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Beagan DM, Rivera C, Szymczak NK. Appended Lewis Acids Enable Dioxygen Reactivity and Catalytic Oxidations with Ni(II). J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12375-12385. [PMID: 38661576 PMCID: PMC11148854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a suite of Ni(II) complexes featuring secondary sphere Lewis acids of varied Lewis acidity and tether lengths. Several of these complexes feature atypical behavior of Ni(II): reactivity with O2 that occurs only in the presence of a tethered Lewis acid. In situ UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that, although adducts are stable at -40 °C, complexes containing 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) Lewis acids underwent irreversible oxidative deborylation when warmed to room temperature. We computationally and experimentally identified that oxidative instability of appended 9-BBN moieties can be mitigated using weaker Lewis acids such as pinacolborane (BPin). These insights enabled the realization of catalytic reactions: hydrogen atom abstraction from phenols and room temperature oxygen atom transfer to PPh3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beagan
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carolina Rivera
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel K Szymczak
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Kavitha C, Subramaniam P. Role of trichloroacetic acid in the catalytic activity of oxovanadium(IV)-salen in the sulfoxidation of phenylmercaptoacetic acids. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Synthesis and molecular structure of half-sandwich ruthenium(II) complexes containing pyrazolyl ligands: Solvent induced geometrical change in κ2-scorpionate supported complex. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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5
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Subramaniam P, Sugirtha Devi S, Anbarasan S. Electrophilic and nucleophilic pathways in ligand oxide mediated reactions of phenylsulfinylacetic acids with oxo(salen)chromium(V) complexes. Polyhedron 2016; 115:164-173. [PMID: 32287835 PMCID: PMC7116920 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of oxidative decarboxylation of phenylsulfinylacetic acids (PSAA) by oxo(salen)Cr(V)+ ion in the presence of ligand oxides has been studied spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile medium. Addition of ligand oxides (LO) causes a red shift in the λ max values of oxo(salen) complexes and an increase in absorbance with the concentration of LO along with a clear isobestic point. The reaction shows first-order dependence on oxo(salen)-chromium(V)+ ion and fractional-order dependence on PSAA and ligand oxide. Michaelis-Menten kinetics without kinetic saturation was observed for the reaction. The order of reactivity among the ligand oxides is picoline N-oxide > pyridine N-oxide > triphenylphosphine oxide. The low catalytic activity of TPPO was rationalized. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents in the phenyl ring of PSAA facilitate the reaction rate. The Hammett plots are non-linear upward type with negative ρ value for electron-donating substituents, (ρ - = -0.740 to -4.10) and positive ρ value for electron-withdrawing substituents (ρ + = +0.057 to +0.886). Non-linear Hammett plot is explained by two possible mechanistic scenarios, electrophilic and nucleophilic attack of oxo(salen)chromium(V)+-LO adduct on PSAA as the substituent in PSAA is changed from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The linearity in the log k vs. E ox plot confirms single-electron transfer (SET) mechanism for PSAAs with electron-donating substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Subramaniam
- Research Department of Chemistry, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur 628 216, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Sugirtha Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Kamaraj College, Thoothukudi 628 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Anbarasan
- Research Department of Chemistry, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur 628 216, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Neu HM, Baglia RA, Goldberg DP. A Balancing Act: Stability versus Reactivity of Mn(O) Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2754-64. [PMID: 26352344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A large class of heme and non-heme metalloenzymes utilize O2 or its derivatives (e.g., H2O2) to generate high-valent metal-oxo intermediates for performing challenging and selective oxidations. Due to their reactive nature, these intermediates are often short-lived and very difficult to characterize. Synthetic chemists have sought to prepare analogous metal-oxo complexes with ligands that impart enough stability to allow for their characterization and an examination of their inherent reactivity. The challenge in designing these molecules is to achieve a balance between their stability, which should allow for their in situ characterization or isolation, and their reactivity, in which they can still participate in interesting chemical transformations. This Account focuses on our recent efforts to generate and stabilize high-valent manganese-oxo porphyrinoid complexes and tune their reactivity in the oxidation of organic substrates. Dioxygen can be used to generate a high-valent Mn(V)(O) corrolazine (Mn(V)(O)(TBP8Cz)) by irradiation of Mn(III)(TBP8Cz) with visible light in the presence of a C-H substrate. Quantitative formation of the Mn(V)(O) complex occurs with concomitant selective hydroxylation of the benzylic substrate hexamethylbenzene. Addition of a strong H(+) donor converted this light/O2/substrate reaction from a stoichiometric to a catalytic process with modest turnovers. The addition of H(+) likely activates a transient Mn(V)(O) complex to achieve turnover, whereas in the absence of H(+), the Mn(V)(O) complex is an unreactive "dead-end" complex. Addition of anionic donors to the Mn(V)(O) complex also leads to enhanced reactivity, with a large increase in the rate of two-electron oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to thioether substrates. Spectroscopic characterization (Mn K-edge X-ray absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies) revealed that the anionic donors (X(-)) bind to the