1
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Li Z, Chande C, Cheng YH, Basuray S. Recent State and Challenges in Spectroelectrochemistry with Its Applications in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 36985074 PMCID: PMC10056660 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents the recent developments in spectroelectrochemical (SEC) technologies. The coupling of spectroscopy and electrochemistry enables SEC to do a detailed and comprehensive study of the electron transfer kinetics and vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint of analytes during electrochemical reactions. Though SEC is a promising technique, the usage of SEC techniques is still limited. Therefore, enough publicity for SEC is required, considering the promising potential in the analysis fields. Unlike previously published review papers primarily focused on the relatively frequently used SEC techniques (ultraviolet-visible SEC and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SEC), the two not-frequently used but promising techniques (nuclear magnetic resonance SEC and dark-field microscopy SEC) have also been studied in detail. This review paper not only focuses on the applications of each SEC method but also details their primary working mechanism. In short, this paper summarizes each SEC technique's working principles, current applications, challenges encountered, and future development directions. In addition, each SEC technique's applicative research directions are detailed and compared in this review work. Furthermore, integrating SEC techniques into microfluidics is becoming a trend in minimized analysis devices. Therefore, the usage of SEC techniques in microfluidics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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2
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Das R, Linseis M, Scheerer S, Zoller K, Senft L, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Winter RF. Reversible Multielectron Release from Redox-Active Three-Dimensional Molecular Barrels with Ruthenium-Alkenyl Moieties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12662-12677. [PMID: 35917328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional molecular barrels Ru6-4 and Ru6-5 were synthesized in high yields from dinuclear ruthenium-vinyl clamps and tritopic triphenylamine-derived carboxylate linkers and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy including 1H-1H COSY and 1H DOSY measurements, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The metal frameworks of the cages adopt the shape of twisted trigonal prisms, and they crystallize as racemic mixtures of interdigitating Δ- and Λ-enantiomers with a tight columnar packing in Ru6-4. Electrochemical studies and redox titrations revealed that the cages are able to release up to 11 electrons on the voltammetric timescale and that their cage structures persist up to the hexacation level. IR and UV-vis-near-infrared spectroelectrochemical studies confirm substituent-dependent intramolecular electronic communication within the π-conjugated 1,3-divinylphenylene backbone in the tricationic states, where all three divinylphenylene-bridged diruthenium clamps are present in mixed-valent radical cation states. The formation of 1:3 charge-transfer salts with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane as the electron acceptor is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Das
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheerer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katrin Zoller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Senft
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Fink D, Staiger A, Orth N, Linseis M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Winter RF. Redox-Induced Hydrogen Bond Reorientation Mimicking Electronic Coupling in Mixed-Valent Diruthenium and Macrocyclic Tetraruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16703-16715. [PMID: 33135894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the coordination-driven self-assembly of three tetranuclear metallacycles containing intracyclic NH2, OH, or OMe functionalities through the combination of various isophthalic acid building blocks with a divinylphenylene diruthenium complex. All new complexes of this study were characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultrahigh-resolution ESI mass spectrometry, cyclic and square wave voltammetry and, in two cases, X-ray diffraction. The hydroxy functionalized macrocycle 4-BOH and the corresponding half-cycle 2-OH stand out, as their intracyclic OH···O hydrogen bonds stabilize their mixed-valent one- (2-OH, 4-BOH) and three-electron-oxidized states (4-BOH). Despite sizable redox splittings between all one-electron waves, the mixed-valent monocations and trications do not exhibit any intervalence charge-transfer band, assignable to through-bond electronic coupling, but nevertheless display distinct IR band shifts of their charge-sensitive Ru(CO) tags. We ascribe these seemingly contradicting observations to a redox-induced shuffling of the OH···O hydrogen bond(s) to the remaining, more electron-rich, reduced redox site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anne Staiger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicole Orth
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Fink D, Orth N, Linseis M, Ivanović‐Burmazović I, Winter RF. Structural Versatility and Supramolecular Isomerism in Redox‐Active Tetra‐ and Hexaruthenium Macrocycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Nicole Orth
