1
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Toraman AN, Fischer L, Pérez-Bitrián A, Wiesner A, Hoffmann KF, Riedel S. [Xe(OTeF 5)(py F)] +: a strong oxidizing xenonium(II) teflate cation with N-donor bases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1711-1714. [PMID: 38126165 PMCID: PMC10852027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the formation of the adduct salts [Xe(OTeF5)(pyF)][Al(OTeF5)4] (pyF = C5F5N, C5H3F2N) by abstraction of an -OTeF5 group from Xe(OTeF5)2 with the Lewis superacid Al(OTeF5)3 and subsequent adduct formation of the generated [XeOTeF5]+ cation with fluorinated pyridines. These salts represent the first xenonium cations with the weakly coordinating [Al(OTeF5)4]- anion. The strong oxidizing property of these compounds is further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet N Toraman
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany.
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Kurt F Hoffmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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2
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Pérez‐Bitrián A, Hoffmann KF, Krause KB, Thiele G, Limberg C, Riedel S. Unravelling the Role of the Pentafluoroorthotellurate Group as a Ligand in Nickel Chemistry. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202016. [PMID: 35851723 PMCID: PMC9825845 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The pentafluoroorthotellurate group (teflate, OTeF5 ) is able to form species, for which only the fluoride analogues are known. Despite nickel fluorides being widely investigated, nickel teflates have remained elusive for decades. By reaction of [NiCl4 ]2- and neat ClOTeF5 , we have synthesized the homoleptic [Ni(OTeF5 )4 ]2- anion, which presents a distorted tetrahedral structure, unlike the polymeric [NiF4 ]2- . This high-spin complex has allowed the study of the electronic properties of the teflate group, which can be classified as a weak/medium-field ligand, and therefore behaves as the fluoride analogue also in ligand-field terms. The teflate ligands in [NEt4 ]2 [Ni(OTeF5 )4 ] are easily substituted, as shown by the formation of [Ni(NCMe)6 ][OTeF5 ]2 by dissolving it in acetonitrile. Nevertheless, careful reactions with other conventional ligands have enabled the crystallization of nickel teflate complexes with different coordination geometries, i.e. [NEt4 ]2 [trans-Ni(OEt2 )2 (OTeF5 )4 ] or [NEt4 ][Ni(bpyMe2 )(OTeF5 )3 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez‐Bitrián
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Konstantin B. Krause
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Günther Thiele
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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3
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Hoffmann KF, Wiesner A, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Insights on the Lewis Superacid Al(OTeF 5 ) 3 : Solvent Adducts, Characterization and Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201958. [PMID: 35901430 PMCID: PMC9804164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preparation and characterization of the dimeric Lewis superacid [Al(OTeF5 )3 ]2 and various solvent adducts is presented. The latter range from thermally stable adducts to highly reactive, weakly bound species. DFT calculations on the ligand affinity of these Lewis acids were performed in order to rank their remaining Lewis acidity. An experimental proof of the Lewis acidity is provided by the reaction of solvent-adducts of Al(OTeF5 )3 with [PPh4 ][SbF6 ] and OPEt3 , respectively. Furthermore, their reactivity towards chloride and pentafluoroorthotellurate salts as well as (CH3 )3 SiCl and (CH3 )3 SiF is shown. This includes the formation of the dianion [Al(OTeF5 )5 ]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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4
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Wegener D, Hoffmann KF, Pérez-Bitrián A, Bayindir I, Hadi AN, Wiesner A, Riedel S. Air-stable aryl derivatives of pentafluoroorthotellurate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9694-9697. [PMID: 35959700 PMCID: PMC9404409 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03936b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on two different sets of air-stable derivatives of pentafluoroorthotellurate containing fluorinated and non-fluorinated aryl groups. The acid cis-PhTeF4OH was obtained in gram scale and further transformed to Ag[cis-PhTeF4O], which was used as a cis-PhTeF4O transfer reagent to obtain [PPh4][cis-PhTeF4O]. Furthermore, the synthesis of trans-(C6F5)2TeF3OH was achieved by a selective hydrolysis of trans-(C6F5)2TeF4 in the presence of KF and subsequent protonation by aHF. Quantum-chemical calculations show a higher acidity and robustness against fluoride abstraction for trans-(C6F5)2TeF3OH compared to cis-PhTeF4OH. The synthesis of air-stable aryl derivatives of OTeF5 has been achieved through the use of convenient procedures. Pentafluorophenyl derivatives are stronger acids and more robust against electrophiles in comparison to phenyl analogues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wegener
