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Jin YX, Guo JC. XB 2Bi 2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb): Penta-Atomic Planar Tetracoordinate Si/Ge/Sn/Pb Clusters with 20 Valence Electrons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2819. [PMID: 38474066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar tetracoordinate silicon, germanium, tin, and lead (ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb) species are scarce and exotic. Here, we report a series of penta-atomic ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb XB2Bi2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters with 20 valence electrons (VEs). Ternary XB2Bi2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters possess beautiful fan-shaped structures, with a Bi-B-B-Bi chain surrounding the central X core. The unbiased density functional theory (DFT) searches and high-level CCSD(T) calculations reveal that these ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species are the global minima on their potential energy surfaces. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations indicate that XB2Bi2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters are robust. Bonding analyses indicate that 20 VEs are perfect for the ptX XB2Bi2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb): two lone pairs of Bi atoms; one 5c-2e π, and three σ bonds (two Bi-X 2c-2e and one B-X-B 3c-2e bonds) between the ligands and X atom; three 2c-2e σ bonds and one delocalized 4c-2e π bond between the ligands. The ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb XB2Bi2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters possess 2π/2σ double aromaticity, according to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Li YX, Bai LX, Guo JC. Ternary XBe 4H 5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Clusters: Planar Tetracoordinate Si/Ge/Sn/Pb Species with 18 Valence Electrons. Molecules 2023; 28:5583. [PMID: 37513457 PMCID: PMC10385292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the important probes of chemical bonding, planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) compounds have been receiving much attention. Compared with ptC clusters, the heavier planar tetracoordinate silicon, germanium, tin, lead (ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb) systems are scarcer and more exotic. The 18-valence-electron (ve)-counting is one important guide, though not the only rule, for the design of planar tetra-, penta-coordinate carbon and silicon clusters. The 18ve ptSi/Ge system is very scarce and needs to be expanded. Based on the isoelectronic principle and bonding similarity between the Al atom and the BeH unit, inspired by the previously reported ptSi global minimum (GM) SiAl42-, a series of ternary 18 ve XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters were predicted with the ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb centers. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) global minimum searches and high-level CCSD(T) calculations performed herein indicated that these ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters were all true GMs on their potential energy surfaces. These GMs of XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) species possessed the beautiful fan-shaped structures: XBe4 unit can be stabilized by three peripheries bridging H and two terminal H atoms. It should be noted that XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) were the first ternary 18 ve ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species. The natural bond orbital (NBO), canonical molecular orbitals (CMOs) and adaptive natural densitpartitioning (AdNDP) analyses indicated that 18ve are ideal for these ptX clusters: delocalized one π and three σ bonds for the XBe4 core, three Be-H-Be 3c-2e and two Be-H σ bonds for the periphery. Additionally, 2π plus 6σ double aromaticity was found to be crucial for the stability of the ptX XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters. The simulated photoelectron spectra of XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters will provide theoretical basis for further experimental characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Li-Xia Bai
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute, Molecular Science Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute, Molecular Science Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Chen C, Wang MH, Feng LY, Zhao LQ, Guo JC, Zhai HJ, Cui ZH, Pan S, Merino G. Bare and ligand protected planar hexacoordinate silicon in SiSb 3M 3 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) clusters. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8045-8051. [PMID: 35919428 PMCID: PMC9278486 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of planar hexacoordination is very rare in main group elements. We report here a class of clusters containing a planar hexacoordinate silicon (phSi) atom with the formula SiSb3M3 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), which have D 3h (1A1') symmetry in their global minimum structure. The unique ability of heavier alkaline-earth atoms to use their vacant d atomic orbitals in bonding effectively stabilizes the peripheral ring and is responsible for covalent interaction with the Si center. Although the interaction between Si and Sb is significantly stronger than the Si-M one, sizable stabilization energies (-27.4 to -35.4 kcal mol-1) also originated from the combined electrostatic and covalent attraction between Si and M centers. The lighter homologues, SiE3M3 + (E = N, P, As; M = Ca, Sr, Ba) clusters, also possess similar D 3h symmetric structures as the global minima. However, the repulsive electrostatic interaction between Si and M dominates over covalent attraction making the Si-M contacts repulsive in nature. Most interestingly, the planarity of the phSi core and the attractive nature of all the six contacts of phSi are maintained in N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and benzene (Bz) bound SiSb3M3(NHC)6 + and SiSb3M3(Bz)6 + (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) complexes. Therefore, bare and ligand-protected SiSb3M3 + clusters are suitable candidates for gas-phase detection and large-scale synthesis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lian-Qing Zhao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. Mexico