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović‐Burmazović
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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5
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Fink D, Orth N, Ebel V, Gogesch FS, Staiger A, Linseis M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Winter RF. Self-Assembled Redox-Active Tetraruthenium Macrocycles with Large Intracyclic Cavities. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicole Orth
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ebel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Franciska S. Gogesch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anne Staiger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Shukla J, Singh VP, Mukhopadhyay P. Molecular and Supramolecular Multiredox Systems. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:304-324. [PMID: 32154051 PMCID: PMC7050954 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of molecular and supramolecular multiredox systems have been summarized. These systems are of great importance as they can be employed in the next generation of materials for energy storage, energy transport, and solar fuel production. Nature provides guiding pathways and insights to judiciously incorporate and tune the various molecular and supramolecular design aspects that result in the formation of complex and efficient systems. In this review, we have classified molecular multiredox systems into organic and organic-inorganic hybrid systems. The organic multiredox systems are further classified into multielectron acceptors, multielectron donors and ambipolar molecules. Synthetic chemists have integrated different electron donating and electron withdrawing groups to realize these complex molecular systems. Further, we have reviewed supramolecular multiredox systems, redox-active host-guest recognition, including mechanically interlocked systems. Finally, the review provides a discussion on the diverse applications, e. g. in artificial photosynthesis, water splitting, dynamic random access memory, etc. that can be realized from these artificial molecular or supramolecular multiredox systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shukla
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab School of Physical SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110067India
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7
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Plutnar J, Givelet C, Lemouchi C, Jaklová Dytrtová J, Císařová I, Teat SJ, Michl J. Mechanical vs Electronic Strain: Oval-Shaped Alkynyl-Pt(II)-Phosphine Macrocycles. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plutnar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cecile Givelet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Cyprien Lemouchi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jana Jaklová Dytrtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martı́ho 269/31, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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8
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Fink D, Linseis M, Winter RF. Constitutional Isomers of Macrocyclic Tetraruthenium Complexes with Vastly Different Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Garoz-Ruiz J, Heras A, Colina A. Direct Determination of Ascorbic Acid in a Grapefruit: Paving the Way for In Vivo Spectroelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1815-1822. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garoz-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
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10
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Huang YC, Chen HY, Cheng CY, Tsai YL, Chiang MY, Hsu SCN. Stepwise and Self-Assembly Synthesis of Tetranuclear Iron-Thiolate-Diisocyanide Metallocyclophane Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chung Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Chau-Yu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Michael Y. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
| | - Sodio C. N. Hsu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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11
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Scheerer S, Linseis M, Wuttke E, Weickert S, Drescher M, Tröppner O, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Irmler A, Pauly F, Winter RF. Redox-Active Tetraruthenium Macrocycles Built from 1,4-Divinylphenylene-Bridged Diruthenium Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:9574-90. [PMID: 27270860 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metallamacrocylic tetraruthenium complexes were generated by treatment of 1,4-divinylphenylene-bridged diruthenium complexes with functionalized 1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acids and characterized by HR ESI-MS and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Every divinylphenylene diruthenium subunit is oxidized in two consecutive one-electron steps with half-wave potential splittings in the range of 250 to 330 mV. Additional, smaller redox-splittings between the +/2+ and 0/+ and the 3+/4+ and 2+/3+ redox processes, corresponding to the first and the second oxidations of every divinylphenylene diruthenium entity, are due to electrostatic effects. The lack of electronic coupling through bond or through space is explained by the nodal properties of the relevant molecular orbitals and the lateral side-by-side arrangement of the divinylphenylene linkers. The polyelectrochromic behavior of the divinylphenylene diruthenium precursors is retained and even amplified in these metallamacrocyclic structures. EPR studies down to T=4 K indicate that the dications 1-H(2+) and 1-OBu(2+) are paramagnetic. The dications and the tetracation of macrocycle 3-H display intense (dications) or weak (3-H(4+) ) EPR signals. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the four most stable conformers of the macrocycles are largely devoid of strain. Bond parameters, energies as well as charge and spin density distributions of model macrocycle 5-H(Me) were calculated for the different charge and spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheerer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Wuttke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & CO. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach a. d. Riß, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weickert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Oliver Tröppner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Irmler
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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12
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Fink D, Weibert B, Winter RF. Redox-active tetraruthenium metallacycles: reversible release of up to eight electrons resulting in strong electrochromism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6103-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00936k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetraruthenium macrocycles with 1,4-divinylphenylene and diarylamine-substituted isophthalic acids as the sides display up to eight one-electron redox steps and rich electrochromic behaviour with strong absorptions of the dications in the near infrared and of the tetra- and hexacations at low energies in the visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- D-78453 Konstanz
- Germany
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13
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Castellano M, Ruiz-García R, Cano J, Ferrando-Soria J, Pardo E, Fortea-Pérez FR, Stiriba SE, Barros WP, Stumpf HO, Cañadillas-Delgado L, Pasán J, Ruiz-Pérez C, de Munno G, Armentano D, Journaux Y, Lloret F, Julve M. Metallosupramolecular approach toward multifunctional magnetic devices for molecular spintronics. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Nagarajaprakash R, Ashok Kumar C, Mobin SM, Manimaran B. Multicomponent Self-Assembly of Thiolato- and Selenato-Bridged Ester-Functionalized Rhenium(I)-Based Trigonal Metallaprisms: Synthesis and Structural Characterization. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501005n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Nagarajaprakash
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Chowan Ashok Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Single
Crystal X-ray Diffraction Facility, SIC, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452017, India
| | - Bala. Manimaran
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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15
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Castellano M, Barros WP, Acosta A, Julve M, Lloret F, Li Y, Journaux Y, De Munno G, Armentano D, Ruiz‐García R, Cano J. Dicopper(II) Anthraquinophanes as Multielectron Reservoirs for Oxidation and Reduction: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2014; 20:13965-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Castellano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília DF. (Brazil)
| | - Alvaro Acosta
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
| | - Miguel Julve
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
| | - Francesc Lloret
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
| | - Yanling Li
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris (France)
- CNRS, UMR 8232
| | - Yves Journaux
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris (France)
- CNRS, UMR 8232
| | - Giovanni De Munno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87030 Cosenza (Italy)
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87030 Cosenza (Italy)
| | - Rafael Ruiz‐García
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
- Fundació General de la Universitat de València (FGUV)
| | - Joan Cano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València (Spain)
- Fundació General de la Universitat de València (FGUV)
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16
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Pollock JB, Cook TR, Schneider GL, Stang PJ. Multi-Component Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly: Construction of Alkyl-Based Structures and Molecular Modelling. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2423-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Vajpayee V, Lee SM, Park JW, Dubey A, Kim H, Cook TR, Stang PJ, Chi KW. Growth Inhibitory Activity of a Bis-benzimidazole-Bridged Arene Ruthenium Metalla-Rectangle and Prism. Organometallics 2013; 32:1563-1566. [PMID: 23580795 DOI: 10.1021/om301174s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two new supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs), were obtained from the self-assembly of a new bis-benzimidazole bridged Ru acceptor, 4, with dipyridyl and tripyridyl donors, respectively. As part of a growing library of anticancer-active Ru-based SCCs, metalla-prism 6 selectively showed high cytotoxicities relative to cisplatin for a series of cancer cell lines, with IC50 values as low as 8.41 μM for MCF7 cells, as determined from MTS assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Vajpayee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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18
