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Jessen C, Kornath AJ. Synthesis and Structure of Protonated Sulfur Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401953. [PMID: 38512876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Salts of protonated sulfur dioxide were synthesized by recrystallization of [FS(OX)2][SbF6] (X=H, D) in aprotic solvents at low temperatures. Hemiprotonated sulfur dioxide [(SO2)2H][Sb2F11] was obtained from the solvent SO2 and the monoprotonated sulfur dioxide [OSOD][Sb2F11], using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane as solvent. For both compounds, single crystals were obtained and an X-ray structure analysis was conducted. Furthermore, the salts were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and the results were discussed together with quantum chemical calculations on the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Andreas J Kornath
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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Sellin M, Krossing I. Homoleptic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cations: Synthetic Approaches, Characterization and Follow-Up Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2776-2787. [PMID: 37668537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon monoxide, CO, is one of the most important ligands in organometallic chemistry. It is an excellent π-acceptor and a moderate σ-donor. Therefore, most of the known transition metal carbonyls (TMCs) exhibit a zerovalent or even negative metal oxidation state (OS) of up to -4. However, given the right conditions, the carbonyl ligand also forms homoleptic cationic complexes with one or more transition metal atoms, the transition metal carbonyl cations (TMCCs), known with an OS of up to +3. Despite their long-standing history upon discovery of the first [M(CO)6]+ examples (M = Mn, Tc, Re) by E. O. Fischer in 1962 as well as their very fundamental nature, it took until the 1990s for the scope to be widened by Aubke, Strauss and Willner. Yet, many potential TMCC entries known from gas-phase mass spectrometry work remained unknown on preparative grounds. This is due to their high reactivity, which puts scientists to new challenges and encourages the development of suitable solvents, anions and oxidants, to cope with the demands of these fundamental salts─later referred to as pseudo-gas-phase conditions and innocent deelectronators and solvents.Hence, the utilization of extremely weakly coordinating perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al(ORF)4]- and [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF = -OC(CF3)3) in combination with the polar but non- or weakly coordinating innocent solvents 1,2-difluorobenzene (oDFB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) yielded the first TMCC salts containing heptacoordinate [M(CO)7]+ (M = Nb, Ta) as well as paramagnetic [M(CO)6]+· (M = Cr, Mo, W) or [Ni(CO)4]+·. However, the use of typical inorganic oxidants Ag+, [NO]+ and Ag+/0.5 I2 regularly led to unwanted side reactions. For example, the Lewis acidic silver(I) cations form Lewis pairs with various Lewis basic TMCs yielding partly clustered [Agx{TMC}y]x+ complex salts, while nitrosonium cations may substitute for carbonyl ligands, forming [M(CO)x-1(NO)]+ complexes. The synergistic oxidizing reagent Ag+/0.5 X2 can add halonium ions X+ to the TMCs (X = Cl, Br, I). This prevented the synthesis of univalent group 8 TMCC salts. Yet, the application of radical cation salts of perfluorinated arenes as innocent deelectronators finally yielded salts of [Fe(CO)5]+· and [M3(CO)14]2+ (M = Ru, Os).TMCC salts are excellent starting materials, and the reaction of [Co(CO)5]+ and [Ni(CO)4]+· with benzene led to the previously unknown bis(benzene) sandwich complexes [Co(benzene)2]+ and [Ni(benzene)2]+·. Under the right conditions, even the very weakly bound oDFB-complex salts with [M(oDFB)2]+ (M = Co, Ni) cations form, useful as naked metal(I) synthons and for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Chval Z, Dvořáčková O, Chvalová D, Burda JV. Square-Planar Pt(II) and Ir(I) Complexes as the Lewis Bases: Donor-Acceptor Adducts with Group 13 Trihalides and Trihydrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3616-3626. [PMID: 30816711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability and properties of donor-acceptor adducts of square-planar Pt(II) and Ir(I) complexes (designated as PtX, IrX, or generally MX complexes) with trihydrides and trihalides of group 13 elements of general formula YZ3 (Y = B, Al, Ga; Z = H, F, Cl, Br) were studied theoretically using DFT methodology in the gas phase. MX complexes were represented by wide range of the ligand environment which included model complexes [Ir(NH3)3X]0 and cis-[Pt(NH3)2X2]0 (X = H, CH3, F, Cl, Br) and isoelectronic complexes [Ir(NNN)(CH3)]0 and [Pt(NCN)(CH3)]0 with tridentate NNN and NCN pincer ligands. MX complexes acted as the Lewis bases donating electron density from the doubly occupied 5d z2 atomic orbital of the metal M atom to the empty valence p z orbital of Y whose evidence was clearly provided by the natural atomic orbital (NAO) analysis. This charge transfer led to the formation of pentacoordinated square pyramidal MX·(YZ3) adducts with M·Y dative bond. Binding energies were -44.7 and -75.2 kcal/mol for interaction of GaF3 as the strongest acid with PtNCN and IrNNN pincer ligands complexes. Only M·B bonds had covalent character although MX·BZ3 adducts were the least stable due to large values of Pauli repulsion and deformation energies. The highest degree of covalent character was found for adducts of BH3 in all series of structures studied. Al and Ga adducts showed remarkably similar behavior with respect to geometry and binding energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Chval
