1
|
Okumura A, Ghana P, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Bridging Titanium Nitrido Complexes Containing A Linear Ti-N-Ti Core with A Two-Coordinate Nitrido Ligand. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402390. [PMID: 39045887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A series of titanium μ2-nitrido complexes supported by the triamidoamine ligand Xy-N3N (Xy-N3N={(3,5-Me2C6H3)NCH2CH2}3N3-) is reported. The titanium azido complex [(Xy-N3N)TiN3] (1-N3), prepared by salt metathesis of the chloride complex [(Xy-N3N)TiCl] (1-Cl) with NaN3, reacted with lithium metal or with alkali metal naphthalenides (alkali metal M=Na, K, and Rb) in THF to give the corresponding dinuclear μ2-nitrido complexes M[(Xy-N3N)Ti=N-Ti(Xy-N3N)] (2-M; M=Li, Na, K, Rb). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 2-Li, 2-Na, and 2-K revealed alkali metal dependent structures in the solid state. While 2-Li and 2-K contain a μ2-nitrido ligand with a linear Ti-N-Ti core, 2-Na includes a μ3-nitrido ligand as part of a T-shape Ti2NaN fragment with the sodium cation weekly coordinated to the nitrido nitrogen atom. When the synthesis of the nitrido complexes was carried out in the presence of excess alkali metals, decomposition of the nitrido complexes was observed affording some intractable titanium species along with the trialkali metal salts [M3(Xy-N3N)] (3-M) (M=Li, Na, K, and Rb). These salts were also prepared by deprotonation of (Xy-N3N)H3 with the corresponding alkali metal hexamethyldisilazide and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Okumura
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martínez-Alonso M, Gandioso A, Thibaudeau C, Qin X, Arnoux P, Demeubayeva N, Guérineau V, Frochot C, Jung AC, Gaiddon C, Gasser G. A Novel Near-IR Absorbing Ruthenium(II) Complex as Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy and its Cetuximab Bioconjugates. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300203. [PMID: 37017905 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel Ru(II) cyclometalated photosensitizer (PS), Ru-NH2 , for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of formula [Ru(appy)(bphen)2 ]PF6 (where appy=4-amino-2-phenylpyridine and bphen=bathophenanthroline) and its cetuximab (CTX) bioconjugates, Ru-Mal-CTX and Ru-BAA-CTX (where Mal=maleimide and BAA=benzoylacrylic acid) were synthesised and characterised. The photophysical properties of Ru-NH2 revealed absorption maxima around 580 nm with an absorption up to 725 nm. The generation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) upon light irradiation was confirmed with a 1 O2 quantum yield of 0.19 in acetonitrile. Preliminary in vitro experiments revealed the Ru-NH2 was nontoxic in the dark in CT-26 and SQ20B cell lines but showed outstanding phototoxicity when irradiated, reaching interesting phototoxicity indexes (PI) >370 at 670 nm, and >150 at 740 nm for CT-26 cells and >50 with NIR light in SQ20B cells. The antibody CTX was successfully attached to the complexes in view of the selective delivery of the PS to cancer cells. Up to four ruthenium fragments were anchored to the antibody (Ab), as confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nonetheless, the bioconjugates were not as photoactive as the Ru-NH2 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Albert Gandioso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Thibaudeau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xue Qin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nurikamal Demeubayeva
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Alain C Jung
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kokubo Y, Tsuzuki K, Sugiura H, Yomura S, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Ozawa T, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Takeyama T, Yamaguchi T, Shimazaki Y, Kugimiya S, Masuda H, Kajita Y. Syntheses, Characterizations, Crystal Structures, and Protonation Reactions of Dinitrogen Chromium Complexes Supported with Triamidoamine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5320-5333. [PMID: 36972224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel dinitrogen-dichromium complex, [{Cr(LBn)}2(μ-N2)] (1), has been prepared from reaction of CrCl3 with a lithiated triamidoamine ligand (Li3LBn) under dinitrogen. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 1 revealed that it is composed of two independent dimeric Cr complexes bridged by N2 in the unit cell. The bridged N-N bond lengths (1.188(4) and 1.185(7) Å) were longer than the free dinitrogen molecule. The elongations of N-N bonds in 1 were also supported by the fact that the ν(N-N) stretching vibration at 1772 cm-1 observed in toluene is smaller than the free N2. Complex 1 was identified to be a 5-coordinated high spin Cr(IV) complex by Cr K-edge XANES measurement. The 1H NMR spectrum and temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility of 1 indicated that complex 1 is in the S = 1 ground state, in which two Cr(IV) ions and unpaired electron spins of the bridging N22- ligand are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled. Reaction of complex 1 with 2.3 equiv of Na or K gave chromium complexes with N2 between the Cr ion and the respective alkali metal ion, [{CrNa(LBn)(N2)(Et2O)}2] (2) and [{CrK(LBn)(N2)}4(Et2O)2] (3), respectively. Furthermore, the complexes 2 and 3 reacted with 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 to form the respective crown-ether adducts, [CrNa(LBn)(N2)(15-crown-5)] (4) and [CrK(LBn)(N2)(18-crown-6)] (5). The XANES measurements of complexes 2, 3, 4, and 5 revealed that they are high spin Cr(IV) complexes like complex 1. All complexes reacted with a reducing agent and a proton source to form NH3 and/or N2H4. The yields of these products in the presence of K+ were higher than those in the presence of Na+. The electronic structures and binding properties of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were evaluated and discussed based on their DFT calculations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Recent advances in catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal–dinitrogen complexes under mild reaction conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Sivan AK, Thomas JM, Jeyakumar TC, Sivasankar C. Molybdenum bound nitrogen doped graphene catalyst for reduction of N
2
to NH
3
and NH
2
NH
2
, using FLP as a co‐catalyst: a DFT study. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil K. Sivan
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University (A Central University) Puducherry India
| | - Jisha Mary Thomas
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University (A Central University) Puducherry India
| | | | - Chinnappan Sivasankar
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University (A Central University) Puducherry India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Absalan Y, Shad NN, Gholizadeh M, Mahmoudi G, Sarvestani HS, Strashnov P, Ghandi K, Kovalchukova O. Schiff bases-titanium (III) & (IV) complex compounds: Novel photocatalysts in Buchwald-Hartwig C–N cross-coupling reaction. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Comprehensive insights into synthetic nitrogen fixation assisted by molecular catalysts under ambient or mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5201-5242. [PMID: 33651046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N2 is fixed as NH3 industrially by the Haber-Bosch process under harsh conditions, whereas biological nitrogen fixation is achieved under ambient conditions, which has prompted development of alternative methods to fix N2 catalyzed by transition metal molecular complexes. Since the early 21st century, catalytic conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions has been achieved by using molecular catalysts, and now H2O has been utilized as a proton source with turnover frequencies reaching the values found for biological nitrogen fixation. In this review, recent advances in the development of molecular catalysts for synthetic N2 fixation under ambient or mild conditions are summarized, and potential directions for future research are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuriyama S, Nishibayashi Y. Development of catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal complexes not relevant to nitrogenases. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Chalkley MJ, Drover MW, Peters JC. Catalytic N 2-to-NH 3 (or -N 2H 4) Conversion by Well-Defined Molecular Coordination Complexes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5582-5636. [PMID: 32352271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation, the six-electron/six-proton reduction of N2, to give NH3, is one of the most challenging and important chemical transformations. Notwithstanding the barriers associated with this reaction, significant progress has been made in developing molecular complexes that reduce N2 into its bioavailable form, NH3. This progress is driven by the dual aims of better understanding biological nitrogenases and improving upon industrial nitrogen fixation. In this review, we highlight both mechanistic understanding of nitrogen fixation that has been developed, as well as advances in yields, efficiencies, and rates that make molecular alternatives to nitrogen fixation increasingly appealing. We begin with a historical discussion of N2 functionalization chemistry that traverses a timeline of events leading up to the discovery of the first bona fide molecular catalyst system and follow with a comprehensive overview of d-block compounds that have been targeted as catalysts up to and including 2019. We end with a summary of lessons learned from this significant research effort and last offer a discussion of key remaining challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kokubo Y, Wasada‐Tsutsui Y, Yomura S, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Kugimiya S, Kajita Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Syntheses, Characterizations, and Crystal Structures of Dinitrogen‐Divanadium Complexes Bearing Triamidoamine Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Yuko Wasada‐Tsutsui