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Shanmugaraju S, Bar AK, Jadhav H, Moon D, Mukherjee PS. Coordination self-assembly of tetranuclear Pt(ii) macrocycles with an organometallic backbone for sensing of acyclic dicarboxylic acids. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2998-3008. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31828h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Multielectron Redox Chemistry of a Neutral, NIR-Active, Indigo-Pillared ReI-Based Triangular Metalloprism. Chemistry 2012; 18:5275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Vajpayee V, Song YH, Jung YJ, Kang SC, Kim H, Kim IS, Wang M, Cook TR, Stang PJ, Chi KW. Coordination-driven self-assembly of ruthenium-based molecular-rectangles: synthesis, characterization, photo-physical and anticancer potency studies. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3046-52. [PMID: 22278716 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A suite of eight cationic, tetra-metallic molecular rectangles (1-8) was generated via coordination-driven self-assembly using four dicarboxylate-bridged arene-Ru precursors (A1-A4) with one of two dipyridyl ligands (D1, D2). The high-yielding (84-92%) rectangles were characterized by (1)H NMR and HR-ESI-MS to support their structural assignments. The molecular structure of 5 was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis, which indicated that two D2 ligands bridge two A1 acceptors to form a rectangular construct. The photophysical properties of these metalla-rectangles and their molecular precursors were also investigated, as well as an MTT assay to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicities relative to two chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and doxorubicin. MTT assays were conducted using SK-hep-1 (liver cancer) and HCT-15 (colon cancer) human cancer cell lines. Compounds 3, 4, 7 and 8 showed significant activity, with IC(50) values comparable to those of cisplatin and doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Vajpayee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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21
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Chakrabarty R, Mukherjee PS, Stang PJ. Supramolecular coordination: self-assembly of finite two- and three-dimensional ensembles. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6810-918. [PMID: 21863792 PMCID: PMC3212633 DOI: 10.1021/cr200077m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2277] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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22
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Shanmugaraju S, Joshi SA, Mukherjee PS. Self-Assembly of Metallamacrocycles Using a Dinuclear Organometallic Acceptor: Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Study. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11736-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201745y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin A. Joshi
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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23
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Lin PC, Chen HY, Chen PY, Chiang MH, Chiang MY, Kuo TS, Hsu SCN. Self-Assembly and Redox Modulation of the Cavity Size of an Unusual Rectangular Iron Thiolate Aryldiisocyanide Metallocyclophane. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10825-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chin Lin
- Department of Medicinal
and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal
and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicinal
and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115,
Taiwan
| | - Michael Y. Chiang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung
804, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
116, Taiwan
| | - Sodio C. N. Hsu
- Department of Medicinal
and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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24
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Abstract
The potential of redox-active ligands to behave "noninnocently" in transition-metal coordination compounds is reflected with respect to various aspects and situations. These include the question of establishing "correct" oxidation states, the identification and characterization of differently charged radical ligands, the listing of structural and other consequences of ligand redox reactions, and the distinction between barrierless delocalized "resonance" cases M(n)/L(n) ↔ M(n+1)L(n-1) versus separated valence tautomer equilibrium situations M(n)/L(n) ⇌ M(n+1)L(n-1). Further ambivalence arises for dinuclear systems with radical bridge M(n)(μ-L(•))M(n) versus mixed-valent alternatives M(n+1)(μ-L(-))M(n), for noninnocent ligand-bridged coordination compounds of higher nuclearity such as (μ(3)-L)M(3), (μ(4)-L)M(4), (μ-L)(4)M(4), or coordination polymers. Conversely, the presence of more than one noninnocently behaving ligand at a single transition-metal site in situations such as L(n)-M-L(n-1) or L(•)-M-L(•) may give rise to corresponding ligand-to-ligand interaction phenomena (charge transfer, electron hopping, and spin-spin coupling) and to redox-induced electron transfer with counterintuitive oxidation-state changes. The relationships of noninnocent ligand behavior with excited-state descriptions and perspectives regarding material properties and single-electron or multielectron reactivity are also illustrated briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Bulak E, Varnali T, Schwederski B, Sarkar B, Hartenbach I, Fiedler J, Kaim W. 2,3-Bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)quinoxaline (bmiq), a new ligand with decoupled electron transfer and metal coordination sites: the very different redox behaviour of isoelectronic complexes with [PtCl2] and [AuCl2]+. