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Dvořáčková O, Chval Z. Tuning the Reactivity and Bonding Properties of Metal Square-Planar Complexes by the Substitution(s) on the Trans-Coordinated Pyridine Ring. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11768-11783. [PMID: 32478268 PMCID: PMC7254792 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the hydration reaction on trans-[Pt(NH3)2(pyrX)Cl]+ (pyr = pyridine) complexes (X = OH-, Cl-, F-, Br-, NO2 -, NH2, SH-, CH3, C≡CH, and DMA) was studied by density functional theory calculations in the gas phase and in water solution described by the implicit polarizable continuum model method. All possible positions ortho, meta, and para of the substituent X in the pyridine ring were considered. The substitution of the pyr ligand by electron-donating X's led to the strengthening of the Pt-N1(pyrX) (Pt-NpyrX) bond and the weakening of the trans Pt-Cl or Pt-Ow bonds. The electron-withdrawing X's have exactly the opposite effect. The strengths of these bonds can be predicted from the basicity of sigma electrons on the NpyrX atom determined on the isolated pyrX ligand. As the pyrX ring was oriented perpendicularly with respect to the plane of the complex, the nature of the X···Cl electrostatic interaction was the decisive factor for the transition-state (TS) stabilization which resulted in the highest selectivity of ortho-substituted systems with respect to the reaction rate. Because of a smaller size of X's, the steric effects influenced less importantly the values of activation Gibbs energies ΔG ⧧ but caused geometry changes such as the elongation of the Pt-NpyrX bonds. Substitution in the meta position led to the highest ΔG ⧧ values for most of the X's. The changes of ΔG ⧧ because of electronic effects were the same in the gas phase and the water solvent. However, as the water solvent dampened electrostatic interactions, 2200 and 150 times differences in the reaction rate were observed between the most and the least reactive mono-substituted complexes in the gas phase and the water solvent, respectively. An additional NO2 substitution of the pyrNO2 ligand further decelerated the rate of the hydration reaction, but on the other hand, the poly-NH2 complexes were no more reactive than the fastest o-NH2 system. In the gas phase, the poly-X complexes showed the additivity of the substituent effects with respect to the Pt-ligand bond strengths and the ligand charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dvořáčková
- Faculty
of Health and Social Sciences, University
of South Bohemia, J.
Boreckého 27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech
Republic
- Faculty
of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Chval
- Faculty
of Health and Social Sciences, University
of South Bohemia, J.
Boreckého 27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech
Republic
- . Phone: +420-389-037-612
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Deo KM, Ang DL, McGhie B, Rajamanickam A, Dhiman A, Khoury A, Holland J, Bjelosevic A, Pages B, Gordon C, Aldrich-Wright JR. Platinum coordination compounds with potent anticancer activity. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mukherjee S, Mitra I, B. VPR, Das P, Misini B, Linert W, Moi SC. In Vitro DNA/BSA Binding, Anticancer and Normal Cell Activity of Pd(II) Complexes: Substitution Behaviour and Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Durgapur; Durgapur-713209, W.B. India
| | - Ishani Mitra
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Durgapur; Durgapur-713209, W.B. India
| | - Venkata P. Reddy B.
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Durgapur; Durgapur-713209, W.B. India
| | - Payel Das
- Department of Biotechnology; National Institute of Technology Durgapur; Durgapur-713209, W.B. India
| | - Bashkim Misini
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt, 9/163-AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Linert
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; Vienna University of Technology; Getreidemarkt, 9/163-AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Sankar Ch. Moi
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Durgapur; Durgapur-713209, W.B. India
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Cullinane C, Deacon GB, Drago PR, Erven AP, Junk PC, Luu J, Meyer G, Schmitz S, Ott I, Schur J, Webster LK, Klein A. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of a series of new platinum and palladium diphosphane complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1918-1932. [PMID: 29340396 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New organometallic complexes [M(dppe)(R)2] {where M = Pt or Pd, dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphano)ethane, and R = C6F4H-x (x = 6,5,4), C6F3H2-3,5, C6F3H2-5,6, C6F3H2-3,6, C6F4(OMe)-4, and C6F4(cyclo-C5H10N)-4, the numbers x refer to the positions of the protons in the polyfluoroaryl ligands} were synthesised either through transmetalation from the dichlorido complexes [M(dppe)Cl2] or through ligand exchange using [M(diene)Cl2] precursor complexes with diene = 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) or 1,5-hexadiene (hex). Alternatively, [M(dppX)Cl(R)] complexes with dppX = dppm (1,1-bis(diphenylphosphano)methane), dppe, dppp (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphano)propane), and dppb (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphano)butane) were prepared in decarboxylation reactions from thallium(i) carboxylates Tl(O2CR). The different preparative methods were compared in terms of yield and purity. Structural and spectroscopic data are reported for the new dppX- and diene-M(R)2 complexes. Antiproliferative activity was investigated for these new complexes against the HT-29 (colon carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines, and the active compounds of this first series together with organometallic dppX or hex PtII or PdII complexes were then included in cell tests using L1210 (leukaemia cells) and the cisplatin-resistant L1210/DDP cell line. Remarkably, promising antiproliferative results were found for a few PtII and PdII complexes, while structurally closely related compounds were essentially nontoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleen Cullinane
