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Li W, Qu F, Liu L, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wang L, Wang C, Wang T. Structure and single-molecule conductance of two endohedral metallofullerenes with large C 88 cage. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13645-13652. [PMID: 37551614 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes are capable of holding peculiar metal clusters inside the carbon cage. Additionally, these display many chemical and physical properties originating from the complexation between the metal clusters and carbon cages, which could be acquired for wide applications. In this study, two metallofullerenes (Ce2O@C88 and Ce3N@C88) with an identical large C88-D2(35) cage, and their molecular structures and single-molecule conductance properties were investigated comparatively. Characterizations of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and DFT calculations were employed to determine the geometries and electronic structures of Ce2O@C88 and Ce3N@C88. These molecules revealed varied energy gaps, structural parameters, vibrational modes, and molecular frontier orbitals. Although the two metallofullerenes have an identical cage isomer of C88-D2(35), their different endohedral clusters can influence their structures and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the single-molecule conductance properties were measured using the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique (STM-BJ). The experimental results revealed that Ce2O@C88 has a higher conductance than Ce3N@C88 and C60. This revealed the cluster-dependent electron transportation as well as the significant research value of metallofullerenes with large carbon cages. These results provide guidance for fabricating single-molecule electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Fayu Qu
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Linshan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Chaofeng Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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2
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Hu S, Zhao P, Li B, Yu P, Yang L, Ehara M, Jin P, Akasaka T, Lu X. Cluster-Geometry-Associated Metal-Metal Bonding in Trimetallic Carbide Clusterfullerenes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11277-11283. [PMID: 35838171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geometry configurations of the metallic clusters play a significant role in the involved bonding nature. Herein, we report the crystallographic characterization of unprecedented erbium-based trimetallic clusterfullerenes, namely, Er3C2@Ih(7)-C80, in which the inner Er3C2 cluster presents a lifted bat ray configuration with the C2 unit elevated by ∼1.62 Å above the Er3 plane. Within the plane, the Er···Er distances for Er1···Er2, Er1···Er2A, and Er2···Er2A are 3.4051(15), 3.4051(15), and 3.3178(15) Å, respectively, falling into the range of the metal-metal bonding. Density functional theory calculations unveil the three-center-one-electron Er-Er-Er bond in Er3C2@Ih(7)-C80 with one electron shared by three metals, and thus, its exceptional electronic structure can be expressed as (Er3)8+(C2)2-@C806-. Interestingly, with the further observation on the geometry configurations of the encapsulated clusters in M3C2@C2n (M = Sc, Y, and Lu) series, we find that the lifted bat ray configuration of the inner cluster is explicitly associated with the formation of the bonding interactions between the inner metals. This finding provides insights into the nature of metal-metal bonding and gives guidelines for the design of the single-molecule magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Pengwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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The Planar Sc3NC Cluster Inside C86 and C88 Fullerenes: A Theoretical Study. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-01977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Shen WQ, Bao LP, Hu SF, Gao XJ, Xie YP, Gao XF, Huang WH, Lu X. Isolation and Crystallographic Characterization of Lu3
N@C2n
(2n
=80-88): Cage Selection by Cluster Size. Chemistry 2018; 24:16692-16698. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Li-Piao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Feng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xing-Fa Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Huan Huang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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5
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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6
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Liu X, Dorn HC. DFT prediction of chromatographic retention behavior for a trimetallic nitride metallofullerene series. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Zhao C, Wang T, Li Y, Meng H, Nie M, Tian J, Wang C. Awaking N-hyperfine couplings in charged yttrium nitride endohedral fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26846-26850. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Charged yttrium nitride endohedral fullerenes show particular N-hyperfine couplings that are sensitive to the outer carbon cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Yongjian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Haibing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Mingzhe Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Jianlei Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
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8
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Zhang J, Stevenson S, Dorn HC. Trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes: discovery, structural characterization, reactivity, and applications. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1548-57. [PMID: 23489255 DOI: 10.1021/ar300301v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of the carbon fullerene allotrope, C₆₀, researchers recognized that the hollow spheroidal shape could accommodate metal atoms, or clusters, which quickly led to the discovery of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). In the past 2 decades, the unique features of EMFs have attracted broad interest in many fields, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, materials chemistry, and biomedical chemistry. Some EMFs produce new metallic clusters that do not exist outside of a fullerene cage, and some other EMFs can boost the efficiency of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging 10-50-fold, in comparison with commercial contrast agents. In 1999, the Dorn laboratory discovered the trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMFs, which consist of a trimetallic nitride cluster and a host fullerene cage. The TNT-EMFs (A₃N@C2n, n = 34-55, A = Sc, Y, or lanthanides) are typically formed in relatively high