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:2757-63. [PMID: 21298196 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The new, potentially ambidentate heterocyclic ligand 2,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)quinoxaline (bmiq) was obtained from 2,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)glyoxal and 1,2-diaminobenzene. Its coordination to PtCl(2) and to the isoelectronic [AuCl(2)](+) in [AuCl(2)(bmiq)](AuCl(4)) occurs via the imine N donors of the imidazolyl groups, leading to the formation of seven-membered chelate rings with boat conformation. According to the spectroelectrochemistry (UV-vis-NIR, EPR), the reversible electron addition to the [PtCl(2)(bmiq)] and the free ligand takes place in the (non-coordinated) quinoxaline part of the molecule, similarly as for related complexes of dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazines (dppz), 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxalines (bpq) and 2,3-bis(dialkylphosphino)quinoxalines (QuinoxP). DFT calculations confirm the experimental results (structures, spectroscopy) and also point to the coordination potential of the quinoxaline N atoms. The electron addition to [AuCl(2)(bmiq)](+) takes place not at the ligand but at the metal site, according to experimental and DFT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Bulak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Balandier JY, Chas M, Goeb S, Dron PI, Rondeau D, Belyasmine A, Gallego N, Sallé M. A self-assembled bis(pyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene-based redox active square. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bhattacharya D, Sathiyendiran M, Wu JY, Chang CH, Huang SC, Zeng YL, Lin CY, Thanasekaran P, Lin BC, Hsu CP, Lee GH, Peng SM, Lu KL. Quinonoid-Bridged Chair-Shaped Dirhenium(I) Metallacycles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroelectrochemical Studies. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10264-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9018794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing-Yun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | | | - Bo-Chao Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Lieh Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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28
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Kavakli C, Schwederski B, Fiedler J, Gudat D, Kaim W. Ligand-based Reduction in a Molecular Rectangle with Four Organplatinum(IV) Vertices. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Abstract
My sojourn from classical physical-organic chemistry and solvolysis to self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry, over the last forty years, is described. My contributions to unsaturated reactive intermediates, namely vinyl cations and unsaturated carbenes, along with my decade-long involvement with polyvalent iodine chemistry, especially alkynyliodonium salts, as well as my more recent research with metal-ligand, coordination driven, and directed self-assembly of finite supramolecular ensembles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Stang
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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31
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Shi LL, Liao Y, Yang GC, Su ZM, Zhao SS. Effect of π-Conjugated Length of Bridging Ligand on the Optoelectronic Properties of Platinum(II) Dimers. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2347-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7018154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Shi
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Guo-Chun Yang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
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32
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Gong L, Wu L, Lin Y, Zhang H, Yang F, Wen T, Xia H. Synthesis and characterization of a bimetallic iridium complex with a ten sp2-carbon chain bridge. Dalton Trans 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b706900f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Amijs CHM, van Klink GPM, van Koten G. Metallasupramolecular architectures, an overview of functional properties and applications. Dalton Trans 2006:308-27. [PMID: 16365645 DOI: 10.1039/b505354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of metallasupramolecular architectures, such as two-dimensional squares, triangles and polygons, and three-dimensional cages and polyhedra, has attracted much interest in the past decade. These structures are designed to have novel specific shapes and dimensions with interesting functional properties. In this overview the functional properties of metallasupramolecular architectures are highlighted with emphasis on potential applications such as catalysis, cavity-directed synthesis and sensing, that can be performed with these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catelijne H M Amijs
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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34
