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Kakiuchi Y, Shapovalova S, Protsenko B, Guda S, Safonova OV, Guda A, Copéret C. Influence of strong π-acceptor ligands on Cr-K-edge X-ray absorption spectral signatures and consequences for the interpretation of surface sites in the Phillips catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2024; 14:3682-3690. [PMID: 38957731 PMCID: PMC11215749 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been central to the study of the Phillips polymerization catalyst (CrO3/SiO2). As Cr K-edge XAS signatures are sensitive to the oxidation state, geometry and types of ligands on surface (active) sites, the superposition of these effects makes their interpretation challenging. Notably, CO has been particularly used as a reductant to generate low valent Cr sites from CrO3/SiO2 and as a structural IR probe for analysing reduced Cr surface sites. Hence, it is essential to establish a solid understanding of the spectroscopic impact of CO on low-valent Cr sites. We thus built a series of fully characterized low-valent Cr molecular compounds bearing isoelectronic isocyanide ligands in place of CO, with the goal of understanding the effect of the coordination of π-acceptor ligands on the XANES signature of Cr sites. Cr K-edge spectra supplemented with DFT calculations elucidate the effect of the coordination of π-acceptor ligands on XAS signatures, giving a sharp resonance at the white line while modifying the fine structure due to short Cr-C distances and stability of low-spin Cr(ii/iii) species. The isocyanide references allow the deconvolution of the XAS spectra of the reduced CrO3/SiO2 catalyst by evaluating the types of surface species and relative amounts of bound CO at different CO pressures and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kakiuchi
- ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Shapovalova
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russia
| | - Bogdan Protsenko
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russia
| | - Sergey Guda
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russia
- Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science, Southern Federal University Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russia
| | | | - Alexander Guda
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russia
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2
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Hsiao KC, Yang PC, Fang CT, Liu HK, Lin CY. A Linear Two-Coordinate Cr(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300924. [PMID: 38059903 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a linear two-coordinate Cr(II) amido complex, Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl), from the reaction of 1 molar equivalent (equiv) of CrCl2 and 2 equiv. of LiN(t Bu)Dipp is reported. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (SC-XRD) analysis revealed that it has a short Cr-N bond distance of 1.8878(9) Å, which could be attributed to the relatively less bulky nature of the amido ligand compared with reported systems. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction of the two-coordinate Cr(II) complex was explored. The oxidation reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with the one-electron oxidants AgOTf and [FeCp2 ][BArF 4 ] (BArF 4 - =[B{C6 H3 -3,5-(CF3 )2 }4 ]- ) afforded the trigonal planar three- and bent two-coordinate Cr(III) complexes Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (OTf) and [Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 ][BArF 4 ], respectively. The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with 1 equiv. of the organic azides AdN3 (Ad=1-adamantyl) and PhN3 afforded the three-coordinate Cr(IV) imido complexes Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (NAd) and Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (NPh), respectively. The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 and two equiv. of Me3 NO afforded the Cr(VI) dioxo complex Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 (O)2 . The reaction of Cr{N(t Bu)Dipp}2 with 1 equiv. of CyN=C=NCy resulted in the insertion of the carbodiimide into the Cr-N bond, with the formation of a three-coordinate Cr(II) complex. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to elucidate the electronic structure of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chin Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Kuan Liu