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kurt F Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ilayda Bayindir
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Amiera N Hadi
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Bortolus MR, Mercier HPA, Nguyen B, Schrobilgen GJ. Syntheses and Characterizations of the Mixed Noble-Gas Compounds, [FKr II FXe II F][AsF 6 ]⋅0.5 Kr II F 2 ⋅2 HF, ([Kr II 2 F 3 ][AsF 6 ]) 2 ⋅Xe IV F 4 , and Xe IV F 4 ⋅Kr II F 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23678-23686. [PMID: 33638299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of [XeF][AsF6 ] with excess KrF2 at -78 °C in anhydrous HF (aHF) solvent has yielded the first mixed KrII /XeII noble-gas compound, [FKrFXeF][AsF6 ] ⋅0.5 KrF2 ⋅2 HF, a salt of the [FKrFXeF]+ cation. The potent oxidative fluorinating properties of KrII fluoride species resulted in oxidation of XeII to XeIV in aHF at -60 °C to form the mixed KrII /XeIV cocrystals, ([Kr2 F3 ][AsF6 ])2 ⋅XeF4 and XeF4 ⋅KrF2 . Further decomposition at 22 °C resulted in oxidation of XeIV to XeVI to give the recently reported KrII /XeVI complexes, [F5 Xe(FKrF)n ][AsF6 ] (n=1, 2), [F5 Xe][AsF6 ], and a new KrII /XeVI complex, [(F5 Xe)2 (μ-FKrF)(AsF6 )2 ], which was characterized by low-temperature (LT) Raman spectroscopy. The [FKrFXeF][AsF6 ]⋅0.5 KrF2 ⋅2 HF, ([Kr2 F3 ][AsF6 ])2 ⋅XeF4 , and XeF4 ⋅KrF2 compounds were characterized by LT Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to assess the bonding in [FKrFXeF]+ , [Kr2 F3 ]+ , and [Xe2 F3 ]+ and to aid in their vibrational assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Bortolus
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Hélène P A Mercier
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Brianna Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Gary J Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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6
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Bortolus MR, Mercier HPA, Nguyen B, Schrobilgen GJ. Syntheses and Characterizations of the Mixed Noble‐Gas Compounds, [FKr
II
FXe
II
F][AsF
6
]⋅0.5 Kr
II
F
2
⋅2 HF, ([Kr
II
2
F
3
][AsF
6
])
2
⋅Xe
IV
F
4
, and Xe
IV
F
4
⋅Kr
II
F
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Bortolus
- Department of Chemistry McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Hélène P. A. Mercier
- Department of Chemistry McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Brianna Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4M1 Canada
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7
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Wiesner A, Fischer L, Steinhauer S, Beckers H, Riedel S. Oxygen-Bridged Ga 2 (Et) 3 (OTeF 5 ) 3 and the Weakly Coordinating Anions [Ga(Et)(OTeF 5 ) 3 ] - and [Ga(OTeF 5 ) 4 ] . Chemistry 2019; 25:10441-10449. [PMID: 31090983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Salts of the weakly coordinating anions [Ga(OTeF5 )4 ]- as well as [Ga(Et)(OTeF5 )3 ]- and the neutral Ga2 (Et)3 (OTeF5 )3 were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ga2 (Et)3 (OTeF5 )3 was formed by treating GaEt3 with pentafluoroorthotelluric acid (HOTeF5 ) and reacted with PPh4 Cl and CPh3 Cl to [PPh4 ][Ga(Et)(OTeF5 )3 ] and [CPh3 ][Ga(Et)(OTeF5 )3 ]. In contrast, Ag[Ga(OTeF5 )4 ] was prepared from AgOTeF5 and GaCl3 and was used as a versatile starting material for further reactions. Starting with Ag[Ga(OTeF5 )4 ] the substrates [PPh4 ][Ga(OTeF5 )4 ] and [CPh3 ][Ga(OTeF5 )4 ] were formed from PPh4 Cl and CPh3 Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Marczenko KM, Johnson CL, Chitnis SS. Synthesis of a Perfluorinated Phenoxyphosphorane and Conversion to Its Hexacoordinate Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:8865-8874. [PMID: 30958579 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structural characterization of a neutral PV Lewis acid, P(OC6 F5 )5 , and salts containing the six-coordinate anions [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- and [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- . The latter anion exhibits a rare example of F-πarene interactions in both the solid and the solution phase, which has been quantitatively studied by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy. The Lewis acid strength of P(OC6 F5 )5 has been assessed through experimental fluoride ion competition experiments and quantum-chemical calculations of its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) and global electrophilicity index (GEI). Our findings highlight the importance of considering solvent effects in electrophilicity calculations, even when neutral Lewis acids are involved, and show a rare divergence between FIA and GEI trends. The coordinating abilities of the [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- and [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- anions towards the trityl cation, as a prototypical electrophile, have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Marczenko
