1
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Fan M, Zhang B, Wang L, Li Z, Liang X, Ai X, Zou X. Germanium-regulated adsorption site preference on ruthenium electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3889-3892. [PMID: 33871491 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A magnesiothermic reduction route has been presented to synthesize phase-pure germanides that are not readily available traditionally. The obtained ruthenium germanide (RuGe) serves as an efficient non-Pt electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, and its intrinsic activity is very close to that of Pt. Our combined theoretical and experimental study demonstrates that the remarkable performance is derived from the germanium-induced change in hydrogen site preference from hollow to efficient Ru top sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China. and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xuan Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xiaoxin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Ding F, Lee JJ, Shan G, Bobev S. One Structure, Two Elements-LuGe 2 Superconductor vs Ordinary Metallic Conductor LuSn 2. A Case Study on How Site-Selective Germanium for Tin Atom Substitution Leads to Modulating of the Charge Distribution. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16853-16864. [PMID: 32970413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of chemically similar elements in a given crystal structure is an effective way to enhance physical properties, but the understanding on such improvements is usually impeded because the substitutions are random, and the roles of the different atoms cannot be distinguished by crystallographic symmetry. Herein, we provide a detailed crystallographic analysis and property measurements for the continuous solid solutions LuGexSn2-x (0 < x < 2). The results show that there is no apparent change of the global symmetry, with the end-members LuGe2 and LuSn2, as well as the intermediate LuGexSn2-x compositions adopting the ZrSi2 type structure (space group Cmcm, Pearson index oC12). Yet, the refinements of the crystal structures from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data show that Ge-Sn atom substitutions are not random, but occur preferentially at the zigzag chain. The patterned distribution of two group 14 elements leads to a significant variation in chemical bonding and charge ordering within the other structural fragment, the 2D square nets, thereby resulting in tuned electron transport. The enhancement is greater than that for the typical Bloch-Gruneisen model and more akin to that for the parallel-resistor model. Magnetization measurements on single crystals show bulk superconductivity in all LuGexSn2-x samples with shielding fractions as high as 90%. Specific heat data confirm the effect to originate from residual metallic tin in the material, indicating that Sn atom substitutions in the 2D square nets cause disruptions of the hypervalent bonding and local anisotropy, which ultimately leads to vanishing of the superconducting state in the end-member LuGe2. This work sheds light on how the complexity in chemical interactions by two different carbon congeners leads to changes in the physical properties and how they can be correlated with the induced charge distribution. These studies also provide a general approach to modulation of charge density and. thus, of emerging physical properties in other classes of intermetallic systems based on the main-group elements of groups 13 to 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity and Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jey-Jau Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guangcun Shan
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & Institute of Precision Mechanics and Quantum Sensing, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Svilen Bobev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Abstract
Abstract
The new samarium germanide SmGe3 is obtained by high-pressure high-temperature synthesis of pre-reacted mixtures of samarium and germanium at a pressure of 9.5 GPa and temperatures between 1073 and 1273 K. SmGe3 decomposes at 470(5) K into SmGe2, α-Sm3Ge5 and a hitherto unknown phase. SmGe3 exhibits a superstructure of the cubic Cu3Au-type. Transmission electron microscopy measurements of crystalline particles and prepared lamellae indicate a high density of defects on the nanoscale. Selected area electron diffraction and elaborate X-ray powder diffraction measurements consistently indicate a 2a
0 × 2a
0 × 2a
0 superstructure adopting space group
F
m
3
¯
m
$Fm\overline{3}m$
with a = 8.6719(2) Å.
