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Miyamoto S, Nagata K, Yoshimura T. Luminescence Color and Intensity Changes of Nitridorhenium(V) Complexes Induced by Protonation/Deprotonation on the Bidentate Azolylpyridine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17641-17653. [PMID: 37844419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Tricyanidonitridorhenium(V) complexes with azolylpyridines, namely, [ReN(CN)3(H-N2py)]- (1-H, H-N2py = 2-(3-pyrazolyl)pyridine) and [ReN(CN)3(L)]2- (2-a, L = 2-[1,2,3]-triazol-4-yl-pyridine anion (N3py-), and 3-a, that is, L = 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridine anion (N4py-)), were newly synthesized and characterized. The structures of the new complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The 1-H complex includes two geometrical isomers in which an isomer is the conformation with the pyridyl (py) and pyrazolyl (pyrz) moieties of H-N2py occupying the trans site to the nitrido (the ax site) and the trans site to the cyanido (the eq site), respectively, in a bidentate fashion; the other isomer is the py and pyrz moieties coordinated to the eq and ax sites. In 2-a and 3-a, the triazolyl (trz) and tetrazoly (tetrz) moieties in N3py- and N4py- occupy the eq site, and the py moieties in N3py- and N4py- coordinate to the ax site. The complex 1-H is deprotonated upon the addition of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-one or NaOH to produce [ReN(CN)3(N2py)]2- (1-a), and 2-a is protonated upon the addition of p-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH) to give [ReN(CN)3(H-N3py)]- (2-H) in DMSO. The protonation reaction does not occur for 3-a with TsOH in DMSO. All the complexes show one-electron redox waves of the Re(VI)/Re(V) and azolylpyridine ligand-centered processes in 0.1 M (n-C4H9)4NPF6-DMSO. All the complexes exhibit photoluminescence in DMSO and in the crystalline phase at 296 K. The emissive excited states of the complexes in DMSO were assigned to MLCT with a spin triplet nature. The emission band shifts to shorter and longer wavelengths upon protonation and deprotonation of the coordinated azolylpyridines, respectively. The emission color and intensity changes of 2-H and 2-a in the presence of acidic and basic vapors were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Miyamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Liberka M, Zychowicz M, Hooper J, Nakabayashi K, Ohkoshi SI, Chorazy S. Synchronous Switching of Dielectric Constant and Photoluminescence in Cyanidonitridorhenate-Based Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308284. [PMID: 37615930 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Switching of multiple physical properties by external stimuli in dynamic materials enables applications in, e.g., smart sensors, biomedical tools, as well as data-storage devices. Among stimuli-responsive materials, inorganic-organic molecular hybrids exhibiting thermal order-disorder phase transitions were tested as promising molecular switches of electrical characteristics, including dielectric constant. We aimed at broadening the multifunctional potential of such hybrid materials towards the switching of not only electrical but also other physical properties, e.g., light emission. We report two ionic salts based on luminescent tetracyanidonitridorhenate(V) anions bearing two different diamine ligands, 1,2-diaminoethane (1) and 1,3-diaminopropane (2), both crystallizing with polar N-methyl-dabconium cations. They exhibit an order-disorder phase transition related to the heating-induced turning-on of the rotation of polar cations. This leads to a unique synchronous switching of the dielectric constant as well as metal-complex-centered photoluminescence, as demonstrated by changes in, e.g., emission lifetime. The roles of organic cations, non-trivial Re(V) complexes, and their interaction in achieving the coupled thermal switching of electrical and optical properties are discussed utilizing experimental and theoretical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Liberka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Zychowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - James Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Koji Nakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
In molecular photochemistry, charge-transfer emission is well understood and widely exploited. In contrast, luminescent metal-centered transitions only came into focus in recent years. This gave rise to strongly phosphorescent CrIII complexes with a d3 electronic configuration featuring luminescent metal-centered excited states which are characterized by the flip of a single spin. These so-called spin-flip emitters possess unique properties and require different design strategies than traditional charge-transfer phosphors. In this review, we give a brief introduction to ligand field theory as a framework to understand this phenomenon and outline prerequisites for efficient spin-flip emission including ligand field strength, symmetry, intersystem crossing and common deactivation pathways using CrIII complexes as instructive examples. The recent progress and associated challenges of tuning the energies of emissive excited states and of emerging applications of the unique photophysical properties of spin-flip emitters are discussed. Finally, we summarize the current state-of-the-art and challenges of spin-flip emitters beyond CrIII with d2, d3, d4 and d8 electronic configuration, where we mainly cover pseudooctahedral molecular complexes of V, Mo, W, Mn, Re and Ni, and highlight possible future research opportunities.