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chloe-Louise Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
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9
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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10
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Hoffmann KF, Wiesner A, Subat N, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Salts of the Weakly Coordinating Anion [Al(OTeF5
)4
]-
containing Reactive Counterions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Noah Subat
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Anorganische Chemie; Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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12
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13
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Wiesner A, Gries TW, Steinhauer S, Beckers H, Riedel S. Superacids Based on Pentafluoroorthotellurate Derivatives of Aluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8263-8266. [PMID: 28558157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new Lewis acid Al(OTeF5 )3 and its acetonitrile adduct CH3 CN→Al(OTeF5 )3 were obtained by a simple one-step synthesis in batches of up to 15 g. Al(OTeF5 )3 and the adduct were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman) and quantum-chemical calculations. Furthermore, five different salts of the new weakly coordinating anion [Al(OTeF5 )4 ]- were prepared in a two-step procedure. [Ph4 P][Al(OTeF5 )4 ], Cs[Al(OTeF5 )4 ], [Ph3 C][Al(OTeF5 )4 ], as well as the protonated benzene derivatives [C9 H13 ][Al(OTeF5 )4 ] and [C6 H7 ][Al(OTeF5 )4 ] were characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. Arenium salts have rarely been characterized in the solid state and were synthesized in this work in a simplified fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas W Gries
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Makarewicz E, Gordon AJ, Berski S. The electronic structure of the xenon insertion compounds XXe–MX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I; M = B, Al, Ga). Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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16
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Ivanova MV, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. [XeOXeOXe]2+, the Missing Oxide of Xenon(II); Synthesis, Raman Spectrum, and X-ray Crystal Structure of [XeOXeOXe][μ-F(ReO2F3)2]2. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13398-413. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
| | | | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4M1, Canada
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DeBackere JR, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. Pentafluoro-oxotellurate(VI) anions of mercury(II); syntheses and structures of [Hg(OTeF5)4](2-), [Hg(OTeF5)5](3-), [Hg2(OTeF5)6](2-), [Hg(OTeF5)4](2-)·Hg(OTeF5)2, and [Hg2(OTeF5)7](3-)·Hg(OTeF5)2. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1606-26. [PMID: 25608035 DOI: 10.1021/ic502602p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mercury(II) anions derived from the F5TeO- (teflate) group were synthesized and structurally characterized. The salts, [N(CH2CH3)4]2[Hg(OTeF5)4], [N(CH3)4]3[Hg(OTeF5)5], [N(CH2CH3)4]3[Hg(OTeF5)5], [N(CH3)4]2[Hg2(OTeF5)6], Cs2[Hg(OTeF5)4]·Hg(OTeF5)2, and {Cs3[Hg2(OTeF5)7]·Hg(OTeF5)2}·4SO2ClF, were obtained by reaction of Hg(OTeF5)2 with [M][OTeF5] (M = [N(CH3)4](+), [N(CH2CH3)4](+), Cs(+)) and were characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and low-temperature Raman spectroscopy. Unlike in the extensively fluorine-bridged solid-state structures of [HgF3](-) and [HgF4](2-), the less basic and more sterically demanding teflate ligands of the Hg(II) anions show less tendency to bridge. The anions exhibit a variety of structural motifs, ranging from well-isolated tetrahedral [Hg(OTeF5)4](2-) and square-pyramidal [Hg(OTeF5)5](3-) to the chain structures, [Hg2(OTeF5)6](2-) and [Hg2(OTeF5)7](3-)·Hg(OTeF5)2. The geometrical parameters and vibrational frequencies of [Hg(OTeF5)4](2-) (S4), [Hg(OTeF5)5](3-) (C1), and [Hg2(OTeF5)6](2-) (D2) anions, as well as the hypothetical [Hg3(OTeF5)8](2-) (C1) anion, were calculated using