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
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3
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Kayser AK, Wolczanski PT, Cundari TR, MacMillan SN, Bollmeyer MM. Benzimidazole-diamide (bida) Pincer Chromium Complexes: Structures and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15450-15464. [PMID: 37707794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Serendipitous discovery of bida (i.e., N1-Ar-N2-((1-Ar-1-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)benzene-1,2-diamide; Ar = 2,6-iPr-C6H3), a potentially redox noninnocent, hemilabile pincer ligand with a methylene group that may facilitate proton/H atom reactivity, prompted its investigation. Chromium was chosen for study due to its multiple stable oxidation states. Disodium salt (bida)Na2(THF)n was prepared by thermal rearrangement of (dadi)Na2(THF)4 (i.e., (N,N'-di-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylamine)phenylglyoxaldiimine)-Na2(THF)4). Salt metathesis of (bida)Na2(THF)n (generated in situ) with CrCl3(THF)3 or Cl3V═NAr (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) afforded (bida)CrCl(THF) (1-THF) and (bida)ClV═NAr, respectively. Substitutions provided (bida)CrCl(PMe2Ph) (1-PMe2Ph) and (bida)CrR(THF) (2-R, where R = Me, CH2CMe2Ph (Nph)). Oxidation of 1-THF with ArN3 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) or AdN3 (Ad = 1-adamantyl) generated (bida)ClCr═NAr (3═NAr) and (bida)ClCr═NAd (3═NAd) and subsequent alkylation converted these to (bida)R'Cr═NR (R' = Me, R = Ad, Ar, 5═NR; R' = CH2CMe2Ph (Nph), R = Ad, Ar, 6═NR). In contrast, the addition of AdN3 to 2-Nph gave the insertion product (bida)Cr(κ2-N,N-ArN3Nph) (7). Addition of N-chlorosuccinimide to 1-THF produced (bia)CrCl2(THF) (8), where bia is the pincer derived via hydrogen atom loss from bida methylene. A similar HAT afforded (bia)ClCr(CNAr')2 (9, Ar' = 2,6-Me2C6H3) when 3═NAd was exposed to Ar'NC. An empirical equation of charge was applied to each bida species, whose metric parameters are unchanging despite formal oxidation state conversions from Cr(III) to Cr(V). Calculations and Mulliken spin density assessments reveal several situations in which antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling and admixtures of integer ground states (GSs) describe a complicated electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Kayser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peter T Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, CASCam University of North Texas Denton, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Gonzalez A, Chen TY, Demeshko S, Meyer F, Werncke CG. Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of a Linear NHC-Based Chromium(I) Silylamide. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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5
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George GM, Wolczanski PT, Cundari TR, MacMillan SN. Reactivity of 1.1.1-Propellane with (silox) 3M (M = Ti, V, Cr): Structures of (silox) 3V═( cC 4H 4)═CH 2 and [(silox) 3Cr–(1.1.1-C 5H 6)−] 2. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, CasCam University of North Texas Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Trzmiel SPO, Langmann J, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Chromous siloxides of variable nuclearity and magnetism. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5072-5081. [PMID: 35262151 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00354f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Cr[N(SiMe3)2]2(thf)2 with HOSiR3 (R = Et, iPr) in THF afforded the bridged CrII siloxide complexes Cr3(OSiEt3)2(μ-OSiEt3)4(thf)2 and Cr2(OSiiPr3)2(μ-OSiiPr3)2(thf)2 in high yield. Exposure of these compounds to vacuum in aliphatic solvents led to the loss of coordinated THF and to the formation of the homoleptic chromous siloxides Cr4(μ-OSiEt3)8 and Cr3(OSiiPr3)2(μ-OSiiPr3)4, respectively, in moderate to high yield. Use of TMEDA as a potentially bidentate donor molecule gave the monomeric cis-coordinated siloxide Cr(OSiiPr3)2(tmeda) (tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine). Oxidation of Cr2(OSiiPr3)2(μ-OSiiPr3)2(thf)2 with CHI3 and C2Cl6 produced the trigonal bipyramidal chromic compound CrIII(OSiiPr)3(thf)2 and asymmetrically coordinated Cr2Cl3(OSiiPr3)3(thf)3, respectively. Magnetic measurements (Evans and SQUID) hinted at (a) antiferromagnetic interactions between the CrII centres, (b) revealed higher effective magnetic moments (μeff) for cis-coordinated monomeric heteroleptic complexes compared to trans-coordinated ones, and (c) pointed out the highest (μeff) for the tetranuclear complex Cr4(μ-OSiEt3)8 (6.26μB, SQUID, 300 K; Cr⋯Cradjacent avg. 2.535 A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P O Trzmiel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jan Langmann