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yomura
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life Science Graduate School of Engineering University of Hyogo 3‐2‐1 Koto 678‐1297 Kamigori‐cho Ako‐gun Hyogo Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Life Science Graduate School of Engineering University of Hyogo 3‐2‐1 Koto 678‐1297 Kamigori‐cho Ako‐gun Hyogo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kugimiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Yuji Kajita
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology 1247 Yachigusa 470‐0392 Yakusa‐cho Toyota Japan
- Department of Life and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology 466‐8555 Nagoya Gokiso‐cho, Showa‐ku Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Sietzen M, Batke S, Merz L, Wadepohl H, Ballmann J. Pitfalls and Limitations in Group 6 Triamidophosphane Chemistry: Cage‐Closure Restrictions in Square‐Pyramidal Nitrido Complexes and Degradation via Spiro‐[4.4]‐λ
5
‐Amidophosphorane Formation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sietzen
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Batke
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lukas Merz
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Connor GP, Holland PL. Coordination chemistry insights into the role of alkali metal promoters in dinitrogen reduction. Catal Today 2017; 286:21-40. [PMID: 28344387 PMCID: PMC5363757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Haber-Bosch process is a major contributor to fixed nitrogen that supports the world's nutritional needs and is one of the largest-scale industrial processes known. It has also served as a testing ground for chemists' understanding of surface chemistry. Thus, it is significant that the most thoroughly developed catalysts for N2 reduction use potassium as an electronic promoter. In this review, we discuss the literature on alkali metal cations as promoters for N2 reduction, in the context of the growing knowledge about cooperative interactions between N2, transition metals, and alkali metals in coordination compounds. Because the structures and properties are easier to characterize in these compounds, they give useful information on alkali metal interactions with N2. Here, we review a variety of interactions, with emphasis on recent work on iron complexes by the authors. Finally, we draw conclusions about the nature of these interactions and areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chou KW, Su WJ, Huang HF, Zou XR, Chang YN, Lee PY, Liang LC. Titanium, hafnium, and tantalum complexes of a potentially triphenolate phosphine ligand that is unexpectedly prone to O-protonation. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Eizawa A, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation Using Molybdenum–Dinitrogen Complexes as Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2016_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
18
|
Miura-Akagi PM, Nakashige ML, Maile CK, Oshiro SM, Gurr JR, Yoshida WY, Royappa AT, Krause CE, Rheingold AL, Hughes RP, Cain MF. Synthesis of a Tris(phosphaalkene)phosphine Ligand and Fundamental Organometallic Reactions on Its Sterically Shielded Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preston M. Miura-Akagi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mika L. Nakashige
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Caitlin K. Maile
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Shelly M. Oshiro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua R. Gurr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wesley Y. Yoshida
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - A. Timothy Royappa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Colleen E. Krause
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, Connecticut 06117, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- 6128
Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Matthew F. Cain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Dinitrogen Fixation to Form Ammonia at Ambient Reaction Conditions Using Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1549-77. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McWilliams SF, Rodgers KR, Lukat-Rodgers G, Mercado BQ, Grubel K, Holland PL. Alkali Metal Variation and Twisting of the FeNNFe Core in Bridging Diiron Dinitrogen Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2960-8. [PMID: 26925968 PMCID: PMC4856002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal cations can interact with Fe-N2 complexes, potentially enhancing back-bonding or influencing the geometry of the iron atom. These influences are relevant to large-scale N2 reduction by iron, such as in the FeMoco of nitrogenase and the alkali-promoted Haber-Bosch process. However, to our knowledge there have been no systematic studies of a large range of alkali metals regarding their influence on transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. In this work, we varied the alkali metal in [alkali cation]2[LFeNNFeL] complexes (L = bulky β-diketiminate ligand) through the size range from Na(+) to K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+). The FeNNFe cores have similar Fe-N and N-N distances and N-N stretching frequencies despite the drastic change in alkali metal cation size. The two diketiminates twist relative to one another, with larger dihedral angles accommodating the larger cations. In order to explain why the twisting has so little influence on the core, we performed density functional theory calculations on a simplified LFeNNFeL model, which show that the two metals surprisingly do not compete for back-bonding to the same π* orbital of N2, even when the ligand planes are parallel. This diiron system can tolerate distortion of the ligand planes through compensating orbital energy changes, and thus, a range of ligand orientations can give very similar energies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean F. McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kenton R. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Gudrun Lukat-Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Katarzyna Grubel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Walter M. Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Catalyzed Dinitrogen Activation. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
22
|
Feibelman PJ. What Limits Turnover Number in NH3Synthesis on a PNP Pincer Molecule? COMMENT INORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2014.896348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
van der Ham CJM, Koper MTM, Hetterscheid DGH. Challenges in reduction of dinitrogen by proton and electron transfer. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:5183-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic reduction of dinitrogen with protons and electrons is a very challenging alternative to the energy expensive Haber–Bosch reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baskaran S, Sivasankar C. Ammonia and hydrazine synthesis from [N2-W{(NHCH2CH2)3N}] and [AH]+[BH]− using Sivasankar catalytic cycle: DFT studies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Wünsche von Leupoldt A, Förster C, Fiedler TJ, Bings NH, Heinze K. Proton and Electron Transfer to a Polymer‐Supported Nitrido Molybdenum(VI) Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anica Wünsche von Leupoldt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Tobias J. Fiedler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Nicolas H. Bings
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cain MF, Forrest WP, Peryshkov DV, Schrock RR, Müller P. Synthesis of a TREN in Which the Aryl Substituents are Part of a 45 Atom Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15338-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Cain
- Department
of Chemistry, 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William P. Forrest
- Department
of Chemistry, 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Peryshkov
- Department
of Chemistry, 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department
of Chemistry, 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department
of Chemistry, 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Miyazaki T, Tanabe Y, Yuki M, Miyake Y, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Design and Preparation of Molybdenum-Dinitrogen Complexes with Ferrocenyldiphosphine and Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Moieties as Auxiliary Ligands. Chemistry 2013; 19:11874-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Munisamy T, Schrock RR. An electrochemical investigation of intermediates and processes involved in the catalytic reduction of dinitrogen by [HIPTN3N]Mo (HIPTN3N = (3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N). Dalton Trans 2012; 41:130-7. [PMID: 22031021 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The redox properties of [HIPTN(3)N]Mo complexes (where HIPTN(3)N = (3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)NCH(2)CH(2))(3)N) involved in the catalytic dinitrogen reduction cycle were studied using cyclic voltammetry in fluorobenzene with Bu(4)NPF(6) as the electrolyte. MoN(2) (Mo = [HIPTN(3)N]Mo, E(1/2) = -1.96 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc at a Pt electrode), Mo≡N (E(1/2) = -2.68 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc (Pt)), and [Mo(NH(3))]BAr'(4) (Ar' = 3,5-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3), E(1/2) = -1.53 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc (Pt)) each