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Frasconi M, Liu Z, Lei J, Wu Y, Strekalova E, Malin D, Ambrogio MW, Chen X, Botros YY, Cryns VL, Sauvage JP, Stoddart JF. Photoexpulsion of surface-grafted ruthenium complexes and subsequent release of cytotoxic cargos to cancer cells from mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11603-13. [PMID: 23815127 PMCID: PMC4086662 DOI: 10.1021/ja405058y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have emerged both as promising probes of DNA structure and as anticancer agents because of their unique photophysical and cytotoxic properties. A key consideration in the administration of those therapeutic agents is the optimization of their chemical reactivities to allow facile attack on the target sites, yet avoid unwanted side effects. Here, we present a drug delivery platform technology, obtained by grafting the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) with ruthenium(II) dipyridophenazine (dppz) complexes. This hybrid nanomaterial displays enhanced luminescent properties relative to that of the ruthenium(II) dppz complex in a homogeneous phase. Since the coordination between the ruthenium(II) complex and a monodentate ligand linked covalently to the nanoparticles can be cleaved under irradiation with visible light, the ruthenium complex can be released from the surface of the nanoparticles by selective substitution of this ligand with a water molecule. Indeed, the modified MSNPs undergo rapid cellular uptake, and after activation with light, the release of an aqua ruthenium(II) complex is observed. We have delivered, in combination, the ruthenium(II) complex and paclitaxel, loaded in the mesoporous structure, to breast cancer cells. This hybrid material represents a promising candidate as one of the so-called theranostic agents that possess both diagnostic and therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Juying Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elena Strekalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 3018 WIMR, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dmitry Malin
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 3018 WIMR, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Michael W. Ambrogio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinqi Chen
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
- National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent L. Cryns
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 3018 WIMR, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, University of Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Cho HK, Nam BH, Kong HJ, Han HS, Hur YB, Choi TJ, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Cheong J. Identification of softness syndrome-associated candidate genes and DNA sequence variation in the sea squirt, Halocynthia roretzi. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 10:447-456. [PMID: 18347870 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mortality of sea squirts, Halocynthia roretzi, with softness syndrome threatens the sea squirt aquaculture industry in Asian countries. The molecular approach to understanding the pathogenesis of softness syndrome began with differential gene expression analysis of tissues from normal and dying organisms. In the present study, we show that the expression of Halocynthia roretzi metalloproteinase (HrMMP) was significantly upregulated in the tissues of dying organisms through screening of differentially expressed genes, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and real-time PCR. HrMMP is composed of 482 amino acids, contains a conserved domain found in the astacin family, and has typical metalloproteinase activity. To discriminate between the differential expression of the HrMMP gene in normal and dying organisms, we cloned the HrMMP gene promoter and identified a polymorphism in the HrMMP promoter region that resulted in distinct polymorphisms (G/T) at position - 308 bp. These results suggest that organisms with the GT genotype may have more resistance to softness syndrome than those with the TT genotype. These findings suggest that the HrMMP promoter polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of softness syndrome in cultivated sea squirts and should be evaluated as a candidate molecular marker for the selective breeding of softness syndrome-resistant sea squirts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kook Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Kitano K, Kuwamura N, Tanaka R, Santo R, Nishioka T, Ichimura A, Kinoshita I. Synthesis and characterization of tris(2-pyridylthio)methanido Zn complex with a Zn–C bond and DFT calculation of its one-electron oxidized species. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1314-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b715996j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grigoropoulou G, Christoforidis KC, Louloudi M, Deligiannakis Y. Structure-catalytic function relationship of SiO2-immobilized mononuclear Cu complexes: an EPR study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:10407-18. [PMID: 17764200 DOI: 10.1021/la700815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear CuL and Cu(2L) complexes, where L is propyl-thiazol-2-ylmethylene-amine, covalently immobilized onto SiO2, can catalyze efficiently the oxidation of 3,5-di-t-butylcatechol (DTBC) to 3,5-di-t-butylquinone (DTBQ) by utilizing ambient O2 as oxidant. By increasing the loading of L on SiO2, the DTBQ formation can be improved up to 400% vs the homogeneous catalyst. Equally important is however that grafting per se at low loading is not adequate for an improved catalytic activity. Appropriate loadings have to be achieved, which then may result in significant catalytic performance. Based on EPR spectroscopy a theoretical method is developed, eq A12, for spin-spin distance estimation in heterogeneously dispersed surface complexes. Practical rules including error estimates are provided. By applying this method to the [SiO2-CuL] catalysts it is shown that mononuclear copper complexes fixed on SiO2 with Cu...Cu distances as short as 4.9 +/- 0.3 A are responsible for the improved catalytic activity. The present results demonstrate that mononuclear Cu complexes can have considerable catecholase activity, if the proper geometrical proximity can be fixed. Grafting on SiO2 may be an efficient method for engineering catalysts with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Grigoropoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
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