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. George
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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8
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Veit P, Seibert S, Förster C, Heinze K. Unexpected C–C Bond Formation with a Ferrocenyl Fischer Carbene Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Veit
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibert
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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9
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Dong Y, Clarke RM, Zheng SL, Betley TA. Synthesis and electronic structure studies of a Cr-imido redox series. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3163-3166. [PMID: 32065193 PMCID: PMC7132162 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metal identity, d-electron count, and coordination geometry on the electronic structure of a metal-ligand multiple bond (MLMB) is an area of active exploration. Although high oxidation state Cr imidos have been extensively studied, very few reports on low-valent Cr imidos or the interconversion of redox isomers exist. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a family of dipyrrinato Cr imido complexes in oxidation states ranging from CrIII to CrV, showcasing the influence of the weak-field dipyrromethene scaffold on the electronic structure and coordination geometries of these Cr imides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - Ryan M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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10
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Kurup SS, Staples RJ, Lord RL, Groysman S. Synthesis of Chromium(II) Complexes with Chelating Bis(alkoxide) Ligand and Their Reactions with Organoazides and Diazoalkanes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25020273. [PMID: 31936557 PMCID: PMC7024303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of new chromium(II) complexes with chelating bis(alkoxide) ligand [OO]Ph (H2[OO]Ph = [1,1′:4′,1′’-terphenyl]-2,2′’-diylbis(diphenylmethanol)) and their subsequent reactivity in the context of catalytic production of carbodiimides from azides and isocyanides are described. Two different Cr(II) complexes are obtained, as a function of the crystallization solvent: mononuclear Cr[OO]Ph(THF)2 (in toluene/THF, THF = tetrahydrofuran) and dinuclear Cr2([OO]Ph)2 (in CH2Cl2/THF). The electronic structure and bonding in Cr[OO]Ph(THF)2 were probed by density functional theory calculations. Isolated Cr2([OO]Ph)2 undergoes facile reaction with 4-MeC6H4N3, 4-MeOC6H4N3, or 3,5-Me2C6H3N3 to yield diamagnetic Cr(VI) bis(imido) complexes; a structure of Cr[OO]Ph(N(4-MeC6H4))2 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The reaction of Cr2([OO]Ph)2 with bulkier azides N3R (MesN3, AdN3) forms paramagnetic products, formulated as Cr[OO]Ph(NR). The attempted formation of a Cr–alkylidene complex (using N2CPh2) instead forms chromium(VI) bis(diphenylmethylenehydrazido) complex Cr[OO]Ph(NNCPh2)2. Catalytic formation of carbodiimides was investigated for the azide/isocyanide mixtures containing various aryl azides and isocyanides. The formation of carbodiimides was found to depend on the nature of organoazide: whereas bulky mesitylazide led to the formation of carbodiimides with all isocyanides, no carbodiimide formation was observed for 3,5-dimethylphenylazide or 4-methylphenylazide. Treatment of Cr2([OO]Ph)2 or H2[OO]Ph with NO+ leads to the formation of [1,2-b]-dihydroindenofluorene, likely obtained via carbocation-mediated cyclization of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer S. Kurup
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Richard L. Lord
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Dr, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
- Correspondence: (R.L.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Groysman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.L.L.); (S.G.)