Mn(V) ion to form six-coordinate [Mn(V)(O)(X)](-) complexes. An unusual "V-shaped" Hammett plot for the oxidation of para-substituted thioanisole derivatives suggested that six-coordinate [Mn(V)(O)(X)](-) complexes can act as both electrophiles and nucleophiles, depending on the nature of the substrate. Oxidation of the Mn(V)(O) corrolazine resulted in the in situ generation of a Mn(V)(O) π-radical cation complex, [Mn(V)(O)(TBP8Cz(•+))](+), which exhibited more than a 100-fold rate increase in the oxidation of thioethers. The addition of Lewis acids (LA; Zn(II), B(C6F5)3) to the closed-shell, diamagnetic Mn(V)(O)(TBP8Cz) stabilized a paramagnetic valence tautomer Mn(IV)(O)(TBP8Cz(•+))(LA), which was characterized as a second π-radical cation complex by NMR, EPR, UV-vis, and high resolution cold spray ionization MS. The Mn(IV)(O)(TBP8Cz(•+))(LA) complexes are able to abstract H(•) from phenols and exhibit a rate enhancement of up to ∼100-fold over the parent Mn(V)(O) valence tautomer. In contrast, a large decrease in rate is observed for OAT for the Mn(IV)(O)(TBP8Cz(•+))(LA) complexes. The rate enhancement for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) may derive from the higher redox potential for the π-radical cation complex, while the large rate decrease seen for OAT may come from a decrease in electrophilicity for an Mn(IV)(O) versus Mn(V)(O) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Neu
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Regina A. Baglia
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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Deb T, Jensen MP. Electrophilic alkylation of pseudotetrahedral nickel(II) arylthiolate complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:87-96. [PMID: 25494529 DOI: 10.1021/ic5018328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study is reported for reactions of pseudotetrahedral nickel(II) arylthiolate complexes [(Tp(R,Me))Ni-SAr] (Tp(R,Me) = hydrotris{3-R-5-methyl-1-pyrazolyl}borate, R = Me, Ph, and Ar = C6H5, C6H4-4-Cl, C6H4-4-Me, C6H4-4-OMe, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, 2,4,6-(i)Pr3C6H2) with organic electrophiles R'X (i.e., MeI, EtI, BzBr) in low-polarity organic solvents (toluene, THF, chloroform, dichloromethane, or 1,2-dichloroethane), yielding a pseudotetrahedral halide complex [(Tp(R,Me))Ni-X] (X = Cl, Br, I) and the corresponding organosulfide R'SAr. Competitive reactions with halogenated solvents and adventitious air were also examined. Akin to reactions of analogous and biomimetic zinc complexes, a pertinent mechanistic question is the nature of the reactive nucleophile, either an intact thiolate complex or a free arylthiolate resulting from a dissociative pre-equilibrium. The observed kinetics conformed to a second-order rate law, first order with respect to the complex and electrophile, and no intermediate complexes were observed. In the absence of a mechanistically diagnostic rate law, a variety of mechanistic probes were examined, including kinetic effects of varying the metal, solvent, electrophile, and temperature, as well as the 3-pyrazolyl and arylthiolate substituents. Compared to zinc analogues, the effect of Ni-SAr covalency is also of interest herein. The results are broadly interpreted with respect to the disparate mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapash Deb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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8
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Deb T, Anderson CM, Chattopadhyay S, Ma H, Young VG, Jensen MP. Steric and electronic effects on arylthiolate coordination in the pseudotetrahedral complexes [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-SAr] (Tp(Ph,Me) = hydrotris{3-phenyl-5-methyl-1-pyrazolyl}borate). Dalton Trans 2014; 43:17489-99. [PMID: 25341014 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of several new pseudotetrahedral arylthiolate complexes [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-SAr] (Tp(Ph,Me) = hydrotris{3-phenyl-5-methyl-1-pyrazolyl}borate; Ar = Ph, 2,4,6-(i)Pr3C6H2, C6H4-4-Cl, C6H4-4-Me, C6H4-4-OMe) are reported, including X-ray crystal structures of the first two complexes. With prior results, two series of complexes are spanned, [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-S-2,4,6-RC6H2] (R'' = H, Me, (i)Pr) plus the xylyl analogue [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-S-2,6-Me2C6H3], as well as [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-S-C6H4-4-Y] (Y = Cl, H, Me, OMe), intended to elucidate steric and/or electronic effects on arylthiolate coordination. In contrast to [(Tp(Me,Me))Ni-SAr] analogues that adopt a sawhorse conformation, the ortho-disubstituted complexes show enhanced trigonal and Ni-S-Ar bending, reflecting the size of the 3-pyrazole substituents. Moreover, weakened scorpionate ligation is implied by spectroscopic data. Little spectroscopic effect is observed in the series of para-substituted complexes, suggesting the observed effects are primarily steric in origin. The relatively electron-rich and encumbered complex [(Tp(Ph,Me))Ni-S-2,4,6-(i)Pr3C6H2] behaves uniquely when dissolved in CH3CN, forming a square planar solvent adduct with a bidentate scorpionate ligand, [(κ(2)-Tp(Ph,Me))Ni(NCMe)(S-2,4,6-(i)Pr3C6H2)]. This adduct was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Single-point DFT and TD-DFT calculations on a simplified [(κ(2)-Tp)Ni(NCMe)(SPh)] model were used to clarify the electronic spectrum of the adduct, and to elucidate differences between Ni-SAr bonding and spectroscopy between pseudotetrahedral and square planar geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapash Deb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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9
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Neu HM, Yang T, Baglia RA, Yosca TH, Green MT, Quesne MG, de Visser SP, Goldberg DP. Oxygen-atom transfer reactivity of axially ligated Mn(V)-oxo complexes: evidence for enhanced electrophilic and nucleophilic pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13845-52. [PMID: 25238495 PMCID: PMC4183610 DOI: 10.1021/ja507177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Addition
of anionic donors to the manganese(V)–oxo corrolazine
complex MnV(O)(TBP8Cz) has a dramatic influence
on oxygen-atom transfer (OAT) reactivity with thioether substrates.