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne Vic 3000, Australia and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne Vic 3052, Australia
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Haribabu J, Tamizh MM, Balachandran C, Arun Y, Bhuvanesh NSP, Endo A, Karvembu R. Synthesis, structures and mechanistic pathways of anticancer activity of palladium(ii) complexes with indole-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(ii) complexes featuring bidentate heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their biomolecular interactions. The complexes induced in vitro anticancer activity through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebiti Haribabu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli – 620015
- India
| | - Manoharan Muthu Tamizh
- Department of Chemistry
- Siddha Central Research Institute
- Central Council for Research in Siddha
- Chennai – 600106
- India
| | - Chandrasekar Balachandran
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Yuvaraj Arun
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai – 600020
- India
| | | | - Akira Endo
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
- Sophia University
- Tokyo 102-8554
- Japan
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli – 620015
- India
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Mukherjee S, Reddy B. VP, Mitra I, Linert W, Moi SC. Hydrolysis mechanism of (N, N) chelated cytotoxic Pt/Pd(II)-dichloro complexes: A theoretical approach. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Samanta A, Mitra I, Reddy B. VP, Mukherjee S, Mahata S, Linert W, Misini B, Bhattacharjee A, Dhabal S, Ghosh GK, Moi SC. Kinetics and mechanism of interaction of Pt(II) complex with bio-active ligands and in vitro Pt(II)-sulfur adduct formation in aqueous medium: bio-activity and computational study. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1283025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avradeep Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Ishani Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | | | - Subhajit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Sujay Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Wolfgang Linert
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bashkim Misini
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sukhamoy Dhabal
- Department of Bio-Technology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Goutam Kr. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Sankar Ch. Moi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Johnson BW, Murray V, Temple MD. Characterisation of the DNA sequence specificity, cellular toxicity and cross-linking properties of novel bispyridine-based dinuclear platinum complexes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:333. [PMID: 27225032 PMCID: PMC4880875 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-tumour activity of cisplatin is thought to be a result of its capacity to form DNA adducts which prevent cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. These DNA adducts can effectively induce cancer cell death, however, there are a range of clinical side effects and drug resistance issues associated with its use. In this study, the biological properties of three novel dinuclear platinum-based compounds (that contain alkane bridging linkers of eight, ten and twelve carbon atoms in length) were characterised to assess their potential as anticancer agents. Methods The properties of these compounds were determined using a DNA template containing seven tandem telomeric repeat sequences. A linear amplification reaction was used in combination with capillary electrophoresis to quantify the sequence specificity of DNA adducts formed by these compounds at base pair resolution. The DNA cross-linking ability of these compounds was assessed using denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and cytotoxicity was determined in HeLa cells using a colorimetric cell viability assay. Results The dinuclear compounds were found to preferentially form DNA adducts at guanine bases and they exhibited different damage intensity profiles at the telomeric repeat sequences compared to that of cisplatin. The dinuclear compounds were found to exhibit a low level of cytotoxicity relative to cisplatin and their cytotoxicity increased as the linker length increased. Conversely, the interstrand cross-linking efficiency of the dinuclear compounds increased as the linker length decreased and the compound with the shortest alkane linker was six-fold more effective than cisplatin. Conclusions Since the bifunctional compounds exhibit variation in sequence specificity of adduct formation and a greater ability to cross-link DNA relative to cisplatin they warrant further investigation towards the goal of developing new cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W Johnson
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mark D Temple
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
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Akerman KJ, Venter C, Hunter LA, Akerman MP. Palladium(II) complexes of 2-pyridylmethylamine and 8-aminoquinoline: A crystallographic and DFT study. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim S, Kim D, Lee HJ, Lee H. Palladium(II) complexes containing N,N′-bidentate N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline and its derivatives: Synthesis, structural characterisation, and methyl methacrylate polymerisation. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Apps MG, Johnson BW, Sutcliffe OB, Brown SD, Wheate NJ. Amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24893964 DOI: 10.3791/51740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is (1)H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben W Johnson
