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Mai Y, Balzen AK, Torres RK, Callahan MP, Colson AC. A Modular Strategy for Expanding Electron-Sink Capacity in Noncanonical Cluster Assemblies. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17733-17743. [PMID: 34748324 PMCID: PMC8653162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A modular synthetic
strategy is described whereby organometallic
complexes exhibiting considerable electron-sink capacity may be assembled
by using only a few simple molecular components. The Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragment was selected
as a common electroactive component and was assembled around aromatic
cores bearing one, two, or three isocyanide functional groups, with
the resultant complexes possessing electron-sink capacities of two,
four, and six electrons, respectively. The latter complex is noteworthy
in that its electron-sink capacity was found to rival that of large
multinuclear clusters (e.g., [Ni32C6(CO)36]6– and [Ni38Pt6(CO)48]6–), which are often considered as benchmarks
of electron-sink behavior. Moreover, the modular assembly bearing
three Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragments
was observed to undergo reduction to a hexaanionic state over a potential
window of about −1.4 to −2.1 V (vs Fc/Fc+), the relatively compressed range being attributed to potential
inversions operative during the addition of the second, fourth, and
sixth electrons. Such complexes may be designated noncanonical
clusters because they exhibit redox properties similar to
those of large multinuclear clusters yet lack the extensive network
of metal–metal bonds and the condensed metallic cores that
typify the latter. By use of a
modular synthetic strategy and relatively few
molecular components, organometallic complexes exhibiting considerable
electron-sink capacity have been characterized. Complexes bearing
one, two, or three Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)5 fragments bound to aromatic isocyanide cores were found to
possess electron-sink capacities of two, four, and six electrons,
respectively, the latter rivaling the electron-sink capacity of large
polynuclear cluster benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Alexandria K Balzen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Rebecca K Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Michael P Callahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Adam C Colson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
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Chan WL, Xie C, Lo WS, Bünzli JCG, Wong WK, Wong KL. Lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes: synthesis, redox chemistry, photophysical properties, and photonic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12189-12257. [PMID: 34553719 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole derivatives such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and porpholactones, are highly stable macrocyclic compounds that play important roles in many phenomena linked to the development of life. Their complexes with lanthanides are known for more than 60 years and present breath-taking properties such as a range of easily accessible redox states leading to photo- and electro-chromism, paramagnetism, large non-linear optical parameters, and remarkable light emission in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges. They are at the centre of many applications with an increasing focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy coupled with bioimaging and biosensing properties. This review first describes the synthetic paths leading to lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes together with their structures. The initial synthetic protocols were plagued by low yields and long reaction times; they have now been replaced with much more efficient and faster routes, thanks to the stunning advances in synthetic organic chemistry, so that quite complex multinuclear edifices are presently routinely obtained. Aspects such as redox properties, sensitization of NIR-emitting lanthanide ions, and non-linear optical properties are then presented. The spectacular improvements in the quantum yield and brightness of YbIII-containing tetrapyrrole complexes achieved in the past five years are representative of the vitality of the field and open welcome opportunities for the bio-applications described in the last section. Perspectives for the field are vast and exciting as new derivatizations of the macrocycles may lead to sensitization of other LnIII NIR-emitting ions with luminescence in the NIR-II and NIR-III biological windows, while conjugation with peptides and aptamers opens the way for lanthanide-tetrapyrrole theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wai-Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Wai-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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DeSimone MA, Ilagan MRQ, Pike RD, Herber RH, Watson EJ. Syntheses, structures and mössbauer effect spectroscopy of triple-decker complexes incorporating decamethylferrocene. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Verani CN. Molecular rectifiers based on five-coordinate iron(iii)-containing surfactants. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14153-14168. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art of metallorganic-based molecular rectification is reviewed with an emphasis on asymmetric five-coordinate FeIII-containing surfactants in electrode|LB film|electrode assemblies.