undergo a chemically reversible one-electron reduction, while [Mo=NNH(2)]BAr'(4) (E(1/2) = -1.50 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc (Pt)) and [Mo=NH]BAr'(4) (E(1/2) = -1.26 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc (Pt)) each undergo a one-electron reduction with partial chemical reversibility. The acid employed in the catalytic reduction, [2,4,6-collidinium]BAr'(4), reduces irreversibly at -1.11 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc at Pt and at -2.10 V vs. Fc(+)/Fc at a glassy carbon electrode. The reduction peak potentials of the Mo complexes shift in the presence of acids. For example, the reduction peak for MoN(2) in the presence of [2,4,6-collidinium]BAr'(4) at a glassy carbon electrode shifts positively by 130 mV. The shift in reduction potential is explained in terms of reversible hydrogen bonding and/or protonation at a nitrogen site in Mo complexes. The significance of productive and unproductive proton-coupled electron transfer reactions in the catalytic dinitrogen reduction cycle is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvengadam Munisamy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry MIT 6-331, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Palladium-Catalyzed sp2 C–N Bond Forming Reactions: Recent Developments and Applications. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2012_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
31
|
Hinrichsen S, Broda H, Gradert C, Söncksen L, Tuczek F. Recent developments in synthetic nitrogen fixation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ic90033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
32
|
Balu P, Baskaran S, Kannappan V, Sivasankar C. Hydrogenation of dinitrogen to ammonia in [WF(PH2(CH2)2PH2)2N2] using H2: Insights from DFT calculations. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20929b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Römer R, Gradert C, Bannwarth A, Peters G, Näther C, Tuczek F. One-step synthesis of Mo(0) and W(0) bis(dinitrogen) complexes with the linear tetraphosphine ligand prP4: stereoselective formation of cis-[M(N2)2(rac-prP4)] and trans-[M(N2)2(meso-prP4)]; M = Mo, W. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3229-36. [PMID: 21344106 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01646b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic pathway to Chatt-type Mo(0) and W(0) bis(dinitrogen) complexes with the ligand prP(4) is presented (prP(4) is a linear tetraphos ligand with two ethylene bridges and a central propylene bridge). The synthesis starts from MoCl(5) and WCl(6), respectively, employing Mg as reductant. Whereas the electrochemical reduction of the oxido-iodido-molybdenum(IV) complex [Mo(O)I(meso-prP(4)](+) (1) only gave trans-[Mo(N(2))(2)(meso-prP(4))] (2a; Römer et al., Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.2008, 3258), the direct synthesis under normal conditions affords both trans and cis complexes 2a and 2b. The reaction products are characterised by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of cis-α-[Mo(N(2))(2)(rac-prP(4))] (2b) is performed. In contrast to the trans bis(dinitrogen)molybdenum(0) complex 2a supported by the meso prP(4) ligand the corresponding cis-complex is exclusively coordinated by the rac isomer of prP(4). The reactivity of 2 with acids is investigated as well, leading to the NNH(2) complex [MoF(NNH(2))(meso-prP(4))]BF(4) (15). Analogous results are obtained with the tungsten complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Römer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max Eyth, Strasse 2, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alliger GE, Müller P, Do LH, Cummins CC, Nocera DG. Family of Cofacial Bimetallic Complexes of a Hexaanionic Carboxamide Cryptand. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4107-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200143b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen E. Alliger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Loi H. Do
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chin JM, Schrock RR, Müller P. Synthesis of diamidopyrrolyl molybdenum complexes relevant to reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7904-16. [PMID: 20799738 DOI: 10.1021/ic100856n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A potentially useful trianionic ligand for the reduction of dinitrogen catalytically by molybdenum complexes is one in which one of the arms in a [(RNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](3-) ligand is replaced by a 2-mesitylpyrrolyl-alpha-methyl arm, that is, [(RNCH(2)CH(2))(2)NCH(2)(2-MesitylPyrrolyl)](3-) (R = C(6)F(5), 3,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3), or 3,5-t-Bu(2)C(6)H(3)). Compounds have been prepared that contain the ligand in which R = C(6)F(5) ([C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr](3-)); they include [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(NMe(2)), [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]MoCl, [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]MoOTf, and [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]MoN. Compounds that contain the ligand in which R = 3,5-t-Bu(2)C(6)H(3) ([Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr](3-)) include {[(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2))}Na(15-crown-5), {[(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2))}[NBu(4)], [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2)) (nu(NN) = 2012 cm(-1) in C(6)D(6)), {[(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(NH(3))}BPh(4), and [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(CO). X-ray studies are reported for [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(NMe(2)), [(C(6)F(5)N)(2)Pyr]MoCl, and [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]MoN. The [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2))(0/-) reversible couple is found at -1.96 V (in PhF versus Cp(2)Fe(+/0)), but the [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2))(+/0) couple is irreversible. Reduction of {[(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(NH(3))}BPh(4) under Ar at approximately -1.68 V at a scan rate of 900 mV/s is not reversible. Ammonia in [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(NH(3)) can be substituted for dinitrogen in about 2 h if 10 equiv of BPh(3) are present to trap the ammonia that is released. [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo-N=NH is a key intermediate in the proposed catalytic reduction of dinitrogen that could not be prepared. Dinitrogen exchange studies in [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N(2)) suggest that steric hindrance by the ligand may be insufficient to protect decomposition of [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo-N=NH through a variety of pathways. Three attempts to reduce dinitrogen catalytically with [(Ar(t-Bu)N)(2)Pyr]Mo(N) as a "catalyst" yielded an average of 1.02 +/- 0.12 equiv of NH(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Chin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reithofer MR, Schrock RR, Müller P. Synthesis of [(DPPNCH2CH2)3N]3- molybdenum complexes (DPP = 3,5-(2,5-Diisopropylpyrrolyl)2C6H3) and studies relevant to catalytic reduction of dinitrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8349-58. [PMID: 20499910 DOI: 10.1021/ja1008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum complexes that contain a new TREN-based ligand [(3,5-(2,5-diisopropyl-pyrrolyl)(2)C(6)H(3)NCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](3-) ([DPPN(3)N](3-)) that are relevant to the catalytic reduction of dinitrogen have been prepared. They are [Bu(4)N]{[DPPN(3)N]MoN(2)}, [DPPN(3)N]MoN(2), [DPPN(3)N]MoN=NH, {[DPPN(3)N]MoN=NH(2)}[BAr(f)(4)], [DPPN(3)N]Mo[triple bond]N, {[DPPN(3)N]Mo[triple bond]NH}[BAr(f)(4)], and {[DPPN(3)N]MoNH(3)}[BAr(f)(4)]. NMR and IR data for [Bu(4)N]{[DPPN(3)N]MoN(2)} and [DPPN(3)N]MoN(2) are close to those reported for the analogous [HIPTN(3)N](3-) compounds (HIPT = hexaisopropylterphenyl), which suggests that the degree of reduction of dinitrogen is virtually identical in the two systems. However, X-ray studies and several exchange studies support the conclusion that the apical pocket is less protected in [DPPN(3)N]Mo complexes than in [HIPTN(3)N]Mo complexes. For example, (15)N/(14)N exchange studies showed that exchange in [DPPN(3)N]MoN(2) is relatively facile (t(1/2) approximately 1 h at 1 atm) and depends upon dinitrogen pressure, in contrast to the exchange in [HIPTN(3)N]MoN(2). Several of the [DPPN(3)N]Mo complexes, e.g., the [DPPN(3)N]MoN(2) and [DPPN(3)N]MoNH(3) species, are also less stable in solution than the analogous "parent" [HIPTN(3)N]Mo complexes. Four attempted catalytic reductions of dinitrogen with [DPPN(3)N]MoN yielded 2.53 +/- 0.35 equiv of total ammonia. These studies reveal more than any other just how sensitive a successful catalytic reduction is to small changes in the triamidoamine supporting ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Reithofer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kupfer T, Schrock RR. Alkylation of dinitrogen in [(HIPTNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N]Mo complexes (HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)). J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12829-37. [PMID: 19673523 DOI: 10.1021/ja904535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we explore the ethylation of dinitrogen (employing [Et(3)O][BAr(f)(4)]; Ar(f) = 3,5-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)) in [HIPTN(3)N]Mo (Mo) complexes ([HIPTN(3)N](3-) = [N(CH(2)CH(2)NHIPT)(3)](3-); HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)) with the objective of developing a catalytic cycle for the conversion of dinitrogen into triethylamine. A number