Substituent control of hydrogen bonding in palladium(II)-pyrazole complexes

Recent Developments in Reactions and Catalysis of Protic Pyrazole Complexes

Protic pyrazoles (N-unsubstituted pyrazoles) have been versatile ligands in various fields, such as materials chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, owing to their proton-responsive nature. This review provides an overview of the reactivities of protic pyrazole complexes. The coordination chemistry of pincer-type 2,6-bis(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridines is first surveyed as a class of compounds for which significant advances have made in the last decade. The stoichiometric reactivities of protic pyrazole complexes with inorganic nitrogenous compounds are then described, which possibly relates to the inorganic nitrogen cycle in nature. The last part of this article is devoted to outlining the catalytic application of protic pyrazole complexes, emphasizing the mechanistic aspect. The role of the NH group in the protic pyrazole ligand and resulting metal-ligand cooperation in these transformations are discussed.

(In situ) spectroscopic studies on state-of-the-art Pd(ii) catalysts in solution for the alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes

(In situ) liquid-phase spectroscopic investigations on state-of-the-art Pd catalysts modified with pyridyl-substituted diphosphine ligands for alkene alkoxycarbonylations have been performed for characterizing resting state complexes in solution.

Effect of chalcogen bonding interactions on molecular structures; theoretical and crystallographic studies on two palladium(ii) acetate complexes

New palladium complexes, [Pd(L)(OAc))], have been synthesized. The complexes and their ligand have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Interestingly, the molecular structures of the two complexes are stabilized by S⋯O chalcogen bonds.

Stereoselective formation and catalytic activity of hydrido(acylphosphane)(chlorido)(pyrazole)rhodium(iii) complexes. Experimental and DFT studies

Stereoselectivity assisted by hydrogen bond formation, inhibited by steric hindrance, predicted by DFT calculations.

Tris(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-κN)(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,N,O)cobalt(II) monohydrate

The reaction of Co(NO₃)₂·3H₂O with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole in a 1:1:3 molar ratio affords the title complex, [Co(C₇H₃NO₄)(C₅H₈N₂)₃]·H₂O. The Co^II atom is coordinated by one pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate chelating ligand and three 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole ligands in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the coordinated carboxylate group, 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole and water help to consolidate the crystal structure

Pyrazole Complexes as Anion Receptors

The behavior of the receptors [Re(CO)3(Hdmpz)3]BAr'4 (Hdmpz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) (1) and [Re(CO)3(HtBupz)3]BAr'4 (HtBupz = 3(5)-tert-butylpyrazole) (2; Ar' = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) toward the anions fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, hydrogensulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, nitrate, and perrhenate was studied in CD3CN solution. In most cases, the receptors were stable. Anion exchange was fast, and binding constants were calculated from the NMR titration profiles. The structure of the adduct [Re(CO)3(HtBupz)3] x NO3 (3) was determined by X-ray diffraction. Two pyrazole moieties are hydrogen-bonded to one nitrate oxygen atom, and the third pyrazole moiety is hydrogen-bonded to an oxygen atom of an adjacent nitrate, leading to infinite chains. The structure of the adduct [Re(CO)3(Hdmpz)3]BAr'4acetone (4), also determined by X-ray diffraction, showed a similar interaction of two pyrazole N-H groups with the acetone oxygen atom. F- and H2PO4(-) deprotonate the receptors, and HSO4(-) decomposed 1. The structure of one of the decomposition products (5), determined by X-ray diffraction, is consistent with pyrazole protonation and substitution by sulfate.

Chelating N-pyrrolylphosphino-N′-arylaldimine ligands: synthesis, ligand behaviour and applications in catalysis

Two families of variously-substituted N-pyrrolylphosphino-N'-arylaldimine ligands, 2-(aryl-N=CH)C4H3N-PR2 {R=Ph; R=Pri2N}, have been prepared from the corresponding pyrrolylaldimines . The donor characteristics/basicity of P-N-chelating and have been assessed using a combination of 31P{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopies through study of the magnitudes of 1JSeP for the phosphorus(V) selenides and , and measurement of nu(CO) for the complexes [RhCl(CO)(-kappa2-P,N)], respectively. The synthesis of the palladium(II) complexes [PdCl2(-kappa2-P,N)] was readily achieved from reaction of or with [PdCl2(MeCN)2] in CH2Cl2. X-Ray crystallographic studies of and confirm the chelating nature of the P-N ligands, which adopt a distorted 'envelope' conformation, and highlight the potentially significant steric demands of these metal scaffolds. Reaction of equimolar quantities of with [NiBr2(DME)] in MeCN afforded [NiBr2(-kappa2-P,N)], while the same reaction undertaken in CH2Cl2 with gave rise to the homoleptic bis(pyrrolatoimine) derivative [Ni{2-(mes-N=CH)C4H3N}2] in 45% yield, following P-N bond cleavage. Complex was characterised in the solid-state by X-ray crystallography. No identifiable metal-containing complexes could be obtained on reaction of with a variety of sources of Ni(II). The palladium dichloride complexes and proved inactive in combination with MAO or EtAlCl2 for ethylene polymerisation, and with methanesulfonic acid for CO/ethylene co-polymerisation. Contrastingly, the nickel complexes in combination with 4.5 eq. EtAlCl2 catalysed the formation of butenes and hexenes with moderate activity from ethylene at 1 bar.

New directions in supramolecular transition metal catalysis

Supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major scientific field over the last thirty years and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics, clearly demonstrating its potential at a multidisciplinary level. Simultaneously, organometallic chemistry and transition metal catalysis have matured in an incredible manner, broadening the pallet of tools available for chemical conversions. The interface between supramolecular chemistry and transition metal catalysis has received surprisingly little attention. It provides, however, novel and elegant strategies that could lead to new tools in the search for effective catalysts, as well as the possibility of novel conversions induced by metal centres that are in unusual environments. This perspective describes new approaches to transition metal catalyst development that evolve from a combination of supramolecular strategies and rational ligand design, which may offer transition metal catalysts for future applications.