N-Rich Salts of 2-Methyl-5-nitraminotetrazole: Secondary Explosives with Low Sensitivities

Synthesis and detonation characters of 3,4,5-1H-trinitropyrazole and its nitrogen-rich energetic salts

The development of energetic materials is still facing challenges due to the inherent contradiction between energy and sensitivity. Two new nitrogen-rich energetic salts of 3,4,5-1H-trinitropyrazole (HTNP) were synthesized. They are fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR, MS and IR spectroscopy. The DSC and BAM tests were carried out as well. These TNP salts show high thermostability and high positive heat of formation. Their detonation performances were calculated by the EXPLO5 program. Most noteworthy is that DATr salt exhibits superior sensitivity and detonation performance comparable to secondary explosive RDX, making it promising for use as a new-generation green energetic material.

Bisnitramide-Bridged N-Substituted Tetrazoles with Balanced Sensitivity and High Performance

In this study, a simple synthetic strategy for bridged bis(nitramide)-based N-substituted tetrazoles is described. All new compounds were isolated and fully characterized by sophisticated analytical techniques. The structures of the intermediate derivative and two final compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray data. The structures of the intermediate derivative and two final compounds were determined by single crystal X-ray data. Thermostabilities and energetic properties of new bridged bisnitramide-based N-substituted tetrazoles were discussed and compared with known materials.

Tuning the Properties of 5‐Azido and 5‐Nitramino‐tetrazoles by Diverse Functionalization – General Concepts for Future Energetic Materials

5‐Azido and 5‐nitraminotetrazole backbones are established heterocyclic motifs in the research field of energetic materials synthesis. Despite the high energy content of the compounds, the problem with many derivatives is that their sensitivities are far too high. Functionalization of one of the ring nitrogen atoms is the aim of this study to adjust the sensitivity by inserting nitratoethyl, azidoethyl and methyl groups. In this context, derivatives of 2‐(2‐azidoethyl)‐5‐nitraminotetrazoles (2, 2  a–2  d), as well as 1‐nitrato and 1‐azidoethyl substituted 5‐azidotetrazole (7 and 10) and the methylation products of 5‐azidotetrazole (5‐azido‐1‐methyl‐tetrazole, 11 and 5‐azido‐2‐methyl‐tetrazole, 12) were prepared. The obtained nitrogen‐rich compounds were extensively characterized through multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. The structural confinement was checked by X‐ray diffraction experiments. The pure samples (verified by elemental analysis) were investigated regarding their behavior toward friction, impact (BAM methods) and electrostatic discharge as well as heating (DTA and DSC). For all metal‐free compounds the detonation properties were computed with the EXPLO5 code using their density and heat of formation, calculated based on CBS‐4 M level of theory.

Imino-bridged N-rich energetic materials: C4H3N17 and their derivatives assembled from the powerful combination of four tetrazoles

Imino-bridged symmetric N-rich energetic materials with high energetics and good stability.

Effect of multiple oxadiazole rings with nitro and nitramino functionalities on energetic properties: computational analysis of the structure–property relationship

The oxadiazole ring is an essential nitrogen-containing heterocycle and a valuable building block that is used in developing numerous functionalized energetic compounds.

Thermochemistry and Initial Decomposition Pathways of Triazole Energetic Materials

A thorough investigation of the initial decomposition pathways of triazoles and their nitro-substituted derivatives has been conducted using the MP2 method for optimization and DLPNO-CCSD(T) method for energy. Different initial thermolysis mechanisms are proposed for 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3-triazole, the two kinds of triazoles. The higher energy barrier of the primary decomposition path of 1,2,4-triazole (H-transfer path, ∼52 kcal/mol) compared with that of 1,2,3-triazole (ring-open path, ∼45 kcal/mol) shows that 1,2,4-triazole is more stable, consistent with experimental observations. For nitro-substituted triazoles, more dissociation channels associated with the nitro group have been obtained and found to be competitive with the primary decomposition paths of the triazole skeleton in some cases. Besides, the effect of the nitro group on the decomposition pattern of the triazole skeleton has been explored, and it has been found that the electron-withdrawing nitro group has an opposite effect on the primary dissociation channels of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives.