yields (sometimes only exceeded by empty-cage C₆₀ and C₇₀, but yields may decrease with increasing TNT cluster size), and exhibit high chemical and thermal stability. In this Account, we give an overview of TNT-EMF research, starting with the discovery of these structures and then describing their synthesis and applications. First, we describe our serendipitous discovery of the first member of this class, Sc₃N@Ih-C₈₀. Second, we discuss the methodology for the synthesis of several TNT-EMFs. These results emphasize the importance of chemically adjusting plasma temperature, energy, and reactivity (CAPTEAR) to optimize the type and yield of TNT-EMFs produced. Third, we review the approaches that are used to separate and purify pristine TNT-EMF molecules from their corresponding product mixtures. Although we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate TNT-EMFs in early studies, we have more recently achieved facile separation based on the reduced chemical reactivity of the TNT-EMFs. These improved production yields and separation protocols have allowed industrial researchers to scale up the production of TNT-EMFs for commercial use. Fourth, we summarize the structural features of individual members of the TNT-EMF class, including cage structures, cluster arrangement, and dynamics. Fifth, we illustrate typical functionalization reactions of the TNT-EMFs, particularly cycloadditions and radical reactions, and describe the characterization of their derivatives. Finally, we illustrate the unique magnetic and electronic properties of specific TNT-EMFs for biomedicine and molecular device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Depart of Chemistry, Indiana University−Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Harry C. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Svitova AL, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Gd-Sc-based mixed-metal nitride cluster fullerenes: mutual influence of the cage and cluster size and the role of scandium in the electronic structure. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3368-80. [PMID: 23469831 DOI: 10.1021/ic400049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the cage as well as of the cluster size has been studied in Gd-Sc nitride cluster fullerenes, which have been synthesized and isolated for these studies. A series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88 have been synthesized, isolated, and characterized in detail using absorption and vibrational spectroscopy as well as electrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. Gd-Sc mixed-metal cluster fullerenes in carbon cages different from C80 were described for the first time. A review of their structures, properties, and stability is given. The synthesis was performed with melamine as an effective solid source of nitrogen, providing high fullerene yield and suppressing empty fullerene formation. Substitution of gadolinium by scandium imposes a noticeable influence on the electronic structure of nitride cluster fullerenes as revealed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Zhang J, Bearden DW, Fuhrer T, Xu L, Fu W, Zuo T, Dorn HC. Enhanced Dipole Moments in Trimetallic Nitride Template Endohedral Metallofullerenes with the Pentalene Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3351-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312045t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel W. Bearden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division,
Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United
States
| | - Tim Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Liaosa Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wujun Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tianming Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Harry C. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United
States
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Schiemenz S, Dunsch L. Synthesis, isolation, and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed-metal nitride clusterfullerenes: HoxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1, 2). Chemistry 2012; 18:9691-8. [PMID: 22745152 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) are reported. Two isomers of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were synthesized by the reactive gas atmosphere method and isolated by multistep recycling HPLC. The isomeric structures of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were characterized by laser-desorption time-of-flight (LD-TOF) mass spectrometry and UV/Vis/NIR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. A comparative study of M(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (M=Gd, Dy, Lu, Ho) demonstrates the dependence of their electronic and vibrational properties on the encaged metal. Despite the distinct perturbation induced by 4f(10) electrons, we report the first paramagnetic (13) C NMR study on Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (I; x=1, 2) and confirm I(h) -symmetric cage structure. A (45) Sc NMR study on HoSc(2) N@C(80) (I, II) revealed a temperature-dependent chemical shift in the temperature range of 268-308 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, 101171 Dresden, Germany
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Yang S, Liu F, Chen C, Jiao M, Wei T. Fullerenes encaging metal clusters--clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11822-39. [PMID: 21720619 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clusterfullerenes represent a novel branch of endohedral fullerenes, which are characterized by a robust fullerene cage with metal clusters encaged in its hollow. Since the discovery of nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) in 1999, the family of clusterfullerenes has been significantly expanded within the past decade, with new members including carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs), hydrocarbide clusterfullerenes (HCCFs), oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs), sulfide clusterfullerenes (SCFs), and carbonitride clusterfullerenes (CNCFs). We first present the classification of clusterfullerenes and list all the clusterfullerenes reported to date. For each type of clusterfullerenes, we review in detail their synthesis, separation, intriguing molecular structures and properties. For NCFs, as the first and most important clusterfullerenes, we point out the significance of their discovery and focus on their new synthesis and separation methods as well as the new advances. Finally the potential applications of clusterfullerenes are addressed. We conclude that clusterfullerenes appear to be the fastest growing family of endohedral fullerenes up to now, and emphasize the importance of exploring new structures and chemical functionalizations of clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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