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Sasaki K, Yoshino H, Kitano J, Le Ouay B, Ohtani R, Ohba M. A Cyanido-bridged Luminescent Coordination Polymer Composed of Janus-type Layers and Its Two-dimensional Negative Thermal Expansion. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Yoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jingo Kitano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Benjamin Le Ouay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ohba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Sasaki K, Yoshino H, Shimoda Y, Saigo M, Miyata K, Onda K, Sugimoto K, Yamate H, Miura H, Le Ouay B, Ohtani R, Ohba M. Guest-Tunable Excited States in a Cyanide-Bridged Luminescent Coordination Polymer. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6140-6146. [PMID: 33853327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The excited-state energy was tuned successfully by guest molecules in a cyanide-bridged luminescent coordination polymer (CP). Methanol or ethanol vapor reversibly and significantly changed the luminescent color of the CP between green and yellow (Δλem = 32 nm). These vapors did not significantly affect the environment around the luminophore in the ground state of the CP, whereas they modulated the excited states for the resulting bathochromic shift. The time-resolved photoluminescent spectra of the CP systems showed that solvent adsorption enhanced the energetic relaxation in the excited states. Furthermore, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy indicated that cyanide bridging in the CP became more flexible in the excited states than that in the ground state, highlighting the sensitivity of the excited states to external stimuli, such as the guest vapor. Overall, guest-tunable excited states will allow the more straightforward design of sensing materials by characterizing the transient excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Yoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuushi Shimoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaki Saigo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Research & Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamate
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Benjamin Le Ouay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ohba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Liberka M, Zakrzewski JJ, Heczko M, Reczyński M, Ohkoshi SI, Chorazy S. Solvent- and Temperature-Driven Photoluminescence Modulation in Porous Hofmann-Type Sr II-Re V Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4093-4107. [PMID: 33656321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A unique family of three-dimensional (3D) luminescent SrII-ReV metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), {[SrII(MeOH)5][ReV(CN)4(N)(bpen)0.5]·MeOH}n [1·MeOH; N3- = nitrido ligand, bpen = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, and MeOH = methanol], {[SrII(MeOH)4][ReV(CN)4(N)(bpee)0.5]·2MeOH}n [2·MeOH; bpee = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene], and {[SrII(bpy)0.5(MeOH)2][ReV(CN)4(N)(bpy)0.5]}n (3·MeOH; bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine), is reported. They are obtained by the molecular self-assembly of Sr2+ ions with tetracyanidonitridorhenate(V) metalloligands, [ReV(CN)4(N)]2-, and pyridine-based organic spacers (L = bpen, bpee, bpy). Such a combination of molecular precursors results in bimetallic SrII-ReV cyanido-bridged layers further bonded by organic ligands into pillared Hofmann-type coordination skeletons. Because of the formation of {ReV-(L)-ReV} moieties providing emissive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states, 1·MeOH-3·MeOH exhibit solid-state room-temperature photoluminescence tunable from green to orange by the applied organic ligand. The most stable MOF of 3·MeOH, based on the alternating {ReV-(bpy)-ReV} and {SrII-(bpy)-SrII} linkages, exhibits three interconvertible, variously solvated phases, methanol-solvated 3·MeOH, hydrated {[SrII(bpy)0.5(H2O)2][ReV(CN)4(N)(bpy)0.5]·0.6H2O}n (3·H2O), and desolvated {[SrII(bpy)0.5][ReV(CN)4(N)(bpy)0.5]}n (3). Their formation was correlated with water and methanol vapor sorption properties investigated for 3·H2O. The solvent content affects the luminescence mainly by tuning the emission energy within the series of 3·MeOH, 3·H2O, and 3. All of the obtained compounds exhibit temperature-driven modulation of luminescence, including the shift of the emission maximum and lifetime. The thermochromic luminescent response was found to be sensitive to the presence and type of solvent in the crystal lattice. This work shows that the construction of [ReV(CN)4(N)]2--based MOFs is an efficient route toward advanced solid luminophores tunable by external stimuli such as solvent or temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Liberka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub J Zakrzewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Heczko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Reczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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7