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Sigmund LM, Maier R, Greb L. The inversion of tetrahedral p-block element compounds: general trends and the relation to the second-order Jahn-Teller effect. Chem Sci 2022; 13:510-521. [PMID: 35126983 PMCID: PMC8729809 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetrahedron is the primary structural motif among the p-block elements and determines the architecture of our bio- and geosphere. However, a broad understanding of the configurational inversion of tetrahedral compounds is missing. Here, we report over 250 energies (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) for square planar inversion of third- and fourth-period element species of groups 13, 14, and 15. Surprisingly low inversion barriers are identified for compounds of industrial relevance (e.g., ≈100 kJ mol-1 for Al(OH)4 -). More fundamentally, the second-order Jahn-Teller theorem is disclosed as suitable to rationalize substituent and central element effects. Bond analysis tools give further insights into the preference of eight valence electron systems with four substituents to be tetrahedral. Hence, this study develops a model to understand, memorize, and predict the angular flexibility of tetrahedral species. Perceiving the tetrahedron not as forcingly rigid but as a dynamic structural entity might leverage new approaches and visions for adaptive matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rouven Maier
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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6
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Yang LM, Ganz E. Adding a new dimension to the chemistry of phosphorus and arsenic. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17586-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01860b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We predict two novel highly stable free-standing 2D monolayers of P and As alloyed with Cu (Cu2X) that have exotic hypercoordination motifs. These are the first predicted hexacoordinate P and planar hexacoordinate As extended alloy sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Eric Ganz
- Department of Physics
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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7
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Vier Jahrzehnte Chemie der planar hyperkoordinierten Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Four Decades of the Chemistry of Planar Hypercoordinate Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9468-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Yang LM, Bačić V, Popov IA, Boldyrev AI, Heine T, Frauenheim T, Ganz E. Two-Dimensional Cu2Si Monolayer with Planar Hexacoordinate Copper and Silicon Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2757-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- Bremen
Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Falturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bačić
- Engineering
and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Thomas Heine
- Engineering
and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen
Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Falturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Ganz
- Department
of Physics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416, United States
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10
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Yang LM, Popov IA, Boldyrev AI, Heine T, Frauenheim T, Ganz E. Post-anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel motif in atomically thin germanium–copper alloy film. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17545-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We predict a novel planar hypercoordinate Cu2Ge material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
- School of Engineering and Science
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
| | | | - Thomas Heine
- School of Engineering and Science
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen
- Germany
| | - Eric Ganz
- Department of Physics
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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11
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Zhu J, Wang B, Liu J, Chen H, Zhang W. Theoretical studies of a 3D-to-planar structural transition in SinAl5−n+1,0,−1(n = 0–5) clusters. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ptC structure C2Al3−which is more stable in energy than the experimentally observed CAl42−.was firstly predicted The C2Al3−may become a building block to assembly some larger supermolecule containing multiple phC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Beizhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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12
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Xu J, Ding YH. Pentaatomic planar tetracoordinate silicon with 14 valence electrons: A large-scale global search of SiXnYmq (n + m = 4;q = 0, ±1, −2; X, Y = main group elements from H to Br). J Comput Chem 2014; 36:355-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University; Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University; Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
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13
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14
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Edge decorated SiC nanoribbons with metal: Coexistence of planar tetracoordinate carbon and silicon. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Alexandrova AN, Nayhouse MJ, Huynh MT, Kuo JL, Melkonian AV, Chavez G, Hernando NM, Kowal MD, Liu CP. Selected AB4(2-/-) (A = C, Si, Ge; B = Al, Ga, In) ions: a battle between covalency and aromaticity, and prediction of square planar Si in SiIn4(2-/-). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14815-21. [PMID: 22868353 PMCID: PMC3478443 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41821e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CAl(4)(2-/-) (D(4h), (1)A(1g)) is a cluster ion that has been established to be planar, aromatic, and contain a tetracoordinate planar C atom. Valence isoelectronic substitution of C with Si and Ge in this cluster leads to a radical change of structure toward distorted pentagonal species. We find that this structural change goes together with the cluster acquiring partial covalency of bonding between Si/Ge and Al(4), facilitated by hybridization of the atomic orbitals (AOs). Counter intuitively, for the AAl(4)(2-/-) (A = C, Si, Ge) clusters, hybridization in the dopant atom is strengthened from C, to Si, and to Ge, even though typically AOs are more likely to hybridize if they are closer in energy (i.e. in earlier elements in the Periodic Table). The trend is explained by the better overlap of the hybrids of the heavier dopants with the orbitals of Al(4). From the thus understood trend, it is inferred that covalency in such clusters can be switched off, by varying the relative sizes of the AOs of the main element and the dopant. Using this mechanism, we then successfully killed covalency in Si, and predicted a new aromatic cluster ion containing a tetracoordinate square planar Si, SiIn(4)(2-/-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