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5
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Historic overview and new developments in synthetic methods for preparation of the rare-earth tetrapyrrolic complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs MaCSE, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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7
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Nečedová M, Magdolen P, Novakova V, Cigáň M, Vlčková S, Zahradník P, Fülöpová A. Synthesis and Photophysical, Electrochemical and Theoretical Study of Thiazole-Annelated Phthalocyanines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Lu G, Li J, Jiang X, Ou Z, Kadish KM. Europium Triple-Decker Complexes Containing Phthalocyanine and Nitrophenyl–Corrole Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9211-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Lu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jing Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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9
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Lu G, Li J, Yan S, Zhu W, Ou Z, Kadish KM. Synthesis and Characterization of Rare Earth Corrole–Phthalocyanine Heteroleptic Triple-Decker Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5795-805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Lu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003 United States
| | - Jing Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Sen Yan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003 United States
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Otte FL, Lemke S, Schütt C, Krekiehn NR, Jung U, Magnussen OM, Herges R. Ordered Monolayers of Free-Standing Porphyrins on Gold. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11248-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska L. Otte
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonja Lemke
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Schütt
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolai R. Krekiehn
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jung
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic
Chemistry and ‡Institute for Experimental and Applied
Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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11
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Claessens CG, González-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Medina A, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2192-277. [PMID: 24568182 DOI: 10.1021/cr400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Fadda AA, El-Mekawy RE, El-Shafei AI, Freeman H. Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of Novelmeso-Substituted Porphyrin Analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 346:53-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lindsey JS, Thamyongkit P, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF. Encoding isotopic watermarks in molecular electronic materials as an anti-counterfeiting strategy: Application to porphyrins for information storage. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An approach for information storage employs tetrapyrrole macrocycles as charge-storage elements attached to a (semi)conductor in hybrid chips. Anti-counterfeiting measures must cohere with the tiny amounts of such electroactive material and strict constraints on composition in chips; accordingly, the incorporation of typical anti-counterfeiting taggants or microcarriers is precluded. The provenance of the tetrapyrroles can be established through the use of isotopic substitution integral to the macrocycle. The isotopic substitution can be achieved by rational site-specific incorporation or by combinatorial procedures. The formation of a mixture of such macrocycles with various isotopic composition (isotopically unmodified, isotopologues, isotopomers) provides the molecular equivalent of an indelible printed watermark. Resonance Raman spectroscopic examination can reveal the watermark, but not the underlying molecular and isotopic composition; imaging mass spectrometry can reveal the presence of isotopologues but cannot discriminate among isotopomers. Hence, deciphering the code that encrypts the watermark in an attempt at forgery is expected to be prohibitive. A brief overview is provided of strategies for incorporating isotopes in meso-substituted tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Patchanita Thamyongkit
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
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15
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Birin KP, Gorbunova YG, Yu. Tsivadze A. Novel one-pot regioselective route towards heteroleptic lanthanide (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) triple-decker complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot method for the regioselective preparation of early heteroleptic lanthanide (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) complexes of double- and triple-decker structure [(Por) Ln ( Pc ) and (Por) Ln ( Pc ) Ln (Por), respectively] is developed. Sandwich-type complexes are synthesized for La, Ce and Pr following this procedure, with yields up to 30%. Tetrakis(15-crown-5)-phthalocyanine [(15C5)4 PcH 2] and tetrakis-meso-(4-methoxyphenyl)-porphyrin ( An 4 PH 2) are used as macrocyclic tetrapyrrolic ligands. The complexes are widely characterized with various physico-chemical methods (NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). Quantum chemistry calculations for intermediates of the process are performed. The results of calculations explain the high regioselectivity of the triple-decker complex formation in the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill P. Birin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences., Leninsky prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences., Leninsky prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences., Leninsky prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Kulikov OV, Schmidt I, Muresan AZ, Lee MAP, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of porphyrins for metal deposition studies in molecular information storage applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins may serve as the active charge-storage medium in memory chips. A series of 14 porphyrins (trans-A2B2, trans-AB2C, or A4 type; free base, copper or zinc chelate) has been synthesized for investigation of metal deposition on porphyrin monolayers. Each trans-AB2C porphyrin is equipped with a surface attachment group and a distal functional group (or flanking functional groups). The surface attachment groups include S-acetylthiomethyl, hydroxymethyl, TMS-ethynyl, allyl, and triallylmethyl; the functional groups include amino, cyano, dipyrrin-5-yl, formyl, and nitro; all of which are attached to the p-position of a porphyrin meso-phenyl group. Two non-redox-active triallylmethyl-substituted arenes were also prepared for use as control compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Kulikov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Izabela Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Ana Z. Muresan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Marcia A.-P. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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Joy S, Pal P, Mondal TK, Talapatra GB, Goswami S. Synthesis of Amphiphilic Azo-Anion-Radical Complexes of Chromium(III) and the Development of Ultrathin Redox-Active Surfaces by the Langmuir-Schaefer Technique. Chemistry 2012; 18:1761-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Birin KP, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY. Efficient scrambling-free synthesis of heteroleptic terbium triple-decker (porphyrinato)(crown-phthalocyaninates). Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9672-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Birin KP, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY. Selective one-step synthesis of triple-decker (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) early lanthanides: the balance of concurrent processes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11539-49. [PMID: 21952519 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective one-step approach for the preparation of (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) early lanthanides of type [Br(4)TPP]Ln[(15C5)(4)Pc]Ln[Br(4)TPP], where Br(4)TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-bromophenyl)-porphyrinato-ligand, (15C5)(4)Pc = tetrakis-(15-crown-5)-phthalocyaninato-ligand and Ln = La, Pr, Nd or Eu, is developed. The influence of various factors on the reaction pathway and yields of the complexes is investigated in detail. The developed protocol is found to be general for the early lanthanide subgroup. Variation of the synthetic conditions allowed the determination and isolation of possible side-products, namely heteroleptic double-deckers [Br(4)TPP]Ln[(15C5)(4)Pc] (Ln = Nd, Eu) and triple-decker [Br(4)TPP]Nd[(15C5)(4)Pc]Nd[(15C5)(4)Pc]. The peculiarities of the NMR lanthanide-induced shifts (LIS) of resonances of the synthesized triple-decker complexes are precisely investigated. The isostructurality of the synthesized complexes within the series as well as isostructurality with previously synthesized compounds is demonstrated in terms of two-nuclei analysis of LIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill P Birin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Joy S, Krämer T, Paul ND, Banerjee P, McGrady JE, Goswami S. Isolation and Assessment of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of Azo-Anion-Radical Complexes of Chromium and Molybdenum. Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of Complete Electron-Transfer Series. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9993-10004. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200708c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta Joy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Nanda D. Paul
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Priyabrata Banerjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - John E. McGrady
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Sreebrata Goswami
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Zhu X, Wong W, Wong W, Yang X. Design and Synthesis of Near‐Infrared Emissive Lanthanide Complexes Based on Macrocyclic Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunjin Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Kwok Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Yeung Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712‐0165, USA, Fax: +1‐852‐3411‐7348
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Abstract
