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Chen TH, Garnir K, Chen CY, Jian CB, Gao HD, Cheng B, Tseng MC, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Lee HM. A Toolkit for Engineering Proteins in Living Cells: Peptide with a Tryptophan-Selective Ru-TAP Complex to Regioselectively Photolabel Specific Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18117-18125. [PMID: 36135325 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a chemical approach to crosslink functionally versatile bioeffectors (such as peptides) to native proteins of interest (POI) directly inside a living cell is a useful toolbox for chemical biologists. However, this goal has not been reached due to unsatisfactory chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and protein selectivity in protein labeling within living cells. Herein, we report the proof of concept of a cytocompatible and highly selective photolabeling strategy using a tryptophan-specific Ru-TAP complex as a photocrosslinker. Aside from the high selectivity, the photolabeling is blue light-driven by a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) and allows the bioeffector to bear an additional UV-responsive unit. The two different photosensitivities are demonstrated by blue light-photocrosslinking a UV-sensitive peptide to POI. Our visible light photolabeling can generate photocaged proteins for subsequent activity manipulation by UV light. Cytoskeletal dynamics regulation is demonstrated in living cells via the unprecedented POI photomanipulation and proves that our methodology opens a new avenue to endogenous protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ho Chen
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Garnir
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chong-Yan Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Bang Jian
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hua-De Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bill Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hsien-Ming Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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2
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Lechner VM, Nappi M, Deneny PJ, Folliet S, Chu JCK, Gaunt MJ. Visible-Light-Mediated Modification and Manipulation of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1752-1829. [PMID: 34546740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids-have become crucial tools in chemical biology. They are extensively used not only to elucidate cellular processes but also in industrial applications, particularly in the context of biopharmaceuticals. In order to enable maximum scope for optimization, it is pivotal to have a diverse array of biomacromolecule modification methods at one's disposal. Chemistry has driven many significant advances in this area, and especially recently, numerous novel visible-light-induced photochemical approaches have emerged. In these reactions, light serves as an external source of energy, enabling access to highly reactive intermediates under exceedingly mild conditions and with exquisite spatiotemporal control. While UV-induced transformations on biomacromolecules date back decades, visible light has the unmistakable advantage of being considerably more biocompatible, and a spectrum of visible-light-driven methods is now available, chiefly for proteins and nucleic acids. This review will discuss modifications of native functional groups (FGs), including functionalization, labeling, and cross-linking techniques as well as the utility of oxidative degradation mediated by photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transformations at non-native, bioorthogonal FGs on biomacromolecules will be addressed, including photoclick chemistry and DNA-encoded library synthesis as well as methods that allow manipulation of the activity of a biomacromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Lechner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Deneny
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Folliet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John C K Chu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Burke CS, Byrne A, Keyes TE. Targeting Photoinduced DNA Destruction by Ru(II) Tetraazaphenanthrene in Live Cells by Signal Peptide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6945-6955. [PMID: 29767962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting NF-κB transcription factor peptide conjugation, a Ru(II)-bis-tap complex (tap = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) was targeted specifically to the nuclei of live HeLa and CHO cells for the first time. DNA binding of the complex within the nucleus of live cells was evident from gradual extinction of the metal complex luminescence after it had crossed the nuclear envelope, attributed to guanine quenching of the ruthenium emission via photoinduced electron transfer. Resonance Raman imaging confirmed that the complex remained in the nucleus after emission is extinguished. In the dark and under imaging conditions the cells remain viable, but efficient cellular destruction was induced with precise spatiotemporal control by applying higher irradiation intensities to selected cells. Solution studies indicate that the peptide conjugated complex associates strongly with calf thymus DNA ex-cellulo and gel electrophoresis confirmed that the peptide conjugate is capable of singlet oxygen independent photodamage to plasmid DNA. This indicates that the observed efficient cellular destruction likely operates via direct DNA oxidation by photoinduced electron transfer between guanine and the precision targeted Ru(II)-tap probe. The discrete targeting of polyazaaromatic complexes to the cell nucleus and confirmation that they are photocytotoxic after nuclear delivery is an important step toward their application in cellular phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland
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4
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Garnir K, Moucheron C. Perspectives of ruthenium(ii) polyazaaromatic photo-oxidizing complexes photoreactive towards tryptophan-containing peptides and derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:322-337. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the search for RuII polyazaaromatic complexes as molecular photoreagents for tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins, in view of future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Estalayo-Adrián
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - K. Garnir
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - C. Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
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Troian-Gautier L, Marcélis L, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Moucheron C. Two ruthenium complexes capable of storing multiple electrons on a single ligand – photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical properties of [Ru(phen)2(TAPHAT)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(TAPHAT)Ru(phen)2]4+. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15287-15300. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical properties of two newly synthesized ruthenium(ii) complexes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Troian-Gautier
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.)
- B-1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - L. Marcélis
- Engineering of Molecular NanoSystems
- Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.)
- B-1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - J. De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials
- University of Mons - UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
| | - P. Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials
- University of Mons - UMONS
- B-7000 Mons
| | - C. Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.)
