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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Ghaderian A, Franke A, Gil-Sepulcre M, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Gimbert-Suriñach C. A broad view on the complexity involved in water oxidation catalysis based on Ru-bpn complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17375-17387. [PMID: 33211034 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03548c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Ru complex with the formula [Ru(bpn)(pic)2]Cl2 (where bpn is 2,2'-bi(1,10-phenanthroline) and pic stands for 4-picoline) (1Cl2) is synthesized to investigate the true nature of active species involved in the electrochemical and chemical water oxidation mediated by a class of N4 tetradentate equatorial ligands. Comprehensive electrochemical (by using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and controlled potential electrolysis), structural (X-ray diffraction analysis), spectroscopic (UV-vis, NMR, and resonance Raman), and kinetic studies are performed. 12+ undergoes a substitution reaction when it is chemically (by using NaIO4) or electrochemically oxidized to RuIII, in which picoline is replaced by an hydroxido ligand to produce [Ru(bpn)(pic)(OH)]2+ (22+). The former complex is in equilibrium with an oxo-bridged species {[Ru(bpn)(pic)]2(μ-O)}4+ (34+) which is the major form of the complex in the RuIII oxidation state. The dimer formation is the rate determining step of the overall oxidation process (kdimer = 1.35 M-1 s-1), which is in line with the electrochemical data at pH = 7 (kdimer = 1.4 M-1 s-1). 34+ can be reduced to [Ru(bpn)(pic)(OH2)]2+ (42+), showing a sort of square mechanism. All species generated in situ at pH 7 have been thoroughly characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-Vis and electrochemical techniques. 12+ and 42+ are also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Chemical oxidation of 12+ triggered by CeIV shows its capability to oxidize water to dioxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Ghaderian
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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3
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Tong J, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Meyer F. Expanding the Family of Pyrazole‐Bridged Mixed‐Spin and Mixed‐Valence Tetranuclear [2 × 2] Iron Grid Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tong
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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4
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Laramée-Milette B, Lachance-Brais C, Hanan GS. Synthesis of discrete Re(i) di- and tricarbonyl assemblies using a [4 × 1] directional bonding strategy. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:41-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Discrete assembly of two Re(i) squares was achieved by a simple [4 × 1] strategy where the complexes, [Re(4-pytpy-κ2N)(CO)3Br] and [Re(4-pytpy-κ3N)(CO)2Br], act as their own ligands. The properties of the assemblies and their precursors are described along with solid-state X-ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Garry S. Hanan
- Départment de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
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5
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Hasegawa M, Ohtsu H, Kodama D, Kasai T, Sakurai S, Ishii A, Suzuki K. Luminescence behaviour in acetonitrile and in the solid state of a series of lanthanide complexes with a single helical ligand. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence properties of EuIII, TbIII, GdIII and NdIII complexes with a hexadentate ligand (abbreviated to EuL, TbL, GdL, and NdL, respectively), which have two bipyridine moieties bridged by an ethylenediamine unit, have been examined in acetonitrile and in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hasegawa
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohtsu
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- University of Toyama
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasai
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shoya Sakurai
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ishii
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara, Japan
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6
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Shahroosvand H, Abbasi P, Faghih A, Mohajerani E, Janghouri M, Mahmoudi M. A new class of color-tunable electroluminescent ruthenium(ii) phenanthroline emitters. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yu G, Xing Y, Chen F, Han R, Wang J, Bian Z, Fu L, Liu Z, Ai X, Zhang J, Huang C. Energy-Transfer Mechanisms in IrIII-EuIIIBimetallic Complexes. Chempluschem 2013; 78:852-859. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Stadler AM, Burg C, Ramírez J, Lehn JM. Grid–double-helicate interconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5733-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Bencini A, Lippolis V. 1,10-Phenanthroline: A versatile building block for the construction of ligands for various purposes. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Piguet C, Bünzli JCG. Chapter 247 Self-Assembled Lanthanide Helicates. HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS VOLUME 40 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1273(10)40007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Nadeem S, Shah MR, Ng SW. 2,9-Dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o922. [PMID: 21582624 PMCID: PMC2969030 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809011180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The title molecule, C12H6Cl2N2, is almost planar (the r.m.s. deviation of C atoms is 0.04 Å). The C—N and C—C distances indicate delocalization of the π-electrons in the aromatic fused-ring system.