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11
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Grass A, Wannipurage D, Lord RL, Groysman S. Group-transfer chemistry at transition metal centers in bulky alkoxide ligand environments. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Bonyhady SJ, DeRosha DE, Vela J, Vinyard DJ, Cowley RE, Mercado BQ, Brennessel WW, Holland PL. Iron and Cobalt Diazoalkane Complexes Supported by β-Diketiminate Ligands: A Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Computational Investigation. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5959-5972. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Bonyhady
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel E. DeRosha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Javier Vela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - David J. Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ryan E. Cowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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13
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Elpitiya GR, Malbrecht BJ, Jenkins DM. A Chromium(II) Tetracarbene Complex Allows Unprecedented Oxidative Group Transfer. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14101-14110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaya R. Elpitiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brian J. Malbrecht
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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14
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Harrold ND, Corcos AR, Hillhouse GL. Synthesis, structures, and catalytic reactivity of bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) supported diphenyldiazomethane and 1-azidoadamantane complexes of nickel. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Application of 93Nb NMR spectroscopy to (silox)3Nb(Xn/Lm) complexes (silox =tBu3SiO): Where does (silox)3Nb(NN)Nb(silox)3 appear? Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Yousif M, Cabelof AC, Martin PD, Lord RL, Groysman S. Synthesis of a mononuclear, non-square-planar chromium(ii) bis(alkoxide) complex and its reactivity toward organic carbonyls and CO2. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9794-804. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00279j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rare non-square-planar mononuclear Cr(ii) bis(alkoxide) complex Cr(OR′)2(THF)2 is reported and its reactivity with organic carbonyls and CO2 is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yousif
- Department of Chemistry
- Wayne State University
- Detroit
- USA
| | - Alyssa C. Cabelof
- Department of Chemistry
- Wayne State University
- Detroit
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Richard L. Lord
- Department of Chemistry
- Grand Valley State University
- Allendale
- USA
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17
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Yousif M, Tjapkes DJ, Lord RL, Groysman S. Catalytic Formation of Asymmetric Carbodiimides at Mononuclear Chromium(II/IV) Bis(alkoxide) Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yousif
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel J. Tjapkes
- Department
of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Richard L. Lord
- Department
of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Stanislav Groysman
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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18
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Ali A, Langer M, Lorenz V, Hrib CG, Hilfert L, Edelmann FT. Synthesis and structure of hexaphenyltrisiloxanediolates of sodium, titanium, and iron. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Rausch J, Lorenz V, Hrib CG, Frettlöh V, Adlung M, Wickleder C, Hilfert L, Jones PG, Edelmann FT. Heterometallic europium disiloxanediolates: synthesis, structural diversity, and photoluminescence properties. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11662-74. [PMID: 25330143 DOI: 10.1021/ic501837x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents a full account of a structurally diverse class of heterometallic europium disiloxanediolates. The synthetic protocol involves in situ metalation of (HO)SiPh2OSiPh2(OH) (1) with either (n)BuLi or KN(SiMe3)2 followed by treatment with EuCl3 in suitable solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) or tetrahydrofuran (THF). Reaction of EuCl3 with 2 equiv of (LiO)SiPh2OSiPh2(OLi) in DME afforded the Eu(III) bis(disiloxanediolate) "ate" complex [{(Ph2SiO)2O}2{Li(DME)}3]EuCl2 (2), which upon attempted reduction with Zn gave the tris(disiloxanediolate) [{(Ph2SiO)2O}3{Li(DME)}3]Eu (3). Treatment of EuCl3 with (LiO)SiPh2OSiPh2(OLi) in a molar ratio of 1:2 yielded both the ate complex [{(Ph2SiO)2O}3Li{Li(THF)2}{Li(THF)}]EuCl·Li(THF)3 (4) and the LiCl-free europium(III) complex [{(Ph2SiO)2O}2{Li(THF)2}2]EuCl (5). Compound 5 was found to exhibit a brilliant red triboluminescence. When (KO)SiPh2OSiPh2(OK) was used as starting material in a 3:1 reaction with EuCl3, the Eu(III) tris(disiloxanediolate) [{(Ph2SiO)2O}3{K(DME)}3]Eu (6) was isolated. Attempted ligand transfer between 5 and (DAD(Dipp))2Ba(DME) (DAD(Dipp) = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene) afforded the unique mixed-valent Eu(III)/Eu(II) disiloxanediolate cluster [(Ph2SiO)2O]6Eu(II)4Eu(III)2Li4O2Cl2 (7). All new complexes were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Photoluminescence studies were carried out for complex 5 showing an excellent color quality, due to the strong (5)D0→(7)F2 transition, but a weak antenna effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek Rausch