density functional theory methods (PBE1PBE/def2-TZVPP), which aided in the assignment of the Raman spectra of [Hg(OTeF5)4](2-), [Hg(OTeF5)5](3-), [Hg2(OTeF5)6](2-), and Cs2[Hg(OTeF5)4]·Hg(OTeF5)2. The calculated geometries were used to assess the effects of solid-state interionic interactions on the anion geometries. For the most part, the gross gas-phase trigonal bipyramidal (tbp) geometry of [Hg(OTeF5)5](3-) adheres to the predicted VSEPR geometry but contrasts with the solid-state anion structures, which have square-pyramidal geometries or geometries that lie between square pyramidal- and tbp-geometries. However, the bond length order calculated for the Hg-O bonds of tbp-[Hg(OTeF5)5](3-), Hg-Oeq > Hg-Oax, is opposite to that predicted by the VSEPR model of molecular geometry. Natural bond orbital analyses provided the associated Mayer bond orders, Mayer valencies, and natural population analysis charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R DeBackere
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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18
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DeBackere JR, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. Noble-gas difluoride complexes of mercury(II): the syntheses and structures of Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5NgF2 (Ng = Xe, Kr) and Hg(OTeF5)2. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3888-903. [PMID: 24490719 DOI: 10.1021/ja412193z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of high-purity Hg(OTeF5)2 has resulted in its structural characterization in the solid state by Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in solution by (19)F NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of Hg(OTeF5)2 (-173 °C) consists of discrete Hg(OTeF5)2 units having gauche-conformations that interact through long Hg---O and Hg---F intramolecular contacts to give a chain structure. The Lewis acidity of Hg(OTeF5)2 toward NgF2 (Ng = Xe, Kr) was investigated in SO2ClF solvent and shown to form stable coordination complexes with NgF2 at -78 °C. Both complexes were characterized by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy (-155 °C) and single-crystal XRD. The complexes are isostructural and are formulated as Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5NgF2. The Hg(OTeF5)2 units of Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5NgF2 also have gauche-conformations and are linked through bridging NgF2 molecules, also resulting in chain structures. These complexes represent the only examples of coordination compounds where NgF2 coordinates to mercury in a neutral covalent compound and the only example of mercury coordinated to KrF2. Moreover, the Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5KrF2 complex is the only KrF2 complex known to contain a bridging KrF2 ligand. Energy-minimized gas-phase geometries and vibrational frequencies for the model compounds, [Hg(OTeF5)2]3 and [Hg(OTeF5)2]3·2NgF2, were obtained and provide good approximations of the local environments of Hg(OTeF5)2 and NgF2 in the crystal structures of Hg(OTeF5)2 and Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5NgF2. Assignments of the Raman spectra of Hg(OTeF5)2 and Hg(OTeF5)2·1.5NgF2 are based on the calculated vibrational frequencies of the model compounds. Natural bond orbital analyses provided the associated bond orders, valencies, and natural population analysis charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R DeBackere
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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19
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Smith GL, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. Ennobling an Old Molecule: Thiazyl Trifluoride (N≡SF3), a Versatile Synthon for Xe–N Bond Formation. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:12359-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201161q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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21
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Vasdev N, Moran MD, Tuononen HM, Chirakal R, Suontamo RJ, Bain AD, Schrobilgen GJ. NMR Spectroscopic Evidence for the Intermediacy of XeF3− in XeF2/F− Exchange, Attempted Syntheses and Thermochemistry of XeF3− Salts, and Theoretical Studies of the XeF3− Anion. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:8997-9004. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101275m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Moran
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Raman Chirakal
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Reijo J. Suontamo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alex D. Bain
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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22