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Vatsadze S, Al-Anber M, Thiel WR, Lang H, Holze R. Electrochemical studies and semiempirical calculations on π-conjugated dienones and heterocyclic nitrogen containing donor ligand molecules. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-005-0676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Das N, Arif AM, Stang PJ, Sieger M, Sarkar B, Kaim W, Fiedler J. Self-Assembly of Heterobimetallic Neutral Macrocycles Incorporating Ferrocene Spacer Groups: Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of the Double Two-Electron Oxidation of a Molecular Rectangle. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:5798-804. [PMID: 16060632 DOI: 10.1021/ic0481834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two Pt(4)-Fe(2) mixed-metal neutral assemblies, 4 and 5, incorporating four bis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II) centers, two flexible bridging 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylates, and two rigid 2,9-phenanthrenediyl (4) or 1,8-anthracenediyl (5) bridges, have been synthesized. X-ray characterization of 4 and 5 reveals the formation of discrete and highly symmetrical heterobimetallic neutral species possessing a rhomboidal and rectangular shape, respectively. The rectangular molecules, 5, could be reversibly oxidized in two two-electron steps, separated by 0.21 V. Spectroelectrochemistry in the UV-vis-NIR region confirms the ferrocene groups as primary oxidation sites; however, the intermediate 5(2+) is EPR silent even at 4 K due to enhanced EPR relaxation involving the oxidizable 1,8-anthracenediyl linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeladri Das
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
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36
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Kaim W, Dogan A, Klein A, Záliš S. Complexes of 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphano)propane (dppp) with Dichloroplatinum(II) and Bis(chlorogold(I)): Intramolecular versus Intermolecular AuI-AuI Association of [(μ-dppp)(AuCl)2] incatena andcyclo Forms. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Thanasekaran P, Liao RT, Liu YH, Rajendran T, Rajagopal S, Lu KL. Metal-containing molecular rectangles: synthesis and photophysical properties. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Synthesis of palladium and platinum donor complexes and study of their participation in self-assembly reactions. X-ray crystal structure of [Pt(C6H4CCC5H4N)2(dppp)] (dppp=1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane). J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Uppadine LH, Gisselbrecht JP, Kyritsakas N, Nättinen K, Rissanen K, Lehn JM. Mixed-Valence, Mixed-Spin-State, and Heterometallic [2×2] Grid-type Arrays Based on Heteroditopic Hydrazone Ligands: Synthesis and Electrochemical Features. Chemistry 2005; 11:2549-65. [PMID: 15729682 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An extended family of heterometallic [(M1)2(M2)2(L-)4](n+) [2x2] grid-type arrays 1-9 has been prepared. The three-tiered synthetic route encompasses regioselective, redox and enantioselective features and is based on the stepwise construction of heteroditopic hydrazone ligands A-C. These ligands contain ionisable NH and nonionisable NMe hydrazone units, which allows the metal redox properties to be controlled according to the charge on the ligand binding pocket. The 2-pyrimidine (R) and 6-pyridine (R') substituents have a significant effect on complex geometry and influence both the electrochemical and magnetic behaviour of the system. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies show that the Fe(II) ions in the grid can be low spin, high spin or spin crossover depending on the steric effect of substituents R and R'. This steric effect has been manipulated to construct an unusual array possessing two low-spin and two spin-crossover Fe(II) centres (grid 8). Electrochemical studies were performed for the grid-type arrays 1-9 and their respective mononuclear precursor complexes 10-13. The grids function as electron reservoirs and display up to eight monoelectronic, reversible reduction steps. These processes generally occur in pairs and are assigned to ligand-based reductions and to the Co(III)/Co(II) redox couple. Individual metal ions in the heterometallic grid motif can be selectively addressed electrochemically (e.g., either the Co(III) or Fe(II) ions can be targeted in grids 2 and 5). The Fe(II) oxidation potential is governed by the charge on the ligand binding unit, rather than the spin state, thus permitting facile electrochemical discrimination between the two types of Fe(II) centre in 7 or in 8. Such multistable heterometallic [2x2] gridlike arrays are of great interest for future supramolecular devices incorporating multilevel redox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Uppadine
- ISIS, Université Louis Pasteur, CNRS UMR 7006, BP 70028, 67083 Strasbourg, France
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40
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Al-Anber M, Vatsadze S, Holze R, Lang H, Thiel WR. π-Conjugated N-heterocyclic compounds: correlation of computational and electrochemical data. Dalton Trans 2005:3632-7. [PMID: 16258613 DOI: 10.1039/b508314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction potentials of a broad selection of nitrogen-containing molecules suitable as bridging (dipodal and tripodal) ligands in coordination and organometallic chemistry are reported and compared with results of semiempirical calculations. Trends of electrode potentials observed experimentally agree with respective calculated data, deviations can be explained by invoking peculiarities of the involved molecular orbitals and ligand-electrode surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Anber