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12
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Zong R, Zhou H, Thummel RP. Direct Access to 4-Carboxy-1,8-naphthyridines and Related Compounds through Pfitzinger-Type Chemistry. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4334-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800456r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Zong
- Department of Chemistry, 136 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, 136 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, 136 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003
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13
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Chen FF, Bian ZQ, Liu ZW, Nie DB, Chen ZQ, Huang CH. Highly Efficient Sensitized Red Emission from Europium (III) in Ir−Eu Bimetallic Complexes by 3MLCT Energy Transfer. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2507-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701817n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zu-Qiang Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dao-Bo Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Qi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chun-Hui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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14
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van der Vlugt JI, Demeshko S, Dechert S, Meyer F. Tetranuclear CoII, MnII, and CuII Complexes of a Novel Binucleating Pyrazolate Ligand Preorganized for the Self-Assembly of Compact [2 × 2]-Grid Structures. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1576-85. [PMID: 18237116 DOI: 10.1021/ic701951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The reaction between 8-aminoquinoline, 1,10-phenantholine-2,9-dicarbaldehyde, and copper(I) tetrafluoroborate gave a quantitative yield of a tricopper double helicate. The presence of dynamic covalent imine (C=N) bonds allowed this assembly to participate in two reactions not previously known in helicate chemistry: 1) It could be prepared through subcomponent substitution from a dicopper double helicate that contained aniline residues. An electron-poor aniline was quantitatively displaced; a more electron-rich aniline competed effectively with the aminoquinoline, setting up an equilibrium between dicopper and tricopper helicates that could be displaced towards the tricopper through the addition of further copper(I). 2) Both dicopper and tricopper helicates could be prepared simultaneously from a mixture of phenanthroline dialdehyde, aniline, and aminoquinoline, which contained all possible imine condensation products in equilibrium. Following the addition of copper(I), thermodynamic equilibration on both covalent and coordinative levels eliminated all partially-formed and mixed imine ligands from the mixture, leaving the helicates as exclusive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hutin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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16
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Yoneda K, Adachi K, Nishio K, Yamasaki M, Fuyuhiro A, Katada M, Kaizaki S, Kawata S. An [FeII3O]4+ Core Wrapped by Two [FeIIL3]− Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5459-61. [PMID: 16892469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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17
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Yoneda K, Adachi K, Nishio K, Yamasaki M, Fuyuhiro A, Katada M, Kaizaki S, Kawata S. An [FeII3O]4+ Core Wrapped by Two [FeIIL3]− Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Synthesis of a novel ditopic ligand incorporating directly bonded 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine units. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Zong R, Wang D, Hammitt R, Thummel RP. Synthetic Approaches to Polypyridyl Bridging Ligands with Proximal Multidentate Binding Sites. J Org Chem 2005; 71:167-75. [PMID: 16388632 DOI: 10.1021/jo051937r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reactions: see text] A series of 12 bridging ligands was prepared. These ligands include a central linker appended to two 1,8-naphthyrid-2-yl or two 1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl units. The linkers include pyridazin-3,6-diyl, 1,8-naphthyrid-2,7-diyl, 2,2'-bipyrid-6,6'-diyl, 1,10-phenanthrolin-2,9-diyl, 1,2-di(2'-pyrid-6'-yl)ethyne, and 3,6-di(2'-pyrid-6'-yl)pyridazine. The ligands were synthesized from the diacetyl derivative of the central linker by a Friedländer condensation with either 2-aminonicotinaldehyde or 8-amino-7-quinolinecarbaldehyde. The precursor diacetyl derivatives were, in turn, prepared by pathways involving Stille and Sonogashira couplings. Examination of the electronic absorption spectra of the bridging ligands shows the strongest correlation to be between pairs of ligands having the same central linker. Complexation studies will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Zong
- Department of Chemistry, 136 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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