The inexorable drive to miniaturize information storage and processing devices has fueled the dreams of scientists pursuing molecular electronics: researchers in the field envisage exquisitely tailored molecular materials fulfilling the functions now carried out by semiconductors. A bottom-up assembly of such all-molecular devices would complement, if not supplant, the present top-down lithographic procedures of modern semiconductor fabrication. Short of these grand aspirations, a more near-term objective is to construct hybrid architectures wherein molecules are incorporated in semiconductor-based devices. Such a combined approach exploits the advantages of molecules for selected device functions while retaining the well-developed lithographic approaches for fabrication of the overall chip. In this Account, we survey more than a decade of results from our research programs to employ porphyrin molecules as charge-storage elements in hybrid semiconductor-molecular dynamic random access memory. Porphyrins are attractive for a variety of reasons: they meet the stability criteria for use in real-world applications, they are readily prepared and tailored synthetically, they undergo read-write processes at low potential, and they store charge for extended periods (up to minutes) in the absence of applied potential. Porphyrins typically exhibit two cationic redox states. Molecular architectures with greater than two cationic redox states are achieved by combinations of porphyrins in a variety of structures (for example, dyads, wherein the porphyrins have distinct potentials, triple deckers, and dyads of triple deckers). The incorporation of porphyrins in hybrid architectures has also required diverse tethers (alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and combinations thereof) and attachment groups (alcohol, thiol, selenol, phosphonate, and hydrocarbon) for linkage to a variety of surfaces (Au, Si, SiO(2), TiN, Ge, and so forth). The porphyrins as monolayers exhibit high charge density and are robust to high-temperature excursions (400 °C for 30 min) under inert atmosphere conditions. Even higher charge densities, which are invaluable for device applications, were achieved by in situ formation of porphyrin polymers or by stepwise growth of porphyrin-imide oligomers. The various molecular architectures have been investigated by diverse surface characterization methods, including ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as a variety of electrochemical methods. These studies have further revealed that the porphyrin layers are robust under conditions of deposition of a top metal contact. The results to date indicate the superior features of selected molecular architectures for molecular electronics applications. The near-term utilization of such materials depends on further work for appropriate integration in semiconductor-based devices, whereas ultimate adoption may depend on advances that remain far afield, such as the development of fully bottom-up assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Cummings SP, Savchenko J, Ren T. Functionalization of flat Si surfaces with inorganic compounds—Towards molecular CMOS hybrid devices. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization and investigation of electrical and electrochemical properties of imidazole substituted phthalocyanines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Birin KP, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY. NMR investigation of intramolecular dynamics of heteroleptic triple-decker (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) lanthanides. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11474-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Jurow M, Schuckman AE, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Porphyrins as Molecular Electronic Components of Functional Devices. Coord Chem Rev 2010; 254:2297-2310. [PMID: 20936084 PMCID: PMC2950646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The proposal that molecules can perform electronic functions in devices such as diodes, rectifiers, wires, capacitors, or serve as functional materials for electronic or magnetic memory, has stimulated intense research across physics, chemistry, and engineering for over 35 years. Because biology uses porphyrins and metalloporphyrins as catalysts, small molecule transporters, electrical conduits, and energy transducers in photosynthesis, porphyrins are an obvious class of molecules to investigate for molecular electronic functions. Of the numerous kinds of molecules under investigation for molecular electronics applications, porphyrins and their related macrocycles are of particular interest because they are robust and their electronic properties can be tuned by chelation of a metal ion and substitution on the macrocycle. The other porphyrinoids have equally variable and adjustable photophysical properties, thus photonic applications are potentiated. At least in the near term, realistic architectures for molecular electronics will require self-organization or nanoprinting on surfaces. This review concentrates on self-organized porphyrinoids as components of working electronic devices on electronically active substrates with particular emphasis on the effect of surface, molecular design, molecular orientation and matrix on the detailed electronic properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jurow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Amanda E. Schuckman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
