; Tel: +1 617 253 5537
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Personalized energy (PE) is a transformative idea that provides a new modality for the planet's energy future. By providing solar energy to the individual, an energy supply becomes secure and available to people of both legacy and nonlegacy worlds and minimally contributes to an increase in the anthropogenic level of carbon dioxide. Because PE will be possible only if solar energy is available 24 h a day, 7 days a week, the key enabler for solar PE is an inexpensive storage mechanism. HY (Y = halide or OH(-)) splitting is a fuel-forming reaction of sufficient energy density for large-scale solar storage, but the reaction relies on chemical transformations that are not understood at the most basic science level. Critical among these are multielectron transfers that are proton-coupled and involve the activation of bonds in energy-poor substrates. The chemistry of these three italicized areas is developed, and from this platform, discovery paths leading to new hydrohalic acid- and water-splitting catalysts are delineated. The latter water-splitting catalyst captures many of the functional elements of photosynthesis. In doing so, a highly manufacturable and inexpensive method for solar PE storage has been discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamamura T, Suzuki S, Taguchi T, Onoda A, Kamachi T, Okura I. Porphyrin Arrays Responsive to Additives. Fluorescence Tuning. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11719-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| | - Tomotaka Taguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| | - Akira Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| | - Toshiaki Kamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| | - Ichiro Okura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0825, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young ER, Rosenthal J, Hodgkiss JM, Nocera DG. Comparative PCET study of a donor-acceptor pair linked by ionized and nonionized asymmetric hydrogen-bonded interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7678-84. [PMID: 19489645 DOI: 10.1021/ja809777j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A Zn(II) amidinium porphyrin is the excited-state electron donor (D) to a naphthalene diimide acceptor (A) appended with either a carboxylate or sulfonate functionality. The two-point hydrogen bond (...[H(+)]...) formed between the amidinium and carboxylate or sulfonate functionalities establishes a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway for charge transfer. The two D...[H(+)]...A assemblies differ only by the proton configuration within the hydrogen-bonding interface. Specifically, the amidinium ion transfers a proton to the carboxylate to form a nonionized amidine-carboxylic acid two-point hydrogen network, whereas the amidinium retains both protons when bound to the sulfonate functionality, forming an ionized amidinium-sulfonate two-point hydrogen bond network. These two interface configurations within the dyads thus allow for a direct comparison of the PCET kinetics for the same donor and acceptor juxtaposed by ionized and nonionized hydrogen-bonded interfaces. Analysis of the PCET kinetics ascertained from transient absorption and transient emission spectroscopy reveals that the ionized interface is more strongly impacted by the local solvent environment, thus establishing that the initial static configuration of the proton interface is a critical determinant in the kinetics of PCET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Young
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bode BE, Plackmeyer J, Prisner TF, Schiemann O. PELDOR Measurements on a Nitroxide-Labeled Cu(II) Porphyrin: Orientation Selection, Spin-Density Distribution, and Conformational Flexibility. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5064-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bela E. Bode
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Plackmeyer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|