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16
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Wu YB, Duan Y, Lu HG, Li SD. CAl2Be32– and Its Salt Complex LiCAl2Be3–: Anionic Global Minima with Planar Pentacoordinate Carbon. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3290-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300302w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Duan
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Material Science and Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teacher’s University, Xinzhou 030040, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Wu YB, Duan Y, Lu G, Lu HG, Yang P, Schleyer PVR, Merino G, Islas R, Wang ZX. D3h CN3Be3+ and CO3Li3+: viable planar hexacoordinate carbon prototypes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14760-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ivanov AS, Boldyrev AI. Reliable predictions of unusual molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15943-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li Y, Li F, Zhou Z, Chen Z. SiC2 Silagraphene and Its One-Dimensional Derivatives: Where Planar Tetracoordinate Silicon Happens. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:900-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107711m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
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Wu YB, Jiang JL, Zhang RW, Wang ZX. Computationally designed families of flat, tubular, and cage molecules assembled with "starbenzene" building blocks through hydrogen-bridge bonds. Chemistry 2010; 16:1271-80. [PMID: 19950333 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using density functional calculations, we demonstrate that the planarity of the nonclassical planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) arrangement can be utilized to construct new families of flat, tubular, and cage molecules which are geometrically akin to graphenes, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes but have fundamentally different chemical bonds. These molecules are assembled with a single type of hexagonal blocks called starbenzene (D(6h) C(6)Be(6)H(6)) through hydrogen-bridge bonds that have an average bonding energy of 25.4-33.1 kcal mol(-1). Starbenzene is an aromatic molecule with six pi electrons, but its carbon atoms prefer ptC arrangements rather than the planar trigonal sp(2) arrangements like those in benzene. Various stability assessments indicate their excellent stabilities for experimental realization. For example, one starbenzene unit in an infinite two-dimensional molecular sheet lies on average 154.1 kcal mol(-1) below three isolated linear C(2)Be(2)H(2) (global minimum) monomers. This value is close to the energy lowering of 157.4 kcal mol(-1) of benzene relative to three acetylene molecules. The ptC bonding in starbenzene can be extended to give new series of starlike monocyclic aromatic molecules (D(4h) C(4)Be(4)H(4)(2-), D(5h) C(5)Be(5)H(5)(-), D(6h) C(6)Be(6)H(6), D(7h) C(7)Be(7)H(7)(+), D(8h) C(8)Be(8)H(8)(2-), and D(9h) C(9)Be(9)H(9)(-)), known as starenes. The starene isomers with classical trigonal carbon sp(2) bonding are all less stable than the corresponding starlike starenes. Similarly, lithiated C(5)Be(5)H(5) can be assembled into a C(60)-like molecule. The chemical bonding involved in the title molecules includes aromaticity, ptC arrangements, hydrogen-bridge bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds, which, along with their unique geometric features, may result in new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Cui ZH, Shao CB, Gao SM, Ding YH. Pentaatomic planar tetracoordinate carbon molecules [XCAl3]q [(X,q) = (B,−2), (C,−1), (N,0)] with C–X multiple bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13637-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pu Z, Ito K, Schleyer PVR, Li QS. Planar Hepta-, Octa-, Nona-, and Decacoordinate First Row d-Block Metals Enclosed by Boron Rings. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:10679-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Pu
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Keigo Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul v. R. Schleyer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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23
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Wu Q, Tang Y, Zhang X. Boron rings containing planar octacoordinate iron and cobalt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Wu YB, Lu HG, Li SD, Wang ZX. Simplest Neutral Singlet C2E4 (E = Al, Ga, In, and Tl) Global Minima with Double Planar Tetracoordinate Carbons: Equivalence of C2 Moieties in C2E4 to Carbon Centers in CAl42− and CAl5+. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3395-402. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8099187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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25
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Yu HL, Sang RL, Wu YY. Structure and Aromaticity of B6H5+ Cation: A Novel Borhydride System Containing Planar Pentacoordinated Boron. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3382-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809599z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Sang
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Ying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
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26
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CSi2Ga2: a neutral planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) building block. J Mol Model 2008; 15:97-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Ito K, Pu Z, Li QS, Schleyer PVR. Cyclic Boron Clusters Enclosing Planar Hypercoordinate Cobalt, Iron, and Nickel. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:10906-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A., School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhifeng Pu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A., School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A., School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Paul von Ragué Schleyer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A., School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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28