of possible intermediates in a hypothetical catalytic cycle have been isolated and characterized: MoN=NEt, [Mo=NNEt(2)][BAr(f)(4)], Mo=NNEt(2), [Mo=NEt][BAr(f)(4)], Mo=NEt, MoNEt(2), and [Mo(NEt(3))][BAr(f)(4)]. Except for MoNEt(2), all compounds were synthesized from other proposed intermediates in a hypothetical catalytic reaction. All alkylated species are significantly more stable than their protonated counterparts, especially the Mo(V) species, Mo horizontal lineNNEt(2) and Mo=NEt. The tendency for both Mo=NNEt(2) and Mo=NEt to be readily oxidized by [Et(3)O][BAr(f)(4)] (as well as by [H(Et(2)O)(2)][BAr(f)(4)], [Mo =NNH(2)][BAr(f)(4)], and [Mo=NH][BAr(f)(4)]) suggests that their alkylation is unlikely to be part of a catalytic cycle. All efforts to generate NEt(3) in several stoichiometric or catalytic runs employing MoN(2) and Mo[triple bond]N as starting materials were unsuccessful, in part because of the slow speed of most alkylations relative to protonations. In related chemistry that employs a ligand containing 3,5-(4-t-BuC(6)H(4))(2)C(6)H(3) amido substituents alkylations were much faster, but a preliminary exploration revealed no evidence of catalytic formation of triethylamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kupfer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hetterscheid DGH, Hanna BS, Schrock RR. Molybdenum triamidoamine systems. Reactions involving dihydrogen relevant to catalytic reduction of dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:8569-77. [PMID: 19639973 DOI: 10.1021/ic900468n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[HIPTN(3)N]Mo(N(2)) (MoN(2)) ([HIPTN(3)N](3-) = [(HIPTNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](3-) where HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)) reacts with dihydrogen slowly (days) at 22 degrees C to yield [HIPTN(3)N]MoH(2) (MoH(2)), a compound whose properties are most consistent with it being a dihydrogen complex of Mo(III). The intermediate in the slow reaction between MoN(2) and H(2) is proposed to be [HIPTN(3)N]Mo (Mo). In contrast, MoN(2), MoNH(3), and MoH(2) are interconverted rapidly in the presence of H(2), N(2), and NH(3), and MoH(2) is the lowest energy of the three Mo compounds. Catalytic runs with MoH(2) as a catalyst suggest that it is competent for reduction of N(2) with protons and electrons under standard conditions. [HIPTN(3)N]MoH(2) reacts rapidly with HD to yield a mixture of [HIPTN(3)N]MoH(2), [HIPTN(3)N]MoD(2), and [HIPTN(3)N]MoHD, and rapidly catalyzes H/D exchange between H(2) and D(2). MoH(2) reacts readily with ethylene, PMe(3), and CO to yield monoadducts. Reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia in the presence of 32 equiv of added hydrogen (vs Mo) is not catalytic, consistent with dihydrogen being an inhibitor of dinitrogen reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G H Hetterscheid
- Department of Chemistry 6331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schenk S, Kirchner B, Reiher M. A Stable Six-Coordinate Intermediate in Ammonia-Dinitrogen Exchange at Schrock's Molybdenum Catalyst. Chemistry 2009; 15:5073-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
One-pot synthesis of tripodal tris(2-aminoethyl)amine derivatives from seven molecular components. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
Schenk S, Reiher M. Ligands for Dinitrogen Fixation at Schrock-Type Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:1638-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ic802037w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schenk
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
New developments in synthetic nitrogen fixation with molybdenum and tungsten phosphine complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(09)00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Schrock RR. Catalytic reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia by molybdenum: theory versus experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5512-22. [PMID: 18537212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum complexes that contain the triamidoamine ligand [(RNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N](3-) (R = 3,5-(2,4,6-iPr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)) catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at 22 degrees C and 1 atm with protons from 2,6-dimethylpyridinium and electrons from decamethylchromocene. Several theoretical studies have been published that bear on the proposed intermediates in the catalytic dinitrogen reduction reaction and their reaction characteristics, including DFT calculations on [(HIPTNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N]Mo species (HIPT =hexaisopropylterphenyl = 3,5-(2,4,6-iPr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)), which contain the actual triamidoamine ligand that is present in catalytic intermediates. Recent theoretical findings are compared with experimental findings for each proposed step in the catalytic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Schrock