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Smith GL, Schrobilgen GJ. On the Reactivity of F3S≡NXeF+: Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of [F4S═N−Xe---N≡SF3][AsF6], a Rare Example of a N−Xe−N Linkage, and [F3S(N≡SF3)2][AsF6]. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7714-28. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900651n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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23
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Smith GL, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. Solid-State and Solution Rearrangements of F3S≡NXeF+ Leading to the F4S═NXe+ Cation; Syntheses, HF Solvolyses, and Structural Characterizations of [F4S═NXe][AsF6] and [F4S═NH2][AsF6]. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7272-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901187n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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24
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Smith GL, Mercier HPA, Schrobilgen GJ. F5SN(H)Xe+; a Rare Example of Xenon Bonded to sp3-Hybridized Nitrogen; Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [F5SN(H)Xe][AsF6]. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:4173-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Hélène P. A. Mercier
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Gary J. Schrobilgen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Pirani AM, Mercier HPA, Suontamo RJ, Schrobilgen GJ, Santry DP, Borrmann H. Syntheses; 77Se, 203Tl, and 205Tl NMR; and theoretical studies of the Tl2Se6(6-), Tl3Se6(5-), and Tl3Se7(5-) anions and the X-ray crystal structures of [2,2,2-crypt-Na]4[Tl4Se8].en and [2,2,2-crypt-Na]2[Tl2Se4](infinity)1.en. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:8770-85. [PMID: 16296832 DOI: 10.1021/ic0510922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 2,2,2-crypt salts of the Tl4Se8(4-) and [Tl2Se4(2-)]infinity1 anions have been obtained by extraction of the ternary alloy NaTl0.5Se in ethylenediamine (en) in the presence of 2,2,2-crypt and 18-crown-6 followed by vapor-phase diffusion of THF into the en extract. The [2,2,2-crypt-Na]4[Tl4Se8].en crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, with Z = 2 and a = 14.768(3) angstroms, b = 16.635(3) angstroms, c = 21.254(4) angstroms, beta = 94.17(3) degrees at -123 degrees C, and the [2,2,2-crypt-Na]2[Tl2Se4]infinity1.en crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with Z = 4 and a = 14.246(2) angstroms, b = 14.360(3) angstroms, c = 26.673(8) angstroms, beta = 99.87(3) degrees at -123 degrees C. The TlIII anions, Tl2Se6(6-) and Tl3Se7(5-), and the mixed oxidation state TlI/TlIII anion, Tl3Se6(5-), have been obtained by extraction of NaTl0.5Se and NaTlSe in en, in the presence of 2,2,2-crypt and/or in liquid NH3, and have been characterized in solution by low-temperature 77Se, 203Tl, and 205Tl NMR spectroscopy. The 1J(203,205Tl-77Se) and 2J(203,205Tl-203,205Tl) couplings of the three anions have been used to arrive at their solution structures by detailed analyses and simulations of all spin multiplets that comprise the 205,203Tl NMR subspectra arising from natural abundance 205,203Tl and 77Se isotopomer distributions. The structure of Tl2Se6(6-) is based on a Tl2Se2 ring in which each thallium is bonded to two exo-selenium atoms so that these thalliums are four-coordinate and possess a formal oxidation state of +3. The Tl4Se8(4-) anion is formally derived from the Tl2Se6(6-) anion by coordination of each pair of terminal Se atoms to the TlIII atom of a TlSe+ cation. The structure of the [Tl2Se4(2-)]infinity1 anion is comprised of edge-sharing distorted TlSe4 tetrahedra that form infinite, one-dimensional [Tl2Se42-]infinity1 chains. The structures of Tl3Se6(5-) and Tl3Se7(5-) are derived from Tl4Se4-cubes in which one thallium atom has been removed and two and three exo-selenium atoms are bonded to thallium atoms, respectively, so that each is four-coordinate and possesses a formal oxidation state of +3 with the remaining three-coordinate thallium atom in the +1 oxidation state. Quantum mechanical calculations at the MP2 level of theory show that the Tl2Se6(6-), Tl3Se6(5-), Tl3Se7(5-), and Tl4Se8(4-) anions exhibit true minima and display geometries that are in agreement with their experimental structures. Natural bond orbital and electron localization function analyses were utilized in describing the bonding in the present and previously published Tl/Se anions, and showed that the Tl2Se6(6-), Tl3Se6(5-), Tl3Se7(5-), and Tl4Se8(4-) anions are electron-precise rings and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaaz M Pirani
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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