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Structure and Bonding in Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Compounds. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hypercoordination refers to the extent of the coordination of an element by its normal value. In the hypercoordination sphere, the element can achieve planar and/or non-planar molecular shape. Hence, planar hypercoordinate carbon species violate two structural rules: (i) The highest coordination number of carbon is four and (ii) the tetrahedral orientation by the connected elements and/or groups. The unusual planar orientations are mostly stabilized by the electronic interactions of the central atom with the surrounding ligands. In this review article, we will talk about the current progress in the theoretical prediction of viable planar hypercoordinate carbon compounds. Primary knowledge of the planar hypercoordinate chemistry will lead to its forthcoming expansion. Experimental and theoretical interests in planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC), and planar hexacoordinate carbon (phC) are continued. The proposed electronic and mechanical strategies are helpful for the designing of the ptC compounds. Moreover, the 18-valence electron rule can guide the design of new ptC clusters computationally as well as experimentally. However, the counting of 18-valence electrons is not a requisite condition to contain a ptC in a cluster. Furthermore, this ptC idea is expanded to the probability of a greater coordination number of carbon in planar orientations. Unfortunately, until now, there are no such logical approaches to designing ppC, phC, or higher-coordinate carbon molecules/ions. There exist a few global minimum structures of phC clusters identified computationally, but none have been detected experimentally. All planar hypercoordinate carbon species in the global minima may be feasible in the gas phase.
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Vogt-Geisse S, Wu JIC, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF. Bonding, aromaticity, and planar tetracoordinated carbon in Si2CH2 and Ge2CH2. J Mol Model 2015; 21:217. [PMID: 26232183 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt-Geisse
- Facultad de Química, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,
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Guo JC, Wu HX, Ren GM, Miao CQ. D4h Ni4C(B4N4H8)2: Square sheet sandwich complex containing the planar tetracoordinate carbon. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Vier Jahrzehnte Chemie der planar hyperkoordinierten Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Four Decades of the Chemistry of Planar Hypercoordinate Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9468-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmidbaur H, Schier A. Argentophilic Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:746-84. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Boudhar A, Charpenay M, Blond G, Suffert J. Fenestranes in Synthesis: Unique and Highly Inspiring Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12786-98. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Boudhar A, Charpenay M, Blond G, Suffert J. Fenestrane in der Synthese: einzigartige und inspirierende Grundgerüste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ivanov AS, Boldyrev AI. Reliable predictions of unusual molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15943-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Guo J, Li S. Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atoms in M
4
C Square Sheets (M = Ni, Pd, and Pt) Sandwiched between the Large π‐Coordinating Ligands [C
8
H
8
]
2–
and [C
9
H
9
]
–. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Chang Guo
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute of Material Sciences, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Si‐Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute of Material Sciences, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, P. R. China
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MB 8 2− (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba): Planar octacoordinate alkaline earth metal atoms enclosed by boron rings. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cui ZH, Shao CB, Gao SM, Ding YH. Pentaatomic planar tetracoordinate carbon molecules [XCAl3]q [(X,q) = (B,−2), (C,−1), (N,0)] with C–X multiple bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13637-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boron rings containing planar octa-and enneacoordinate cobalt, iron and nickel metal elements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Islas R, Heine T, Ito K, Schleyer PVR, Merino G. Boron Rings Enclosing Planar Hypercoordinate Group 14 Elements. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14767-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074956m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Islas
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Thomas Heine
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Keigo Ito
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Paul v. R. Schleyer
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Contribution from the Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato. Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México, Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
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Wang LM, Huang W, Averkiev BB, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS. CB7−: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence against Hypercoordinate Planar Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4550-3. [PMID: 17487912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ming Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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Wang LM, Huang W, Averkiev B, Boldyrev A, Wang LS. CB7−: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence against Hypercoordinate Planar Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhart Keese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Merino G, Méndez-Rojas MA, Vela A, Heine T. Recent advances in planar tetracoordinate carbon chemistry. J Comput Chem 2006; 28:362-72. [PMID: 17143864 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We summarize our contributions on the quest of new planar tetracoordinate carbon entities (new carbon molecules with exotic chemical structures and strange bonding schemes). We give special emphasis on the rationalization why in this type of molecules the planar configuration is favored over the tetrahedral one. We will concentrate on the latter and will show that molecules containing planar tetracoordinate carbons have a stabilizing system of delocalized pi electrons, which shows similar properties as pi systems in aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Merino
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México.
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Liu F, Chen W, Wang D. Synthesis and structural characterization of one- and two-dimensional coordination polymers based on platinum–silver metallic backbones. Dalton Trans 2006:3015-24. [PMID: 16770462 DOI: 10.1039/b514757c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven Pt-Ag coordination polymers [Pt(NH3)2(NHCO(t)Bu)2Ag(H2O)](ClO4) (1), [Pt2(dap)2(NHCO(t)Bu)4Ag2(NO3)(ClO4)] (dap = 1,2-diaminopropane, 2), [Pt2(en)2(NHCO(t)Bu)4Ag2(m-C6H4(CO2)2)].3H2O (en = ethylenediamine, 3), [Pt2(NH3)2(NHCO(t)Bu)2Ag2(p-C6H4(CO2)2)].2H2O (4), [Pt3(en)3(NHCO(t)Bu)6Ag2(p-C6H4(CO2)2)(1.5)].6H2O (5), [Pt(NH3)2(NHCO(t)Bu)4Ag(4-C5H4NCO2)2].10H2O (6), and [Pt2(en)2(NHCO(t)Bu)4Ag2(4-C5H4NCO2)](ClO4) (7) were synthesized from the corresponding [Pt(RNH2)2(NHCO(t)Bu)2] and Ag salts, respectively, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. The Pt and Ag units aggregate into one-dimensional chains based on Pt-Ag backbones. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 possess an extended zigzag Pt-Ag chain motif, and the metallic chains arrange in a parallel fashion into layered structures. Compounds 3-5, and 7 form 2-D brick wall sheets due to the coordination of the bifunctional anions to the Ag+ ions of the neighboring chains. These polymers are constructed based on the Pt-Ag interactions and the coordination of amidate oxygen atoms to Ag ions. There are three kinds of short Pt-Ag bonds observed in the structures of these compounds. The Pt-Ag metallic backbone is formed by the stacking unsupported Pt-Ag bonds, the amidate doubly bridged Pt-Ag bonds, and the amidate singly bridged Pt-Ag bonds. In the chains, the Pt-Ag bond distances are quite short, and appear in the range of 2.78-2.97 A, which are comparable to known Pt-Ag dative bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310028, China
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