1
|
Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Excited-state behavior and photoinduced electron transfer of pH-sensitive Ir(III) complexes with cyclometallation (C/N–) ratios between 0/6 and 3/3. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
3
|
Cope JD, Valle HU, Hall RS, Riley KM, Goel E, Biswas S, Hendrich MP, Wipf DO, Stokes SL, Emerson JP. Tuning the copper(II)/copper(I) redox potential for more robust copper-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:1278-1285. [PMID: 33986626 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of copper and 1,10-phenanthroline have been utilized for organic transformations over the last 50 years. In many cases these systems are impacted by reaction conditions and perform best under an inert atmosphere. Here we explore the role the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand plays on the electronic structure and redox properties of copper coordination complexes, and what benefit related ligands may provide to enhance copper-based coupling reactions. Copper(II) triflate complexes bearing 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), ([Cu(phen)2(OTf)]OTf, 1) and oxidized derivatives of phen including [Cu(edhp)2](OTf)2 (2), [Cu(pdo)2](OTf)2 (3), [Cu(dafo)2](OTf)2 (4) were prepared and characterized. X-ray crystallographic data show these related ligands subtly impacted the coordination geometry of the copper(II) ion. Complexes 1-3 had only incremental changes to the redox properties of the copper ions, complex 4 showed a drastically different redox potential affording a remarkably air stable copper(I) complex. These complexes 1-4 were then used to catalyze the C-N bond forming cross coupling between imidazole and various boronic acid substrates, where the increased stability of the copper(I) species in complex 4 appears to better support these CEL cross couplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Cope
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Henry U Valle
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Ruby S Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Kathleen M Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Ekta Goel
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Saborni Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Michael P Hendrich
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, United States
| | - David O Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Sean L Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Joseph P Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Romanova J, Sadik Y, Prabhath MRR, Carey JD, Jarowski PD. Molecular Design of pH-Sensitive Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Luminophores. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4921-4928. [PMID: 31117595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new [Ru(bpy)2X]+ complex ions, where bpy represents bipyridyl ligand and X denotes pyridyl diazolate or pyrazinyl diazolate coordination site, have been computationally designed and synthesized as pH-sensitive molecules. The choice of pyridyl and pyrazinyl moieties allows for the nitrogen content to vary, whereas the influence of the protonation site is quantified by using 1,2-diazolate and 1,3-diazolate derivatives. The absorption and emission properties of the deprotonated and protonated complex ions were characterized by UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as by time-dependent density functional theory. Protonation causes (1) a strong blue shift in the lowest energy 3MLCT → S0 emission wavelengths, (2) a substantial increase in the emission intensity, and (3) a change in the character of the corresponding 3MLCT emitting states. The blue shift in the emission wavelength becomes less pronounced when the nitrogen content in the X-ligand increases and when going from 1,2- to 1,3-diazolate derivatives. The contrast in the emission intensity of the protonated/deprotonated forms is the highest for the complex ion, containing a 2-pyridyl derivative of the 1,2-diazolate. The complex ions are suggested as potential pH-responsive materials based on change in the color and intensity of the emitted radiation. The broad impact of the research demonstrates that the modification of the nitrogen content and position within the protonable ligands is an effective approach for modulation of the pH-optosensing properties of Ru-polypyridyl complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Romanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Sofia "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Blvd. , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | - Peter D Jarowski
- ChemAlive SA , 10 Avenue de la Gare , Lausanne 1003 , Vaud , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghosh K, Elbert KC, Balog ERM, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. A metallo-biopolymer conjugate of elastin-like polypeptide: photoluminescence enhancement in the coacervate microenvironment. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1153-1157. [PMID: 29934674 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An optically active metallo-polymer assembly is demonstrated via conjugation of a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) and a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex. By taking advantage of the phase transition of ELPs in water, photophysical properties of the resultant conjugate are investigated for both phases, below and above the critical transition temperature. Upon coacervation, the luminescence of the metallo-ELP is greatly enhanced as a consequence of local effects on the metal-ligand luminophore. These findings open a possibility to harness the temperature control of stimuli-responsive properties of biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Ghosh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division (MPA-CINT), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Katherine C Elbert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division (MPA-CINT), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Eva Rose M Balog
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division (MPA-CINT), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jennifer S Martinez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division (MPA-CINT), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Institute for Materials Science (IMS), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Reginaldo C Rocha
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division (MPA-CINT), Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Diamines as auxiliary ligands for tuning photophysical and electrochemical properties of Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Yu F, Shen C, Zheng T, Chu W, Xiang J, Luo Y, Ko C, Guo Z, Lau T. Acid–Base Behaviour in the Absorption and Emission Spectra of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Hydroxy‐Substituted Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University 434020 Jingzhou HuBei P. R. China
| | - Chang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University 434020 Jingzhou HuBei P. R. China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions 199 Ren'ai Road 215123 Suzhou China
| | - Wing‐Kin Chu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
- Faculty of Science and Technology Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong 20A Tsing Yi Road Tsing Yi Hong Kong China
| | - Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University 434020 Jingzhou HuBei P. R. China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University 434020 Jingzhou HuBei P. R. China
| | - Chi‐Chiu Ko
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
| | - Zheng‐Qing Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions 199 Ren'ai Road 215123 Suzhou China
| | - Tai‐Chu Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Donnell RM, Sampaio RN, Li G, Johansson PG, Ward CL, Meyer GJ. Photoacidic and Photobasic Behavior of Transition Metal Compounds with Carboxylic Acid Group(s). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3891-903. [PMID: 26901780 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excited state proton transfer studies of six Ru polypyridyl compounds with carboxylic acid/carboxylate group(s) revealed that some were photoacids and some were photobases. The compounds [Ru(II)(btfmb)2(LL)](2+), [Ru(II)(dtb)2(LL)](2+), and [Ru(II)(bpy)2(LL)](2+), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, btfmb is 4,4'-(CF3)2-bpy, and dtb is 4,4'-((CH3)3C)2-bpy, and LL is either dcb = 4,4'-(CO2H)2-bpy or mcb = 4-(CO2H),4'-(CO2Et)-2,2'-bpy, were synthesized and characterized. The compounds exhibited intense metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands in the visible region and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with long τ > 100 ns excited state lifetimes. The mcb compounds had very similar ground state pKa's of 2.31 ± 0.07, and their characterization enabled accurate determination of the two pKa values for the commonly utilized dcb ligand, pKa1 = 2.1 ± 0.1 and pKa2 = 3.0 ± 0.2. Compounds with the btfmb ligand were photoacidic, and the other compounds were photobasic. Transient absorption spectra indicated that btfmb compounds displayed a [Ru(III)(btfmb(-))L2](2+)* localized excited state and a [Ru(III)(dcb(-))L2](2+)* formulation for all the other excited states. Time dependent PL spectral shifts provided the first kinetic data for excited state proton transfer in a transition metal compound. PL titrations, thermochemical cycles, and kinetic analysis (for the mcb compounds) provided self-consistent pKa* values. The ability to make a single ionizable group photobasic or photoacidic through ligand design was unprecedented and was understood based on the orientation of the lowest-lying MLCT excited state dipole relative to the ligand that contained the carboxylic acid group(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M O'Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Guocan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Patrik G Johansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santos AR, Escudero D, González L, Orellana G. Unravelling the Quenching Mechanisms of a Luminescent RuIIProbe for CuII. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:622-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|