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The complexation of metal ions with various organic ligands in water: prediction of stability constants by QSPR ensemble modelling. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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2
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Bergeron RJ, Wiegand J, McManis JS, Bharti N. Desferrithiocin: a search for clinically effective iron chelators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9259-91. [PMID: 25207964 PMCID: PMC4255733 DOI: 10.1021/jm500828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The successful search for orally active iron chelators to treat transfusional iron-overload diseases, e.g., thalassemia, is overviewed. The critical role of iron in nature as a redox engine is first described, as well as how primitive life forms and humans manage the metal. The problems that derive when iron homeostasis in humans is disrupted and the mechanism of the ensuing damage, uncontrolled Fenton chemistry, are discussed. The solution to the problem, chelator-mediated iron removal, is clear. Design options for the assembly of ligands that sequester and decorporate iron are reviewed, along with the shortcomings of the currently available therapeutics. The rationale for choosing desferrithiocin, a natural product iron chelator (a siderophore), as a platform for structure-activity relationship studies in the search for an orally active iron chelator is thoroughly developed. The study provides an excellent example of how to systematically reengineer a pharmacophore in order to overcome toxicological problems while maintaining iron clearing efficacy and has led to three ligands being evaluated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J. Bergeron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - Jan Wiegand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - James S. McManis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - Neelam Bharti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
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3
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Young JA, Karmakar S, Jacobs HK, Gopalan AS. Synthetic approaches to mixed ligand chelators on t-butylphenol-formaldehyde oligomer (PFO) platforms. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:10030-10039. [PMID: 23226883 PMCID: PMC3513921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches to mixed ligand chelators on readily available t-butylphenol-formaldehyde oligomer, PFO, scaffolds were examined. In a promising approach, tris and tetraphenol oligomers were selectively mono or di protected using t-butyldiphenyl silyl chloride. The utility of these protected intermediates to prepare representative mixed PFO chelators, carrying ligands such as hydroxamic acid, 3,2-hydroxypyridinones and others was then demonstrated. The introduction of the ligand tethers onto the phenolic scaffold can be done sequentially under relatively mild conditions that tolerate the presence of other sensitive ligand groups. The differential reactivity of the disilyl derivative 20b, allowed stepwise introduction of two different ligands on the internal phenolic positions. This enabled the introduction of three different ligand groups of choice onto the tetra phenol platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSC 3C, New Mexico State University Tel: 575 646 2589; Fax: 575 646 2649
| | - Sukhen Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSC 3C, New Mexico State University Tel: 575 646 2589; Fax: 575 646 2649
| | - Hollie K. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSC 3C, New Mexico State University Tel: 575 646 2589; Fax: 575 646 2649
| | - Aravamudan S. Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSC 3C, New Mexico State University Tel: 575 646 2589; Fax: 575 646 2649
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4
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Santos MA, Marques SM, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinones as “privileged” chelating structures for the design of medicinal drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Frullano L, Caravan P. Strategies for the preparation of bifunctional gadolinium(III) chelators. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:535-565. [PMID: 22375102 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of gadolinium chelators that can be easily and readily linked to various substrates is of primary importance for the development high relaxation efficiency and/or targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Over the last 25 years a large number of bifunctional chelators have been prepared. For the most part, these compounds are based on ligands that are already used in clinically approved contrast agents. More recently, new bifunctional chelators have been reported based on complexes that show a more potent relaxation effect, faster complexation kinetics and in some cases simpler synthetic procedures. This review provides an overview of the synthetic strategies used for the preparation of bifunctional chelators for MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Frullano
- Case Western Reserve University. 11100 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106
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6
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Abergel RJ, Raymond KN. Multidentate Terephthalamidate and Hydroxypyridonate Ligands: Towards New Orally Active Chelators. Hemoglobin 2011; 35:276-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2011.560771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Szigethy G, Raymond KN. Hexadentate Terephthalamide(bis-hydroxypyridinone) Ligands for Uranyl Chelation: Structural and Thermodynamic Consequences of Ligand Variation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7942-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201511u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géza Szigethy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Arumugam J, Brown HA, Jacobs HK, Gopalan AS. New Synthetic Approach for the Incorporation of 3,2-Hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) Ligands: Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Poly HOPO Chelators. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2011; 2011:57-64. [PMID: 21709749 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1258337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The HOPO sulfonamide reagent, 3, was prepared from commercial 2,3-dihydroxypyridine in four steps in good yields. Sulfonamide 3 readily underwent selective alkylation with dibromides in the presence of base or could be coupled to alcohols using Mitsunobu conditions. The utility of this nucleophilic HOPO reagent was demonstrated by the synthesis some tris and tetraHOPO chelators. This approach for tethering HOPO ligands is unique and flexible as shown by the preparation of HOPO/iminocarboxylic acid chelator 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001
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9