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Birin KP, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY. NMR-based analysis of structure of heteroleptic triple-decker (phthalocyaninato) (porphyrinato) lanthanides in solutions. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2010; 48:505-515. [PMID: 20535778 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the structural analysis of heteroleptic triple-decker (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) lanthanides(III) in solutions is developed. The developed approach consists in molecular mechanics (MM+) optimization of the geometry of the complex taking into account the lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) datasets. LISs of the resonance peaks in (1)H NMR spectra of a series of symmetric complexes [An(4)P]Ln[(15C5)(4)Pc]Ln[An(4)P], where An(4)P(2-) is 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrinato-dianion, [(15C5)(4)Pc](2-) is 2,3,9,10,16,17,24,25-tetrakis(15-crown-5)phthalocyaninato-dianion and Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, are analyzed. Analysis of LISs showed two sets of protons in the molecule with opposite signs of shift. Two-nuclei analysis of LISs testifies isostructurality of the whole series of investigated complexes in solution despite contraction of the lanthanide ions. Model-free separation of contact and dipolar contributions of LISs was performed with one-nucleus technique and did not show changes in contact and dipolar terms within the investigated series. MM+ optimization of the molecular structure allowed the interpretation of features of LIS for each particular group of protons. Parameterization of MM + -optimized model of molecule with values of structure-dependent dipolar contributions of LIS allows the development of the precise structural model of the triple-decker complex in solution. This approach allows the determination of the geometry and structure of the sandwich macrocyclic tetrapyrrolic complexes together with conformational analysis of flexible peripheral substituents in solutions. The developed method can be applied with minor modifications for the determination of structural parameters of other types of lanthanides(III) complexes with tetrapyrrolic ligands and also supramolecular systems based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill P Birin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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29
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Ballesteros B, deâ
laâ
Torre G, Shearer A, Hausmann A, Herranz M, Guldi D, Torres T. Lanthanide(III) Bis(phthalocyaninato)â[60]Fullerene Dyads: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2010; 16:114-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim SU, Lee T, Lee JH, Yagati AK, Min J, Choi JW. Nanoscale film formation of ferritin and its application to biomemory device. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:974-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The self-assembly and self-organization of porphyrins and related macrocycles enables the bottom-up fabrication of photonic materials for fundamental studies of the photophysics of these materials and for diverse applications. This rapidly developing field encompasses a broad range of disciplines including molecular design and synthesis, materials formation and characterization, and the design and evaluation of devices. Since the self-assembly of porphyrins by electrostatic interactions in the late 1980s to the present, there has been an ever increasing degree of sophistication in the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete arrays or self-organize into polymeric systems. These strategies exploit ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry, and dispersion forces to form supramolecular systems with varying degrees of hierarchical order. This review concentrates on the methods to form supramolecular porphyrinic systems by intermolecular interactions other than coordination chemistry, the characterization and properties of these photonic materials, and the prospects for using these in devices. The review is heuristically organized by the predominant intermolecular interactions used and emphasizes how the organization affects properties and potential performance in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Jiao J, Schmidt I, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Comparison of electron-transfer rates for metal- versus ring-centered redox processes of porphyrins in monolayers on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12047-12053. [PMID: 18823081 DOI: 10.1021/la8019843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The standard electron-transfer rate constants ( k ( 0 )) are measured for redox processes of Fe versus Zn porphyrins in monolayers on Au(111); the former undergoes a metal-centered redox process (conversion between Fe (III) and Fe (II) oxidation states) whereas the latter undergoes a ring-centered redox process (conversion between the neutral porphyrin and the pi-cation radical). Each porphyrin contains three meso-mesityl groups and a benzyl thiol for surface attachment. Under identical solvent (propylene carbonate)/electrolyte (1.0 M Bu 4NCl) conditions, the Zn (II) center has a coordinated Cl (-) ion when the porphyrin is in either the neutral or oxidized state. In the case of the Fe porphyrin, two species are observed a low-potential form ( E l (0) approximately -0.6 V) wherein the metal center has a coordinated Cl (-) ion when it is in either the Fe (II) or Fe (III) state and a high-potential form ( E h (0) approximately +0.2 V) wherein the metal center undergoes ligand exchange upon conversion