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg , Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Conley MP, Delley MF, Siddiqi G, Lapadula G, Norsic S, Monteil V, Safonova OV, Copéret C. Polymerization of Ethylene by Silica-Supported Dinuclear CrIIISites through an Initiation Step Involving CH Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Conley MP, Delley MF, Siddiqi G, Lapadula G, Norsic S, Monteil V, Safonova OV, Copéret C. Polymerization of Ethylene by Silica-Supported Dinuclear CrIIISites through an Initiation Step Involving CH Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1872-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Frazier BA, Williams VA, Wolczanski PT, Bart SC, Meyer K, Cundari TR, Lobkovsky EB. C-C bond formation and related reactions at the CNC backbone in (smif)FeX (smif = 1,3-di-(2-pyridyl)-2-azaallyl): dimerizations, 3 + 2 cyclization, and nucleophilic attack; transfer hydrogenations and alkyne trimerization (X = N(TMS)2, dpma = (di-(2-pyridyl-methyl)-amide)). Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3295-312. [PMID: 23448130 DOI: 10.1021/ic302783y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular orbital analysis depicts the CNC(nb) backbone of the smif (1,3-di-(2-pyridyl)-2-azaallyl) ligand as having singlet diradical and/or ionic character where electrophilic or nucleophilic attack is plausible. Reversible dimerization of (smif)Fe{N(SiMe3)2} (1) to [{(Me3Si)2N}Fe]2(μ-κ(3),κ(3)-N,py2-smif,smif) (2) may be construed as diradical coupling. A proton transfer within the backbone-methylated, and o-pyridine-methylated smif of putative ((b)Me2(o)Me2smif)FeN(SiMe3)2 (8) provides a route to [{(Me3Si)2N}Fe]2(μ-κ(4),κ(4)-N,py2,C-((b)Me,(b)CH2,(o)Me2(smif)H))2 (9). A 3 + 2 cyclization of ditolyl-acetylene occurs with 1, leading to the dimer [{2,5-di(pyridin-2-yl)-3,4-di-(p-tolyl-2,5-dihydropyrrol-1-ide)}FeN(SiMe3)2]2 (11), and the collateral discovery of alkyne cyclotrimerization led to a brief study that identified Fe(N(SiMe3)2(THF) as an effective catalyst. Nucleophilic attack by (smif)2Fe (13) on (t)BuNCO and (2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)NCO afforded (RNHCO-smif)2Fe (14a, R = (t)Bu; 14b, 2,6-(i)PrC6H3). Calculations suggested that (dpma)2Fe (15) would favorably lose dihydrogen to afford (smif)2Fe (13). H2-transfer to alkynes, olefins, imines, PhN═NPh, and ketones was explored, but only stoichiometric reactions were affected. Some physical properties of the compounds were examined, and X-ray structural studies on several dinuclear species were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Frazier
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Bartholomew ER, Volpe EC, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Selective Extraction of N2 from Air by Diarylimine Iron Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3511-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311021u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika R. Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emily C. Volpe
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific
Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070, United
States
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, Room 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United
States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, Room 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United
States
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Zhou W, Chiang L, Patrick BO, Storr T, Smith KM. Cyclopentadienyl chromium diimine and pyridine-imine complexes: ligand-based radicals and metal-based redox chemistry. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:7920-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Qiu P, Cheng R, Liu B, Tumanskii B, Batrice RJ, Botoshansky M, Eisen MS. A Triphenylsiloxy Complex of Chromium(II) as a Switchable Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization and Nonselective Oligomerization. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Boping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Rami J. Batrice
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mark Botoshansky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Moris S. Eisen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Volpe EC, Manke DR, Bartholomew ER, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB. Aryl−Oxazoline Chelates of First-Row Transition Metals: Structures of {κ-C,N-(o-C6H4)CMe2(COCH2CMe2N)}FeCl(py) and [(κ-C,N-(o-C6H4)CMe2(COCH2CMe2N)}Cr(μ-Cl)]2. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100420z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Volpe
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David R. Manke