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , University of South Bohemia , J. Boreckého 27 , 370 11 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - Olga Dvořáčková
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , University of South Bohemia , J. Boreckého 27 , 370 11 České Budějovice , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , University of South Bohemia , Branišovská 1760 , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Chvalová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Entomology , Branišovská 31 , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav V Burda
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , Charles University , Ke Karlovu 3 , Prague 2 121 16 , Czech Republic
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Brathwaite AD, Abbott-Lyon HL, Duncan MA. Distinctive Coordination of CO vs N2 to Rhodium Cations: An Infrared and Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7659-7670. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Brathwaite
- College
of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands 00802
| | - H. L. Abbott-Lyon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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The nature of M–B and B–N bonding in iminoboryl complexes of rhodium and iridium cis,mer -[(L) 3 (Br) 2 M(B NSiMe 3 )] (L = PMe 3 , CO): Dispersion corrected DFT study. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Molecular models of site-isolated cobalt, rhodium, and iridium catalysts supported on zeolites: Ligand bond dissociation energies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hughes MJ, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. Fluoride ion donor properties of cis-OsO(2)F(4): synthesis, raman spectroscopic study, and X-ray crystal structure of [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)]. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:271-84. [PMID: 19950895 DOI: 10.1021/ic901999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The salt, [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)], has been synthesized by dissolution of cis-OsO(2)F(4) in liquid SbF(5), followed by removal of excess SbF(5) at 0 degrees C to yield orange, crystalline [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)]. The X-ray crystal structure (-173 degrees C) consists of an OsO(2)F(3)(+) cation fluorine bridged to an Sb(2)F(11)(-) anion. The light atoms of OsO(2)F(3)(+) and the bridging fluorine atom form a distorted octahedron around osmium in which the osmium atom is displaced from its center toward an oxygen atom and away from the trans-fluorine bridge atom. As in other transition metal dioxofluorides, the oxygen ligands are cis to one another and the fluorine bridge atom is trans to an oxygen ligand and cis to the remaining oxygen ligand. The Raman spectrum (-150 degrees C) of solid [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)] was assigned on the basis of the ion pair observed in the low-temperature crystal structure. Under dynamic vacuum, [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)] loses SbF(5), yielding the known [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][Sb(2)F(11)] salt with no evidence for [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)] formation. Attempts to synthesize [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)] by the reaction of [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)] with an equimolar amount of cis-OsO(2)F(4) or by a 1:1 stoichiometric reaction of cis-OsO(2)F(4) with SbF(5) in anhydrous HF yielded only [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][Sb(2)F(11)]. Quantum-chemical calculations at the SVWN and B3LYP levels of theory and natural bond orbital analyses were used to calculate the gas-phase geometries, vibrational frequencies, natural population analysis charges, bond orders, and valencies of OsO(2)F(3)(+), [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)], [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)], and Sb(2)F(11)(-). The relative thermochemical stabilities of [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)], [OsO(2)F(3)][Sb(2)F(11)], [OsO(2)F(3)][AsF(6)], [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][SbF(6)], [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][Sb(2)F(11)], and [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][AsF(6)] were assessed using the appropriate Born-Haber cycles to account for the preference for [mu-F(OsO(2)F(3))(2)][Sb(2)F(11)] formation over [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)] formation and for the inability to synthesize [OsO(2)F(3)][SbF(6)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Zakzeski J, Burton S, Behn A, Head-Gordon M, Bell AT. Spectroscopic investigation of the species involved in the rhodium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of toluene to toluic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9903-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b906883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan X, Fan Z, Chen W, Ding Y, Luo H, Bao X. Enhanced ethanol production inside carbon-nanotube reactors containing catalytic particles. NATURE MATERIALS 2007; 6:507-11. [PMID: 17515914 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have well-defined hollow interiors and exhibit unusual mechanical and thermal stability as well as electron conductivity. This opens intriguing possibilities to introduce other matter into the cavities, which may lead to nanocomposite materials with interesting properties or behaviour different from the bulk. Here, we report a striking enhancement of the catalytic activity of Rh particles confined inside nanotubes for the conversion of CO and H2 to ethanol. The overall formation rate of ethanol (30.0 mol mol(-1)Rh h(-1)) inside the nanotubes exceeds that on the outside of the nanotubes by more than an order of magnitude, although the latter is much more accessible. Such an effect with synergetic confinement has not been observed before in catalysis involving CNTs. We believe that our discovery may be of a quite general nature and could apply to many other processes. It is anticipated that this will motivate theoretical and experimental studies to further the fundamental understanding of the host-guest interaction within carbon and other nanotube systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Wang J, Gao GR, Zhang ZH, Zhang XD, Liu XZ, Kong YM, Li Y. Syntheses and structures of six-coordinate K[GaIII(Cydta)] · 2H2O and K[GaIII(Pdta)] · 3H2O complexes. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328407040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Crawford MJ, Mayer P, Nöth H, Suter M. Facile Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [Cp 2Ti IV(NCX) 2][AsF 6] 2 Complexes: Adducts of Cp 2Ti(AsF 6) 2 with Halogen Cyanides (X = Cl, Br, I). Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret-Jane Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Nöth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Suter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
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Bernhardt E, Bach C, Bley B, Wartchow R, Westphal U, Sham IHT, von Ahsen B, Wang C, Willner H, Thompson RC, Aubke F. Homoleptic, sigma-bonded octahedral [M(CO)(6)](2+) cations of iron(II), ruthenium(II), and osmium(II). Part 1: Syntheses, thermochemical and vibrational characterizations, and molecular structures as [Sb(2)F(11)](-) and [SbF(6)](-) salts. A comprehensive, comparative study. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:4189-205. [PMID: 15934748 DOI: 10.1021/ic040115u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homoleptic octahedral, superelectrophilic sigma-bonded metal carbonyl cations of the type [M(CO)(6)](2+) (M = Ru, Os) are generated in the Bronsted-Lewis conjugate superacid HF/SbF(5) by reductive carbonylation of M(SO(3)F)(3) (M = Ru, Os) or OsF(6). Thermally stable salts form with either [Sb(2)F(11)](-) or [SbF(6)](-) as anion, just as for the previously reported [Fe(CO)(6)](2+) cation. The latter salts are generated by oxidative (XeF(2)) carbonylation of Fe(CO)(5) in HF/SbF(5). A rationale for the two diverging synthetic approaches is provided. The thermal stabilities of [M(CO)(6)][SbF(6)](2) salts, studied by DSC, range from 180 degrees C for M = Fe to 350 degrees C for M = Os before decarbonylation occurs. The two triads [M(CO)(6)][SbF(6)](2) and [M(CO)(6)][Sb(2)F(11)](2) (M = Fe, Ru, Os) are extensively characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and vibrational and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, aided by computational studies of the cations. The three [M(CO)(6)][SbF(6)](2) salts (M = Fe, Ru, Os) crystallize in the tetragonal space group P4/mnc (No. 128), whereas the corresponding [Sb(2)F(11)](-) salts are monoclinic, crystallizing in space group P2(1)/n (No. 14). In both triads, the unit cell parameters are nearly invariant of the metal. Bond parameters for the anions [SbF(6)](-) and [Sb(2)F(11)](-) and their vibrational properties in the two triads are completely identical. In all six salts, the structural and vibrational properties of the [M(CO)(6)](2+) cations (M = Fe, Ru, Os) are independent of the counteranion and for the most part independent of M and nearly identical. Interionic C...F contacts are similarly weak in all six salts. Metal dependency is noted only in the (13)C NMR spectra, in the skeletal M-C vibrations, and to a much smaller extent in some of the C-O stretching fundamentals (A(1g) and T(1u)). The findings reported here are unprecedented among metal carbonyl cations and their salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bernhardt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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von Ahsen B, Bach C, Balzer G, Bley B, Bodenbinder M, Hägele G, Willner H, Aubke F. Dynamic 13C NMR studies of ligand exchange in linear (d10) silver(I) and gold(I) and square-planar (d8) rhodium(I) homoleptic metal carbonyl cations in superacidic media. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2005; 43:520-527. [PMID: 15861386 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic CO exchange of the monovalent metal carbonyl cations [Ag(13CO)]+, [Au(13CO)2]+-Au(13CO) SO3F and [Rh(12CO)4-x(13CO)x]+ (x < or = 1) in superacidic solutions was studied by variable-temperature 13C NMR methods. The exchange rates are strongly dependent on the acidity of the solvent, the concentration of metal carbonyl cations and temperature. Whereas a suitable exchange rate of the Ag(I) system is only accessible in magic acid (HSO3F-SbF5), the more stable Au(I) and Rh(I) systems were studied in the less acidic fluorosulfuric acid. Selected solutions of Ag(I), Rh(I) and Au(I) yielded activation barriers deltaG* of 42.7, 43.5, and 56.2 kJ mol(-1) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B von Ahsen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C--Anorganische Chemie, Gaussstrasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Willner H, Aubke F. σ-Bonded Metal Carbonyl Cations and Their Derivatives: Syntheses and Structural, Spectroscopic, and Bonding Principles. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030312l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Willner
- FB 9, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gausstrasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Aubke
- FB 9, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gausstrasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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