from the Fe (III) to Fe (II) states. The k ( 0 ) values observed for all of the porphyrins depend on surface concentration, with higher concentrations resulting in slower rates, consistent with previous studies on porphyrin monolayers. The k ( 0 ) values for the ring-centered redox process (Zn chelate) are 10-40 times larger than those for the metal-centered process (Fe chelate); the k ( 0 ) values for the two forms of the Fe porphyrin differ by a factor of 2-4 (depending on surface concentration), the Cl (-) exchanging form generally exhibiting a faster rate. The faster rates for the ring- versus metal-centered redox process are attributed to the participating molecular orbitals and their proximity to the surface (given that the porphyrins are relatively upright on the surface): a pi molecular orbital that has significant electron density at the meso-carbon atoms (one of which is the site of attachment of the linker to the surface anchoring thiol) versus a d-orbital that is relatively well localized on the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
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Synthesis of Porphyrins Bearing Multiple meso-Aminoalkyl Groups. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Hindo SS, Shakya R, Rannulu NS, Allard MM, Heeg MJ, Rodgers MT, da Rocha SRP, Verani CN. Synthesis, redox, and amphiphilic properties of responsive salycilaldimine-copper(II) soft materials. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3119-27. [PMID: 18335982 DOI: 10.1021/ic702233n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of the asymmetric pyridine- and phenol-containing ligand HL (1) (2-hydroxy-4-6-di- tert-butylbenzyl-2-pyridylmethyl)imine) led to the use of bis-(3,5-di -tert-butyl-2-phenolato-benzaldehyde)copper(II), [Cu (II)(L (SAL)) 2] ( 1) as a precursor for bis-(2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-octadecyliminomethyl-phenolato)copper(II), [Cu (II)(L (2)) 2] ( 3), bis-(2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-octadecyl aminomethyl-phenolato)copper(II), [Cu (II)(L (2A)) 2] ( 3'), and bis-(2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-[(3,4,5-tris-dodecyloxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-phenolato)copper(II), [Cu (II)(L (3)) 2] ( 4). These complexes exhibit hydrophilic copper-containing head groups, hydrophobic alkyl and alkoxo tails, and present potential as precursors for redox-responsive Langmuir-Blodgett films. All systems were characterized by means of elemental, spectrometric, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques, and their amphiphilic properties were probed by means of compression isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy. Good redox activity was observed for 3 with two phenoxyl radical processes between 0.5 and 0.8 V vs Fc (+)/Fc, but this complex lacks amphiphilic behavior. To attain good balance between redox response and amphiphilicity, increased core flexibility in 3' and incorporation of alkoxy chains in 4 were attempted. Film formation with collapse at 14 mN.m (-1) was observed for the alkoxy-derivative but redox-response was seriously compromised. Core flexibility improved Langmuir film formation with a higher formal collapse and showed excellent cyclability of the ligand-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Sahiel Hindo
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Tomizaki KY, Mihara H. Phosphate-Mediated Molecular Memory Driven by Two Different Protein Kinases as Information Input Elements. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8345-52. [PMID: 17559210 DOI: 10.1021/ja0703067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in studying molecular-based devices that perform Boolean logic operations whose output state (0 or 1) depends on the input conditions (0/0, 1/0, 0/1, or 1/1). So far, great efforts have been devoted to establish molecular-scaled logic gates activated by chemical, physical, and biological inputs. We herein describe the design and synthesis of a tandem protein kinase substrate peptide acting as a phosphate-mediated molecular memory. The molecular-based memory system is comprised of two different phosphorylatable substrate regions joined in series and a spiropyran derivative at the N-terminus. We also demonstrated three basic "AND", "OR", and "NOR" logic operations on the basis of alterations in the spiropyran-to-merocyanine (SP-to-MC) thermocoloration properties of the spiropyran moiety in the peptide upon kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation. The three logic functions were successfully performed by adding ionic polymers as programming elements with preset thresholds of a signal intensity in a microplate format. Throughout this study, information was recorded on the substrate peptide by protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation, stored stably as phosphoesters, read according to the extent of the SP-to-MC thermocoloration, and erased by phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation, resulting in the peptide returning to the initial recordable state. Thus, the proof-of-concept experiments described herein could be used to provide clues for developing practical molecular-based processing and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ya Tomizaki
- Department of Bioengineering and The COE21 Program, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-40 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Japan.
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