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney
| | - Oliver B Sutcliffe
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University
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Ferri N, Cazzaniga S, Mazzarella L, Curigliano G, Lucchini G, Zerla D, Gandolfi R, Facchetti G, Pellizzoni M, Rimoldi I. Cytotoxic effect of (1-methyl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)-methanamine and its derivatives in Pt II complexes on human carcinoma cell lines: A comparative study with cisplatin. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2379-2386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neves AP, Pereira MXG, Peterson EJ, Kipping R, Vargas MD, Silva FP, Carneiro JWM, Farrell NP. Exploring the DNA binding/cleavage, cellular accumulation and topoisomerase inhibition of 2-hydroxy-3-(aminomethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone Mannich bases and their platinum(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23186648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several chlorido and amino Pt(2+) complexes of 2-hydroxy-3-(aminomethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone Mannich bases HL exhibiting moderate to high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines were studied in order to investigate their modes of DNA binding, in vitro DNA strand breaks, mechanism of topoisomerase (Topo I) inhibition and cellular accumulation. DNA model base studies have shown that complex 1a [Pt(HL1)Cl(2)] was capable of binding covalently to 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) and 5'-GMP. (1)H NMR and mass spectrometry studies have shown that both chlorides were substituted by 9-EtG ligands, whereas 5'-GMP was able to replace only one chlorido ligand, due to steric hindrance. The chlorido Pt(2+) complexes [Pt(HL)Cl(2)] highly accumulate in prostate (PC-3) and melanoma (MDA-MB-435) cell lines, being able to induce DNA strand breaks in vitro and inhibit Topo I by a catalytic mode. On the other hand, the free 2-hydroxy-3-(aminomethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones HL and the amino Pt(2+) complexes [Pt(L(-))(NH(3))(2)]NO(3) neither cause DNA strand breakage nor exhibit strong DNA interaction, nevertheless the latter were also found to be catalytic inhibitors of Topo I at 100μM. Thus, coordination of the Mannich bases HL to the "PtCl(2)" fragment substantially affects the chemical and biophysical properties of the pro-ligands, leading to an improvement of their DNA binding properties and generating compounds that cleave DNA and catalytically inhibit Topo I. Finally, the high cytotoxicity exhibited by the free (uncomplexed) 2-hydroxy-3-(aminomethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones might be associated with their decomposition in solution, which is not observed for the Pt(2+) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Brown SD, Trotter KD, Sutcliffe OB, Plumb JA, Waddell B, Briggs NEB, Wheate NJ. Combining aspects of the platinum anticancer drugs picoplatin and BBR3464 to synthesize a new family of sterically hindered dinuclear complexes; their synthesis, binding kinetics and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11330-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ricciardi L, Puoci F, Cirillo G, La Deda M. A new member of the oxygen-photosensitizers family: a water-soluble polymer binding a platinum complex. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:10923-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Banerjee S, Sengupta PS, Mukherjee AK. A detailed theoretical DFT study of the hydrolysis mechanism of orally active anticancer drug ZD0473. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Neves AP, da Silva GB, Vargas MD, Pinheiro CB, Visentin LDC, Filho JDBM, Araújo AJ, Costa-Lotufo LV, Pessoa C, de Moraes MO. Novel platinum(ii) complexes of 3-(aminomethyl)naphthoquinone Mannich bases: synthesis, crystal structure and cytotoxic activities. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10203-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maisonial A, Serafin P, Traïkia M, Debiton E, Théry V, Aitken DJ, Lemoine P, Viossat B, Gautier A. Click Chelators for Platinum-Based Anticancer Drugs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Momekov G, Momekova D. Recent developments in antitumour platinum coordination compounds. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.10.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Khripun AV, Selivanov SI, Kukushkin VY, Haukka M. Hydrogen bonding patterns in pyrazole Pt(II- and IV) chloride complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Conrad ML, Enman JE, Scales SJ, Zhang H, Vogels CM, Saleh MT, Decken A, Westcott SA. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicities of platinum(II) complexes bearing pyridinecarboxaldimines containing bulky aromatic groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Scales SJ, Zhang H, Chapman PA, McRory CP, Derrah EJ, Vogels CM, Saleh MT, Decken A, Westcott SA. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicities of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes containing fluorinated pyridinecarboxaldimines. Polyhedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Costa LAS, Rocha WR, De Almeida WB, Dos Santos HF. The solvent effect on the aquation processes of the cis-dichloro(ethylenediammine)platinum(II) using continuum solvation models. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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