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4
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Hübner JM, Akselrud L, Schnelle W, Burkhardt U, Bobnar M, Prots Y, Grin Y, Schwarz U. High-Pressure Synthesis and Chemical Bonding of Barium Trisilicide BaSi₃. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12010145. [PMID: 30621176 PMCID: PMC6337167 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BaSi3 is obtained at pressures between 12(2) and 15(2) GPa and temperatures from 800(80) and 1050(105) K applied for one to five hours before quenching. The new trisilicide crystallizes in the space group I4¯2m (no. 121) and adopts a unique atomic arrangement which is a distorted variant of the CaGe3 type. At ambient pressure and 570(5) K, the compound decomposes in an exothermal reaction into (hP3)BaSi2 and two amorphous silicon-rich phases. Chemical bonding analysis reveals covalent bonding in the silicon partial structure and polar multicenter interactions between the silicon layers and the barium atoms. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate metallic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Maria Hübner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lev Akselrud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Walter Schnelle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Burkhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Hübner JM, Bobnar M, Akselrud L, Prots Y, Grin Y, Schwarz U. Lutetium Trigermanide LuGe 3: High-Pressure Synthesis, Superconductivity, and Chemical Bonding. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10295-10302. [PMID: 30070106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LuGe3 was obtained under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions at pressures between 8(1) and 14(2) GPa and at temperatures in the range from 1100(150) to 1500(150) K. The high-pressure phase is isotypic to DyGe3 and decomposes at ambient pressure and T = 690 K mainly into ( cF8)Ge and LuGe2- x. Chemical bonding analysis of LuGe3 reveals two-center electron-deficient Ge-Ge bonds, multicenter polar Lu-Ge interactions, and lone pairs on germanium. Magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical conductivity measurements indicate transition into a superconducting state below Tc = 3.3(3) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Maria Hübner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Lev Akselrud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Shek CH, Wang Y, Bobev S. On the structures of the rare-earth metal germanides from the series REAl 1-xGe 3 (RE = Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho; 0.6 < x < 0.9). A tale of vacancies at the Al sites and the concomitant structural modulations. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9253-9265. [PMID: 28682416 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of ternary rare-earth metal aluminum germanides with the general formula REAl1-xGe3 (RE = Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho; 0.6 < x < 0.9) have been synthesized by direct fusion of the corresponding elements. Their structures have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction methods. The average structure for all members is a representative of the orthorhombic SmNiGe3-type structure (Pearson symbol oS20, space group Cmmm), where the Al atoms occupy the Ni site, and the deep off-stoichiometry is due to statistical vacancies at this position. Considering long-range ordering of the vacancies, a monoclinic and a different orthorhombic structure, which represent idealized ordered variants, are possible, and the structural evolution depending on the nature of the rare-earth metals and the amount of vacancies at the aluminum site are discussed. Commensurate and incommensurate structural modulations based on these parent structures are also observed by electron diffraction, attesting to the great structural complexity in these systems. Magnetic susceptibility measurements are presented and discussed, along with the results from electronic band-structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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Terpstra T, Hooper J, Zurek E. First principles investigation on how site preference and entropy affect the stability of (EuxM1–x)2Ge2Pb (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) polar intermetallics. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to analyze the factors contributing to the stabilities of a set of recently synthesized quaternary polar intermetallic compounds, (EuxM1–x)2Ge2Pb with M = Ca, Sr, and Ba. Experiments showed that these preferentially crystallized with Pbam (M = Ca) or Cmmm (M = Sr, Ba) symmetry. We systematically explored how the electronic energies of these structures depended on how they were “colored” by the europium/M ions for a wide composition range. It was found that whereas there was very little site preference in the Cmmm structure, the “B” site in the Pbam structure strongly preferred smaller cations. The configurational entropy was also found to play a role in determining which structures might be preferred. However, the experimentally obtained product ratios could only be fully rationalized by the Gibbs free energies of structures containing M:Eu ratios resembling those that were synthesized experimentally. Our results highlight the importance of calculating vibrational contributions to the entropy for realistic structure models (in terms of coloring and composition) to explain product ratios for syntheses carried out at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Terpstra
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
| | - James Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
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Nishikawa T, Fukuoka H, Inumaru K. High-Pressure Synthesis and Electronic Structure of a New Superconducting Strontium Germanide (SrGe3) Containing Ge2 Dumbbells. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7433-7. [PMID: 26171709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We obtained a new strontium germanide (SrGe3) by high-pressure and high-temperature synthesis. It was prepared at 13 GPa and 1100 °C. The space group and cell constants are I4/mmm (No. 139), a = 7.7800(8) Å, c = 12.0561(13) Å, and V = 729.74(17) Å(3). SrGe3 crystallizes in the CaSi3 structure composed of Ge-Ge dumbbells and Sr(2+) ions. SrGe3 is a type II superconductor with a transition temperature of 6.0 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishikawa
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuoka
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kei Inumaru
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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9
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Zurek E, Yao Y. Theoretical Predictions of Novel Superconducting Phases of BaGe3 Stable at Atmospheric and High Pressures. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2875-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zurek
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Yansun Yao
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
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11
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Akselrud L, Wosylus A, Castillo R, Aydemir U, Prots Y, Schnelle W, Grin Y, Schwarz U. BaGe6 and BaGe6-x: Incommensurately Ordered Vacancies as Electron Traps. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12699-705. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Akselrud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aron Wosylus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Castillo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Umut Aydemir
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter Schnelle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Schwarz U, Wosylus A, Rosner H, Schnelle W, Ormeci A, Meier K, Baranov A, Nicklas M, Leipe S, Müller CJ, Grin Y. Dumbbells of Five-Connected Silicon Atoms and Superconductivity in the Binary Silicides MSi3 (M = Ca, Y, Lu). J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13558-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3055194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aron Wosylus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Helge Rosner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter Schnelle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alim Ormeci
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Meier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey Baranov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Nicklas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Leipe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carola J. Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Fukuoka H, Tomomitsu Y, Inumaru K. High-Pressure Synthesis and Superconductivity of a New Binary Barium Germanide BaGe3. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6372-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukuoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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