- B-1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
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6
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Troian-Gautier L, Mugeniwabagara E, Fusaro L, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Luhmer M. pH Dependence of Photoinduced Electron Transfer with [Ru(TAP)3]2+. Inorg Chem 2016; 56:1794-1803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Epiphanie Mugeniwabagara
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel Luhmer
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Photochimie and §Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique
Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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7
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Garnir K, Estalayo-Adrián S, Lartia R, De Winter J, Defrancq E, Surin M, Lemaur V, Gerbaux P, Moucheron C. Parameters influencing the photo-induced electron transfer from tryptophan-containing peptides to a Ru(II) complex: a systematic study. Faraday Discuss 2016; 185:267-84. [PMID: 26395623 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polyazaaromatic complexes have gained interest in recent decades as biomolecular tools, especially in the development of new phototherapeutic agents. These light emissive Ru complexes based on π-deficient ligands were first designed to allow a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) with the guanine base in DNA since their (3)MLCT state is highly photo-oxidizing. Later the field of research was extended to proteins with the highlighting of a PET process with the tryptophan residue. This paper reports the kinetics of the luminescence quenching of [Ru(TAP)2phen](2+) by several selected peptide sequences containing at least one tryptophan residue. By using a peptide library we highlight the important parameters influencing the kinetics of the photo-electron transfer process, such as the net electrostatic charge and the number of tryptophan residues. The best peptide candidates were selected to study the formation of photo-products by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. A high photoreactivity of the [Ru(TAP)2phen](2+) complex was observed and multiple photoadducts were characterized, among them inter-peptidic adducts as well as intra-peptidic adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garnir
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rémy Lartia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Julien De Winter
- Service de Synthèse et de Spectrométire de Masse Organiques, Université de Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Université de Mons-UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Université de Mons-UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Service de Synthèse et de Spectrométire de Masse Organiques, Université de Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Marcélis L, Kajouj S, Ghesquière J, Fettweis G, Coupienne I, Lartia R, Surin M, Defrancq E, Piette J, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Highly DNA-Photoreactive Ruthenium 1,4,5,8-Tetraazaphenanthrene Complex Conjugated to the TAT Peptide: Efficient Vectorization inside HeLa Cells without Phototoxicity - The Importance of Cellular Distribution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Marcélis
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry; Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.); 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Sofia Kajouj
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry; Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.); 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Jonathan Ghesquière
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry; Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.); 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Gregory Fettweis
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology; GIGA-Research; University of Liège; B34 Av. de l'Hôpital 1 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Isabelle Coupienne
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology; GIGA-Research; University of Liège; B34 Av. de l'Hôpital 1 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Rémy Lartia
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS; Université Grenoble Alpes; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials; UMR CNRS; University of Mons - UMons; 20 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; UMR CNRS; Université Grenoble Alpes; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology; GIGA-Research; University of Liège; B34 Av. de l'Hôpital 1 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry; Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.); 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry; Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.); 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, CP160/08 1050 Bruxelles Belgium
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Jia M, Yi H, Chang M, Cao X, Li L, Zhou Z, Pan H, Chen Y, Zhang S, Xu J. Fluorescence kinetics of Trp-Trp dipeptide and its derivatives in water via ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 149:243-8. [PMID: 26111991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast fluorescence dynamics of Tryptophan-Tryptophan (Trp-Trp/Trp2) dipeptide and its derivatives in water have been investigated using a picosecond resolved time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) apparatus together with a femtosecond resolved upconversion spectrophotofluorometer. The fluorescence decay profiles at multiple wavelengths were fitted by a global analysis technique. Nanosecond fluorescence kinetics of Trp2, N-tert-butyl carbonyl oxygen-N'-aldehyde group-l-tryptophan-l-tryptophan (NBTrp2), l-tryptophan-l-tryptophan methyl ester (Trp2Me), and N-acetyl-l-tryptophan-l-tryptophan methyl ester (NATrp2Me) exhibit multi-exponential decays with the average lifetimes of 1.99, 3.04, 0.72 and 1.22ns, respectively. Due to the intramolecular interaction between two Trp residues, the "water relaxation" lifetime was observed around 4ps, and it is noticed that Trp2 and its derivatives also exhibit a new decay with a lifetime of ∼100ps, while single-Trp fluorescence decay in dipeptides/proteins shows 20-30ps. The intramolecular interaction lifetime constants of Trp2, NBTrp2, Trp2Me and NATrp2Me were then calculated to be 3.64, 0.93, 11.52 and 2.40ns, respectively. Candidate mechanisms (including heterogeneity, solvent relaxation, quasi static self-quenching or ET/PT quenching) have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hua Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Mengfang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhongneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Sanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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11
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Marcélis L, Ghesquière J, Garnir K, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Moucheron C. Photo-oxidizing RuII complexes and light: Targeting biomolecules via photoadditions. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Ghesquière J, Gauthier N, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Moucheron C, Defrancq E, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photocrosslinking between peptide-peptide or peptide-oligonucleotide by Ru(II)-TAP complexes. Chemistry 2011; 18:355-64. [PMID: 22139993 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II)-TAP complexes have been shown to be very attractive compounds in the frame of developments of new anticancer drugs targeting the genetic material. This increasing interest originates from observations of covalent bond formations, triggered by photo-induced electron transfer (PET) between Ru(II)-TAP complexes and guanine bases of DNA. This photoreaction has recently been extended to the tryptophan (Trp) amino acid for future applications involving peptides. Thus, a double photo-addition of Trp residues of peptides on Ru(II) complexes is demonstrated by mass spectrometry with some structural issues. Such bi-adduct formations offer the possibility of photocrosslinking two Trp-containing biomolecules, which is investigated in this study. Thus, photocrosslinking between two complementary oligonucleotides (ODNs) derivatized by Trp-containing tripeptides is demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of Ru(II)-TAP complexes. Both PAGE and MS indicate that such photocrosslinkings arise from two reaction pathways: either via the double addition of Trp residues on the Ru complex or from dimerization of Trp radicals. The competition between these two pathways depends on the experimental conditions. Heterobridgings between guanine bases and tryptophan residues mediated by Ru(II)-TAP complexes is also examined, opening the way to ODN-peptide photocrosslinkings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ghesquière
- Service de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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