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Boron rings containing planar octa-and enneacoordinate cobalt, iron and nickel metal elements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Islas R, Heine T, Ito K, Schleyer PVR, Merino G. Boron Rings Enclosing Planar Hypercoordinate Group 14 Elements. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14767-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074956m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Islas
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Thomas Heine
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Keigo Ito
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Paul v. R. Schleyer
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
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30
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Yang LM, Ding YH, Sun CC. The Si-doped planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) unit CAl3Si− could be used as a building block or inorganic ligand during cluster-assembly. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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32
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Yang LM, Ding YH, Tian WQ, Sun CC. Planar carbon radical’s assembly and stabilization, a way to design spin-based molecular materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5304-14. [PMID: 17914465 DOI: 10.1039/b707898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the first computational study on the assembly and stabilization of a novel kind of radical, i.e., the planar tetracoordinate carbon radical CAl(4)(-). Based on the 6-31+G(d)-UB3LYP, UMP2 and UCCSD(T) calculations on charged [D(CAl(4))M](q-), saturated [D(CAl(4))M(n)] and extended (CpM)(p)(CAl(4))(q) sandwich-like compounds (D = CAl(4)(-), Cp(-); M = Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca), we find that for the six metals, the planar radical CAl(4)(-) can only be assembled in the "hetero-decked sandwich" scheme (e.g. [CpM(CAl(4))](q-)) rather than the traditional "homo-decked sandwich" scheme. Moreover, the low and high spin states of the designed sandwich-like species are perfectly degenerate during assembly. This can be ascribed to the good spin conservation of the CAl(4)(-) deck and the good spatial separation between two CAl(4)(-) decks. Our results show for the first time that the planar radical CAl(4)(-) can act as a new type of spin-embedded "superatom" for cluster assembly when it is assisted by a rigid partner like Cp(-). The good spin-conservation of CAl(4)(-) is very promising for the future design of novel paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials. The ionic, clustering and radical interactions between the two decks are analyzed in detail, which is quite crucial to improve the insight and understanding of the nature and origin of the interactions of the "deck-core-deck" in the metallocenes. Such information is also important in understanding the radical reactions and designing novel spin-based molecular materials. The present study should be expected to enrich the flat carbon chemistry, radical chemistry, metallocene chemistry and combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, People's Republic of China
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33
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Yang LM, Ding YH, Sun CC. Design of Sandwichlike Complexes Based on the Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Unit CAl42-. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 129:658-65. [PMID: 17227029 DOI: 10.1021/ja066217w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ever being a large curiosity, a series of simple "planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC)" molecules have been recently characterized by experiments. Incorporation of such exotic ptC units into the assembled molecular materials, which will bridge the isolated clusters in molecular beams and the potential solid materials, is very challenging. In this paper, we described the first attempt on how to assemble the fewest-number ptC unit CAl42- into molecular materials in sandwich forms on the basis of the density functional theory calculations on a series of model compounds [D(CAl4)M]q- as well as the saturated compounds [D(CAl4)Mn] ((D = CAl42-, Cp-(C5H5-); M = Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca). For M = Li, Be, Mg, and Ca, the ptC unit CAl42- can only be assembled in our newly proposed "heterodecked sandwich" scheme (e.g., [Cp(CAl4)M]q- (M = Li, Na, K, q = 2; M = Be, Mg, Ca, q = 1)) so as to avoid cluster fusion. For M = Na and K, the ptC unit CAl42- can be assembled in both the traditional "homodecked sandwich" [(CAl4)2M]q- (M = Li, Na, K, q = 3; M = Be, Mg, Ca, q = 2) and the novel heterodecked sandwich schemes. Moreover, the counterions were found to have an important role in determining the type of the ground structures for the homodecked sandwich. Various assembled species in extended frameworks were designed. Notably, among all the designed sandwich species, the ptC unit CAl42- generally prefers to interact with the partner deck at the side (Al-Al bond) or corner (Al atom) site. This has not been reported in the sandwich complexes on the basis of the known decks such as Cp-, P5-, N42-, and Al42-, for which only the traditional face-face interaction type was considered. Our results for the first time showed that the ptC unit CAl42- can act as a new type of "superatom". The present results are expected to enrich the flat carbon chemistry, superatom chemistry, metallocenes, and combinational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yang
- Contribution from the State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
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34
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Li SD, Miao CQ, Ren GM, Guo JC. Triple-Decker Transition-Metal Complexes (CnHn)M(B6C)M(CnHn) (M = Fe, Ru, Mn, Re;n = 5, 6) Containing Planar Hexacoordinate Carbon Atoms. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Li SD, Miao CQ. M5H5X (M = Ag, Au, Pd, Pt; X = Si, Ge, P, S): Hydrometal Pentagons with D5h Planar Pentacoordinate Nonmetal Centers. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7594-7. [PMID: 16834129 DOI: 10.1021/jp0530000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory investigation has been presented in this work on M(5)H(5)X hydrometal pentagons (M = Ag, Au, Pd, P) with D(5)(h) planar pentacoordinate nonmetal centers (X = Si, Ge, P, S). The introduction of the nonmetal centers X introduces p aromaticity to M(5)H(5)X complexes. These novel planar complexes are favored in thermodynamics and confirmed to be aromatic in nature. They may be expanded to one, two, or even three dimensions with multiple planar pentacoordinate silicon and other nonmetal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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