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erika R. Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Nguyen AI, Blackmore KJ, Carter SM, Zarkesh RA, Heyduk AF. One- and two-electron reactivity of a tantalum(V) complex with a redox-active tris(amido) ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:3307-16. [PMID: 19219982 DOI: 10.1021/ja808542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new redox-active, tris(amido) ligand platform, bis(2-isopropylamino-4-methoxyphenylamine [NNN(cat)](3-), has been prepared and used in the preparation of tantalum(V) complexes. The ligand was prepared in its protonated form by a three-step procedure from commercially available 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline and 1-iodo-4-methoxy-2-nitrobenzene. Direct reaction of [NNN(cat)]H(3) with TaCl(2)Me(3) afforded five-coordinate [NNN(cat)]TaCl(2) (1), which accepted the strong sigma-donor ligand (t)BuNC to form the six-coordinate adduct [NNN(cat)]TaCl(2)(CN(t)Bu) (2). Complex 1 is formally a d(0), Ta(V) complex; however, one- and two-electron reactivity is enabled at the metal center by the redox-activity of the ligand platform. Complex 1 was oxidized by one electron to afford the radical species [NNN(sq*)]TaCl(3) (3), which was characterized by solution EPR spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry studies of complex 3 showed clean one-electron oxidation and reduction processes at 0.148 and -0.324 V vs [Cp(2)Fe](+/0), indicating the accessibility of three oxidation states, [NNN(cat)](3-), [NNN(sq*)](2-), and [NNN(q)](-), for the metallated ligand. Complex 1 also can undergo two-electron reactions, as evidenced by the reaction with nitrene transfer reagents to form tantalum imido species. Thus 1 reacted with organic azides, RN(3) (R = Ph, p-C(6)H(4)Me, p-C(6)H(4)(t)Bu), to form [NNN(q)]TaCl(2)(NR) (4). Similarly, the tantalum diphenylmethylidenehydrazido complex, [NNN(q)]TaCl(2)(NNCPh(2)) (5), was formed by reaction of 1 with the diazoalkane, N(2)CPh(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy I Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Cantalupo SA, Lum JS, Buzzeo MC, Moore C, DiPasquale AG, Rheingold AL, Doerrer LH. Three-coordinate late transition metal fluorinated alkoxide complexes. Dalton Trans 2010:374-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b911758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shou WG, Li J, Guo T, Lin Z, Jia G. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Amination Reactions of Aryl- and Vinylazides. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ge Shou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tongxun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wolczanski PT. Structure and reactivity studies of transition metals ligated by tBuSi3X (X = O, NH, N, S, and CC). Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:740-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b813992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuiper DS, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Low Coordinate, Monomeric Molybdenum and Tungsten(III) Complexes: Structure, Reactivity and Calculational Studies of (silox)3Mo and (silox)3ML (M = Mo, W; L = PMe3, CO; silox = tBu3SiO). J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12931-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802706u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Kuiper
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), P.O. Box 305070, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), P.O. Box 305070, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), P.O. Box 305070, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), P.O. Box 305070, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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Walstrom AN, Fullmer BC, Fan H, Pink M, Buschhorn DT, Caulton KG. Influence of the Metal Orbital Occupancy and Principal Quantum Number on Organoazide (RN3) Conversion to Transition-Metal Imide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:9002-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801035z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Walstrom
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | | | - Hongjun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Drew T. Buschhorn
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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Balazs G, Cloke FGN, Gagliardi L, Green JC, Harrison A, Hitchcock PB, Shahi ARM, Summerscales OT. A Dichromium(II) Bis(η8-pentalene) Double-Sandwich Complex with a Spin Equilibrium: Synthetic, Structural, Magnetic, and Theoretical Studies. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om701153t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Balazs
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F. Geoffrey N. Cloke
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer C. Green
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter B. Hitchcock
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Rehaman Moughal Shahi
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Owen T. Summerscales
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K., Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K., School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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