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Römer R, Stephan G, Habeck C, Hoberg C, Peters G, Näther C, Tuczek F. Stereoselective Synthesis of the First Chatt‐Type Bis(dinitrogen)‐Molybdenum(0) Complex with a Tetraphosphane Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
Schrock R. Die katalytische Reduktion von Distickstoff zu Ammoniak mit Molybdän: Theorie und Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
46
|
Schenk S, Le Guennic B, Kirchner B, Reiher M. First-Principles Investigation of the Schrock Mechanism of Dinitrogen Reduction Employing the Full HIPTN3N Ligand. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3634-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702083p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schenk
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, and Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, and Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, and Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, and Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stephan GC, Näther C, Sivasankar C, Tuczek F. Mo– and W–N2 and –CO complexes with novel mixed P/N ligands: Structural properties and implications to synthetic nitrogen fixation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
48
|
Vidyaratne I, Crewdson P, Lefebvre E, Gambarotta S. Dinitrogen Coordination and Cleavage Promoted by a Vanadium Complex of a σ,π,σ-Donor Ligand. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:8836-42. [PMID: 17883267 DOI: 10.1021/ic701219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The deprotonation of the tripyrrole MeTPH(2) [MeTPH(2) = 2,5-[(2-pyrrolyl)(C(6)H(5))2C](2)(MeNC(4)H(2))], containing one N-methylated pyrrolyl ring, was carried out with 2 equiv of KH. The corresponding dipotassium salt reacted with VCl(3)(THF)(3) to afford the complex [(MeTP)VCl(THF)].THF (1). While the two lateral pyrrolide rings are sigma-bonded, the central one is perpendicularly oriented in a sort of pi-fashion. However, the bond distances clearly indicated that only the quaternized N atom is forming a bonding contact. Subsequent reduction of 1 with Na yielded the corresponding divalent complex [(MeTP)V(THF)].(C(7)H(8))(0.5) (2) where the central N-methylated ring adopted a more regular pi-orientation. When treated with a strong Lewis acid (AlMe(3)), THF was extracted from the vanadium coordination sphere, forming the dinuclear dinitrogen complex [(MeTP)V(mu-N(2))](2).(C(7)H(8))(2.9) (3). Reduction of 3 with potassium graphite gave cleavage of dinitrogen, affording the mixed-valent nitride-bridged complex [(MeTP)V(mu-N)](2).(THF) (4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Vidyaratne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wampler KM, Schrock RR. Tris(pyrrolyl-α-methyl)amines that Sterically Protect a Trigonal Metal Site. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:8463-5. [PMID: 17854184 DOI: 10.1021/ic701472y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three substituted tris(pyrrolyl-alpha-methyl)amines (H(3)[Aryl(3)TPA]) (Aryl = 2,4,6-C(6)H(2)Me(3), 2,4,6-C(6)H(2)(i-Pr)(3) (Trip), or 3,5-C(6)H(3)(CF(3))(2)) have been prepared. An X-ray study of [Trip(3)TPA]MoCl shows it to be a distorted trigonal bipyramidal species in which the 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl substituents surround and protect the apical chloride. Attempts to prepare other Mo, Zr, and Hf complexes yielded species in which one pyrrole-containing arm remained free (Mo) or dimethylamine remained in the coordination sphere of [Aryl(3)TPA](3-) complexes (Zr, Hf).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wampler
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Magistrato A, Robertazzi A, Carloni P. Nitrogen Fixation by a Molybdenum Catalyst Mimicking the Function of the Nitrogenase Enzyme: A Critical Evaluation of DFT and Solvent Effects. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:1708-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ct700094y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Magistrato
- CNR-INFM-Democritos Modelling Center for Atomistic Simulations, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) and Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) via Beirut 2-4, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arturo Robertazzi
- CNR-INFM-Democritos Modelling Center for Atomistic Simulations, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) and Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) via Beirut 2-4, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- CNR-INFM-Democritos Modelling Center for Atomistic Simulations, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) and Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) via Beirut 2-4, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|