The six-coordinate anionic [MnV(O)(TBP8Cz)(X)]− complexes (X = F–, N3–, OCN–) exhibit a ∼5
cm–1 downshift of the Mn–O vibrational mode
relative to the parent MnV(O)(TBP8Cz) complex
as seen by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Product analysis shows that
the oxidation of thioether substrates gives sulfoxide product, consistent
with single OAT. A wide range of OAT reactivity is seen for the different
axial ligands, with the following trend determined from a comparison
of their second-order rate constants for sulfoxidation: five-coordinate
≈ thiocyanate ≈ nitrate < cyanate < azide <
fluoride ≪ cyanide. This trend correlates with DFT calculations
on the binding of the axial donors to the parent MnV(O)(TBP8Cz) complex. A Hammett study was performed with p-X-C6H4SCH3 derivatives and [MnV(O)(TBP8Cz)(X)]− (X = CN– or F–) as the oxidant, and unusual
“V-shaped” Hammett plots were obtained. These results
are rationalized based upon a change in mechanism that hinges on the
ability of the [MnV(O)(TBP8Cz)(X)]− complexes to function as either an electrophilic or weak nucleophilic
oxidant depending upon the nature of the para-X substituents.
For comparison, the one-electron-oxidized cationic MnV(O)(TBP8Cz•+) complex yielded a linear Hammett relationship
for all substrates (ρ = −1.40), consistent with a straightforward
electrophilic mechanism. This study provides new, fundamental insights
regarding the influence of axial donors on high-valent MnV(O) porphyrinoid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Neu
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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10
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New RuII(arene) Complexes with Halogen-Substituted Bis- and Tris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate Ligands. Chemistry 2014; 20:3689-704. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Kaupang Å, Görbitz CH, Bonge-Hansen T. A solid-state oxidation of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium 4-methylbenzenesulfinate to 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:778-80. [PMID: 23832042 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic acid-base complex 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, C5H14N3(+)·C7H7O3S(-), was obtained from the corresponding 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium 4-methylbenzenesulfinate complex, C5H14N3(+)·C7H7O2S(-), by solid-state oxidation in air. Comparison of the two crystal structures reveals similar packing arrangements in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with centrosymmetric 2:2 tetramers being connected by four strong N-H···O=S hydrogen bonds between the imine N atoms of two 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium bases and the O atoms of two acid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Kaupang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Zhu S, Qiu Z, Ni T, Zhao X, Yan S, Xing F, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Li M. Dinuclear complexes of copper and zinc with m-xylene/cyclohexane-linked bis-aspartic acids: Synthesis, characterization, dioxygen activation, and catalytic oxidation of nitrobenzene in pure aqueous solution. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10898-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Kim K, Kishima T, Matsumoto T, Nakai H, Ogo S. Selective Redox Activation of H2 or O2 in a [NiRu] Complex by Aromatic Ligand Effects. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300833m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmok Kim
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kishima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seiji Ogo
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Core Research for
Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi
Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama
332-0012, Japan
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14
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Liang S, Wang H, Deb T, Petersen JL, Yee GT, Jensen MP. Structural and Spectroscopic Trends in a Series of Half-Sandwich Scorpionate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12707-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301409s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Liang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Haoshuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Tapash Deb
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Petersen
- C. Eugene Bennett Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Gordon T. Yee
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael P. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
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15
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Deb T, Rohde GT, Young VG, Jensen MP. Aerobic and Hydrolytic Decomposition of Pseudotetrahedral Nickel Phenolate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:7257-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300551z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapash Deb
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Gregory T. Rohde
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility,
Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor G. Young
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility,
Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael P. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens,
Ohio 45701, United States
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16
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Yoon H, Lee CH, Jeong YH, Gee HC, Jang WD. A zinc porphyrin-based molecular probe for the determination of contamination in commercial acetonitrile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5109-11. [PMID: 22513816 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zinc porphyrin-based receptor containing four triazole groups at the ortho-position of each phenyl group (1) was utilized as a useful probe for the determination of contaminants in acetonitrile (MeCN). Through the simple observation of the absorption spectrum of 1 in MeCN, the cyanide contamination concentration could be directly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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