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Białek MJ, Hurej K, Furuta H, Latos-Grażyński L. Organometallic chemistry confined within a porphyrin-like framework. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2082-2144. [PMID: 36852929 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Miyazaki T, Fukuyama K, Mashita S, Deguchi Y, Yamamoto T, Ishida M, Mori S, Furuta H. Ruthenium N-Confused Porphyrins: Selective Reactivity for Ambident 2-Heteroatom-Substituted Pyridines Serving as Axial Ligands. Chempluschem 2019; 84:603-607. [PMID: 31944014 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three types of ruthenium(II) N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complexes bearing an axial 2-thiopyridine, 2-pyridone, and 2-iminopyridine moiety at the inner carbon atom, respectively, were synthesized. The unique reactivity of the 2-substituted pyridine derivatives (2-X-pyridine; X=SH, OH, NH2 ) toward the inner carbon atom of the NCP allows the formation of two types of coordinated products (i. e., pyridine donor versus 2-heteroatom donors), as inferred from single-crystal X-ray structures. The selective reactivity was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the catalytic activity of these ruthenium complexes was demonstrated through the styrene oxidation reactions. As a result, the ruthenium(II) NCP complex bearing a 2-thiopyridine moiety, together with aqueous H2 O2 as an oxidant showed the highest selectivity for benzaldehyde (benzaldehyde/styrene oxide=20 : 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Miyazaki
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunichi Mashita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuya Deguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Kupietz K, Białek MJ, Białońska A, Szyszko B, Latos-Grażyński L. Organocopper(III) Phenanthriporphyrin-Exocyclic Transformations. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:1451-1461. [PMID: 30600994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dimethoxyphenanthriporphyrin 1 and 5,6-dioxophenanthriporphyrin 2 act as suitable organometallic ligands for copper(III), adopting trianionic [CCNN] coordination cores. Under oxidizing conditions, in the presence of methanol, copper(III) phenanthriporphyrin 1-Cu undergoes transformation to copper(III) phenanthriporphodimethene with methoxy substituents attached to two trans meso positions. Addition of acids to 1-Cu yields two isomeric copper(III) isophenanthriporphyrins protonated on one of the meso carbon atoms. Protonation of copper(III) 5,6-dioxophenanthriporphyrin 2-Cu yields the aromatic diprotonated complex 2-Cu-H22+. In the presence of HBF4 2-Cu undergoes borylation at the carbonyl oxygen atoms, forming an aromatic exocyclic boron(III) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kupietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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Ching WM, Chen PPY, Hung CH. A mechanistic study of nitrite reduction on iron(ii) complexes of methylated N-confused porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15087-15094. [PMID: 29067375 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton delivery to the prosthetic group is a crucial step to sustain the activity of nitrite reductase. An iron N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complex, which is capable of relaying protons from the outer pyrrolic nitrogen (Nout-H) of the inverted pyrrole ring to the axial coordinated ligand, has been demonstrated to facilitate facile nitrite reduction. Time-dependent FTIR studies on the reaction between [FeII(HCTPPMe)Br] (1) and a nitrite anion revealed a two-step process involving conversion of the starting complex 1 to an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate, [Fe(CTPPMe)(NO)] (5), before the detection of [Fe(CTPPCH2)(NO)] (3), an {Fe(NO)}6 end product. Moreover, spectroscopic data confirm that Nout-H on the NCP core is indispensable to the proceeding of the nitrite reduction reaction. Mass spectra have detected the coordination of a nitrite to the iron center while DFT theoretical calculations suggest that subsequent intramolecular proton transfer to a nitro group to form [Fe(CTPPMe)(HNO2)] (6a) evokes a homolytic N-OH bond fission on axial nitrous acid due to an enhanced π-back-bonding to produce an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate and to release a hydroxyl radical. The subsequent oxidation of an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate by the hydroxyl radical gave the final product, {Fe(NO)}6 [Fe(CTPPCH2)(NO)] (3). This study illustrates a proton assisted small molecule activation on the iron N-confused porphyrin coordination sphere and provides complemental insights into the mechanism of enzymatic nitrite reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 115, Taiwan.