Design and properties of a new family of bridged bis(nitraminotetrazoles) as promising energetic materials

A new family of bridged bis(nitraminotetrazoles) on the basis of the combination of bistetrazoles and the energetic nitramino as well as various linkage groups was designed, and their properties were investigated in detail. Their good performance makes them promising candidates for new environmentally friendly energetic materials.

Novel catenated N6 energetic compounds based on substituted 1,2,4-triazoles: synthesis, structures and properties

1-Amino-3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole (ADNT) was prepared using an efficient N-amination process. Three novel catenated N6 energetic derivatives of ADNT, which contain 1,1'-azobis(3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole) (ABDNT), 1,1'-azobis(3-chloro-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole) (ABCNT) and 1,1'-azobis(3,5-diazido-1,2,4-triazole) (ABDAT), were synthesized from N-amino oxidative-coupling reactions of ADNT. All compounds were fully characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrum, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structure of compound ABCNT was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction showing an extensive conjugated structure. The densities of energetic derivatives ranged from 1.71 to 1.93 g cm-3, and all compounds have positive heats of formation in the range of 774.8 to 2150.8 kJ mol-1. Based on the measured densities and calculated heats of formation, theoretical performance calculations, including detonation pressures (29.6-42.4 GPa) and detonation velocities (8.22-9.49 km s-1) were carried out using the Gaussian 09 program and Kamlet-Jacobs equations, and they compared favorably with those of TNT and RDX. These properties make them potentially competitive as new high energy-density compounds.

Structures and properties of energetic cations in energetic salts

Energetic cations play important roles in energetic performance, which may attribute to the diverse backbones and substituted groups of energetic cations. This review emphasizes the roles of backbones and substituted groups in the energetic performance of energetic salts.

Novel [NF2O]+ and [N3NFO]+-based energetic oxidizers for solid propellants with super high specific impulse

Novel [NF₂O]⁺ and [N₃NF₂O]⁺-based energetic oxidizers show super high specific impulses with high thermal stabilities and synthesis possibilities, which may be used as a potential new generation of solid propellants.

Investigation of the thermal decomposition and stability of energetic 1,2,4-triazole derivatives using a UV laser based pulsed photoacoustic technique

The paper reports PA fingerprint spectra, thermal stability and efficiency as rocket fuel for nitro rich energetic materials labeled as p-Me-DNPT, p-OMe-DNPT and p-NH₂-DNPT using UV 266 nm based pulsed photoacoustic pyrolysis technique between 30–350 °C range.

Two energetic complexes incorporating 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and azole ligands: microwave-assisted synthesis, favorable detonation properties, insensitivity and effects on the thermal decomposition of RDX

The two energetic complexes reported may act as attractive candidates for green propellants.

Insensitive energetic 5-nitroaminotetrazolate ionic liquids

Combustible 5-nitroaminotetrazolate-based energetic ionic liquids with high stability as well as environmentally friendly decomposition gases were prepared and fully characterized.

Synthesis and characterization of a new family of energetic salts based on a guanidinium cation containing a picryl moiety

A series of energetic salts based on a guanidinium cation containing a picryl moiety was successfully synthesized and characterized.

Novel tandem synthesis of bis(μ-NN′-tetrazolate) bridged dinuclear nickel(ii) Schiff base complex via [3 + 2] cyclo-addition at ambient condition

A bis(μ-NN′-tetrazolate) bridged dinuclear nickel(ii) Schiff base complex was synthesized via [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-cyanopyrazine and sodium azide.

Energetic salts prepared from phenolate derivatives

Energetic salts with 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 3 : 1 charge ratios (cation : anion) based on various nitrogen-rich cations and phenolate anions have been synthesized by a straightforward and simple method.

Synthesis and characterization of a new family of energetic salts based on guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality

A new family of energetic salts based on a guanidinium cation containing furoxanyl functionality was synthesized and well characterized.

Synthesis and characterization of new energetic derivatives containing a high nitrogen content moiety and picryl group: a new strategy for incorporating the picryl functionality

The synthesis of new picryl derivatives containing a high nitrogen content moiety from new starting materials are reported.