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Crumbliss AL, Harrington JM. Iron sequestration by small molecules: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of natural siderophores and synthetic model compounds. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(09)00204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Samuel APS, Moore EG, Melchior M, Xu J, Raymond KN. Water-soluble 2-hydroxyisophthalamides for sensitization of lanthanide luminescence. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7535-44. [PMID: 18671388 DOI: 10.1021/ic800328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of octadentate ligands featuring the 2-hydroxyisophthalamide (IAM) antenna chromophore to sensitize Tb(III) and Eu(III) luminescence has been prepared and characterized. The length of the alkyl amine scaffold that links the four IAM moieties has been varied to investigate the effect of the ligand backbone on the stability and photophysical properties of the Ln(III) complexes. The amine backbones utilized in this study are N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine [H(2,2)-], N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-propane-1,3-diamine [H(3,2)-], and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-butane-1,4-diamine [H(4,2)-]. These ligands also incorporate methoxyethylene [MOE] groups on each of the IAM chromophores to increase their water solubility. The aqueous ligand protonation constants and Tb(III) and Eu(III) formation constants were determined from solution thermodynamic studies. The resulting values indicate that at physiological pH the Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes of H(2,2)-IAM-MOE and H(4,2)-IAM-MOE are sufficiently stable to prevent dissociation at nanomolar concentrations. The photophysical measurements for the Tb(III) complexes gave overall quantum yield values of 0.56, 0.39, and 0.52 respectively for the complexes with H(2,2)-IAM-MOE, H(3,2)-IAM-MOE, and H(4,2)-IAM-MOE, while the corresponding Eu(III) complexes displayed significantly weaker luminescence, with quantum yield values of 0.0014, 0.0015, and 0.0058, respectively. Analysis of the steady state Eu(III) emission spectra provides insight into the solution symmetries of the complexes. The combined solubility, stability, and photophysical performance of the Tb(III) complexes in particular make them well suited to serve as the luminescent reporter group in high sensitivity time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P S Samuel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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11
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Burgess J, Rangel M. Hydroxypyranones, hydroxypyridinones, and their complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Abergel RJ, Raymond KN. Terephthalamide-containing ligands: fast removal of iron from transferrin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 13:229-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Chittamuru S, Lambert TN, Martinez G, Jacobs HK, Gopalan AS. New methodology for the preparation of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (3,2-HOPO) chelators and extractants. Part 2. Reactions of alcohols, phenols, and thiols with an electrophilic 3,2-HOPO reagent(). Tetrahedron Lett 2007; 48:567-571. [PMID: 23162171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the electrophilic iminium ester mesylate salt 1 with alcohols, phenols and thiols has been investigated. In the presence of base, thiols, phenols and thiophenol react with 1 to give the corresponding ether linked HOPO derivatives in good yields. However, the ring opening of salt 1 with alcohols could only be accomplished efficiently using a large excess of the alcohol in the presence of methanesulfonic acid at 80°C. The synthetic utility of HOPO precursor, 1, has been demonstrated by the synthesis of two polyHOPO chelators 7 and 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Chittamuru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSC 3C, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001
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14
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Dertz EA, Stintzi A, Raymond KN. Siderophore-mediated iron transport in Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:1087-97. [PMID: 16912897 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hexadentate bacillibactin is the siderophore of Bacillus subtilis and is structurally similar to the better known enterobactin of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Although both are triscatecholamide trilactones, the structural differences of these two siderophores result in opposite metal chiralities, different affinity for ferric ion, and dissimilar iron transport behaviors. Bacillibactin was first reported as isolated from Corynebacterium glutamicum and called corynebactin. However, failure of iron-starved C. glutamicum to transport 55Fe bacillibactin and lack of required bacillibactin biosynthetic genes suggest that bacillibactin is not the siderophore produced by this organism. Iron transport mediated by siderophores in B. subtilis occurs through a transport process that is specific for the iron chelating moiety, with parallel pathways for catecholates and hydroxamates. For bacillibactin, enterobactin, and their analogs, neither chirality nor presence of an amino acid spacer affects the uptake and transport process, but alteration of the net charge and size of the molecule impedes the recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Dertz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA.
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15
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Thompson KH, Barta CA, Orvig C. Metal complexes of maltol and close analogues in medicinal inorganic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2006; 35:545-56. [PMID: 16729148 DOI: 10.1039/b416256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The family of hydroxypyrones and close congeners, the hydroxypyridinones, is a particularly versatile class of ligands. The most widely investigated for medicinal applications are the 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones and the 1,2- 3,2- and 3,4-hydroxypyridinones. Key features of these ligands are: a six-membered ring, with a ring N or O atom either ortho or para to a ketone group, and two ortho exocyclic oxygen atoms. Readily functionalizable, the hydroxypyrones and hydroxypyridinones allow one to achieve a range of di- and trivalent metallocomplex stabilities and can include tissue or molecular targeting features by design. Research over the past several decades has greatly expanded the array of ligands that are the subject of this critical review. Ligand applications as diverse as iron removal or supplementation, contrast agents in imaging applications, and mobilization of undesirable excess metal ions will be surveyed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Thompson
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1.
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