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Białek MJ, Białońska A, Latos-Grażyński L. Oxidation and Oxygenation of Carbonyl Ruthenium(II) Azuliporphyrin. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6184-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał J. Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F.
Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F.
Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Myśliborski R, Rachlewicz K, Latos-Grażyński L. Low-spin organoiron(III) N-confused pyriporphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of ( PyP H) Fe II Br , an iron(II) complex of 6,11,16,21-tetraaryl-3-aza-m-benziporphyrin ( N -confused pyriporphyrin, ( PyP H) H ) has been followed, in the presence of pyridine, by 1 H and 2 H NMR spectroscopy. One-electron oxidation with dioxygen, accompanied by deprotonation of a C (22) H fragment and formation of a Fe - C (22) bond, produced a low-spin, six-coordinate iron(III) complex [( PyP ) Fe III( py )2]+ as confirmed by combination of 1 H NMR, EPR and structural data. The characteristic patterns of 1 H NMR pyrrole and meso-aryl resonances resemble features assigned to the less common, low-spin ground electronic state (( d xz d yz )4( d xy )1) of iron(III) regular porphyrins. A conformational rearrangement process has been detected which involves two structures differentiated by macrocyclic ruffling. The structure of { H [( PyP ) Fe III( py )2]2}( Fe III Br 4)3· CH 2 Cl 2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The cationic complex involves a six-coordinate iron atom bound to the N -confused pyriporphyrin through its three nitrogens ( Fe - N (23) = 1.924(7), Fe - N (24) = 1.979(7), Fe - N (25) = 1.9343(7) Å) and the pirydyl trigonal C (22) atom ( Fe (1)- C (22) = 1.972(10) Å). The porphyrin is strongly ruffled, defining two deep grooves along C meso - C meso axes at right angles to each other. Two axial pyridine ligands are located in the prearranged equatorial ligand grooves. The iron lies in the N 3 C plane of the macrocycle defined by coordinating nitrogen and carbon atoms. In the solid, pairs of molecules are positioned along the line defined by Fe (1)- C (22) and Fe (2)- C (91) bonds. The structure demonstrates the head-to-head arrangement of two [( PyP ) Fe III( py )2]+ subunits revealing the adjacency of the two perimeter nitrogen atoms (the N (3)⋯ N (72) distance = 2.587(10) Å) linked by the N ⋯ H ⋯ N hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Myśliborski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. Wrocław 50 383, Poland
| | - Krystyna Rachlewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. Wrocław 50 383, Poland
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Blooming of confused porphyrinoids—fusion, expansion, contraction, and more confusion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:937-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ching WM, Hung CH. Interior aliphatic C–H bond activation on iron(ii) N-confused porphyrin through synergistic nitric oxide binding and iron oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4989-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31053h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xue Z, Daran JC, Champouret Y, Poli R. Ligand Adducts of Bis(acetylacetonato)iron(II): A 1H NMR Study. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11543-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201486v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xue
- LCC (Laboratoire de
Chimie de
Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- LCC (Laboratoire de
Chimie de
Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Champouret
- LCC (Laboratoire de
Chimie de
Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC (Laboratoire de
Chimie de
Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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Pacholska-Dudziak E, Gaworek A, Latos-Grażyński L. Iron(II) Vacataporphyrins: A Variable Annulene Conformation inside a Regular Porphyrin Frame. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10956-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2015176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pacholska-Dudziak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Gaworek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Berlicka A, Latos-Grażyński L. Intramolecular Rotation of Iron(II) Dithiaethyneporphyrin Double-Decker Complex: 1H NMR Studies. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7922-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900973d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berlicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50 383 Wrocław, Poland
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Peng CC, Yang FA, Chen JH, Wang SS, Tung JY. Mercury(II) complex of inverted N-methylated porphyrin: HgPh(2-NCH3NCTPP). Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pacholska‐Dudziak E, Latos‐Grażyński L. NMR Studies of Paramagnetic Metallocarbaporphyrinoids. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pacholska‐Dudziak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot‐Curie St., Wrocław 50 383, Poland
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