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Sciences, Mu'tah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
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41
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Lin R, Yip JHK, Zhang K, Koh LL, Wong KY, Ho KP. Self-Assembly and Molecular Recognition of a Luminescent Gold Rectangle. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15852-69. [PMID: 15571410 DOI: 10.1021/ja0456508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A luminescent molecular rectangle [Au(4)(micro-PAnP)(2)(micro-bipy)(2)](OTf)(4) (1.(OTf)(4)) (PAnP = 9,10-bis(diphenylphosphino)anthracene, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine, X = NO(3)(-) or OTf(-)), synthesized from the self-assembly of the molecular "clip" Au(2)(micro-PAnP)(OTf)(2) and bipy, shows a large rectangular cavity of 7.921(3) x 16.76(3) A. The electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of the metallacyclophane, have been studied. The 1(4+) ions are self-assembled into 2D mosaic in the solid state via complementary edge-to-face interactions between the Ph groups. (1)H NMR titrations ratify the 1:1 complexation between 1(4+) and various aromatic molecules. Comparing the structures of the inclusion complexes indicates an induced-fit mechanism operating in the binding. The emission of 1(4+) is quenched upon the guest binding. The binding constants are determined by both (1)H NMR and fluorescence titrations. Solvophobic and ion-dipole effects are shown to be important in stabilizing the inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronger Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260, Singapore
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42
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Dogan A, Sarkar B, Klein A, Lissner F, Schleid T, Fiedler J, Zális S, Jain VK, Kaim W. Complex Reduction Chemistry of (abpy)PtCl2, abpy = 2,2‘-Azobispyridine: Formation of Cyclic [(μ,η2:η1-abpy)PtCl]22+with a New Coordination Mode for abpy and a Near-Infrared Ligand-to-Ligand Intervalence Charge Transfer Absorption of the One-Electron Reduced State. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:5973-80. [PMID: 15360246 DOI: 10.1021/ic049941t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structurally characterized (abpy)PtCl2, abpy = 2,2'-azobispyridine, reveals a strong metal/ligand pi interaction as supported by DFT calculations. Unexpectedly, its chemical or electrochemical reduction occurs irreversibly to yield EPR-detectable [(micro,eta2:eta2-abpy)[PtCl2]2]*- and, as the main product of chloride dissociation, the structurally identified and DFT-calculated dinuclear [(micro,eta2:eta1-abpy)PtCl]2(2+) with a novel coordination mode for abpy and isolated as tetrachlorozincate. Stepwise reversible one-electron reduction of that dimer, separated by 0.24 V, exhibits an intense near-infrared band for the monocationic intermediate [(abpy(-I))(abpy)Pt2Cl2]*+ at 1220 nm (epsilon = 3370 M(-1) cm(-1)) which is attributed to a ligand-to-ligand intervalence charge-transfer transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbey Dogan
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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43
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Fundamentals and applications of near infrared spectroscopy in spectroelectrochemistry. J Solid State Electrochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-004-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Han WS, Lee SW. Various forms of linear dipyridyls in discrete rectangles, dinuclear rods, and one-dimensional networks containing (eta5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III). Dalton Trans 2004:1656-63. [PMID: 15252617 DOI: 10.1039/b402201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Cp*Rh(eta1-NO3)(eta2-NO3)] (1) reacted with pyrazine (pyz) to give a dinuclear complex [Cp*Rh(eta1-NO3)(mu-pyz)(0.5)]2.CH2Cl2(3.CH2Cl2). Tetranuclear rectangles of the type [Cp*Rh(eta1,mu-X)(mu-L)(0.5)]4(OTf)4(4a: X = N3, L = bpy; 4b: X = N3, L = bpe; 4c: X = NCO, L = bpy) were prepared from [Cp*Rh(H2O)3](OTf)2 (2), a pseudo-halide (Me3SiN3 or Me3SiNCO), and a linear dipyridyl [4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) or trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe)] by self-assembly through one-pot synthesis at room temperature. Treating complex with NH4SCN and dipyridyl led to the formation of dinuclear rods, [Cp*Rh(eta1-SCN)3]2(LH2) (5a: L = bpy; 5b: L = bpe), in which two Cp*Rh(eta1-SCN)3 units are connected by the diprotonated dipyridyl (LH2(2+)) through N(+)-H...N hydrogen bonds. Reactions of complex 2 with 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole (TMSIm) and dipyridyl (bpy or bpe) also produced another family of dinuclear rods [Cp*Rh(ImH)3]2.L (6a: L = bpy; 6b: L = bpe). Treating 1 and 2 with TMSIm and NH4SCN (in the absence of dipyridyl) generated a 1-D chain [Cp*Rh(ImH)3](NO3)2 (7) and a 1-D helix [Cp*Rh(eta1-SCN)2(eta1-SHCN)].H2O (8.H2O), respectively. The structures of complexes 3.CH2Cl2, 4a.H2O, 4c.2H2O, 5b, 6a, 7 and 8.H2O were determined by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Han
- Department of Chemistry (BK21), Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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