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Zakrzewski JJ, Heczko M, Jankowski R, Chorazy S. Reversible Humidity-Driven Transformation of a Bimetallic {EuCo} Molecular Material: Structural, Sorption, and Photoluminescence Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:1102. [PMID: 33669754 PMCID: PMC7923019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional molecule-based solids built of metal complexes can reveal a great impact of external stimuli upon their optical, magnetic, electric, and mechanical properties. We report a novel molecular material, {[EuIII(H2O)3(pyrone)4][CoIII(CN)6]}·nH2O (1, n = 2; 2, n = 1), which was obtained by the self-assembly of Eu3+ and [Co(CN)6]3- ions in the presence of a small 2-pyrrolidinone (pyrone) ligand in an aqueous medium. The as-synthesized material, 1, consists of dinuclear cyanido-bridged {EuCo} molecules accompanied by two H-bonded water molecules. By lowering the relative humidity (RH) below 30% at room temperature, 1 undergoes a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation related to the partial removal of crystallization water molecules which results in the new crystalline phase, 2. Both 1 and 2 solvates exhibit pronounced EuIII-centered visible photoluminescence. However, they differ in the energy splitting of the main emission band of a 5D0 → 7F2 origin, and the emission lifetime, which is longer in the partially dehydrated 2. As the 1 ↔ 2 structural transformation can be repeatedly reversed by changing the RH value, the reported material shows a room-temperature switching of detailed luminescent features including the ratio between emission components and the emission lifetime values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.Z.); (M.H.); (R.J.)
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8
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Chorazy S, Zakrzewski JJ, Magott M, Korzeniak T, Nowicka B, Pinkowicz D, Podgajny R, Sieklucka B. Octacyanidometallates for multifunctional molecule-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5945-6001. [PMID: 32685956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Octacyanidometallates have been successfully employed in the design of heterometallic coordination systems offering a spectacular range of desired physical properties with great potential for technological applications. The [M(CN)8]n- ions comprise a series of complexes of heavy transition metals in high oxidation states, including NbIV, MoIV/V, WIV/V, and ReV. Since the discovery of the pioneering bimetallic {MnII4[MIV(CN)8]2} and {MnII9[MV(CN)8]6} (M = Mo, W) molecules in 2000, octacyanidometallates were fruitfully explored as precursors for the construction of diverse d-d or d-f coordination clusters and frameworks which could be obtained in the crystalline form under mild synthetic conditions. The primary interest in [M(CN)8]n--based networks was focused on their application as molecule-based magnets exhibiting long-range magnetic ordering resulting from the efficient intermetallic exchange coupling mediated by cyanido bridges. However, in the last few years, octacyanidometallate-based materials proved to offer varied and remarkable functionalities, becoming efficient building blocks for the construction of molecular nanomagnets, magnetic coolers, spin transition materials, photomagnets, solvato-magnetic materials, including molecular magnetic sponges, luminescent magnets, chiral magnets and photomagnets, SHG-active magnetic materials, pyro- and ferroelectrics, ionic conductors as well as electrochemical containers. Some of these materials can be processed into the nanoscale opening the route towards the development of magnetic, optical and electronic devices. In this review, we summarise all important achievements in the field of octacyanidometallate-based functional materials, with the particular attention to the most recent advances, and present a thorough discussion on non-trivial structural and electronic features of [M(CN)8]n- ions, which are purposefully explored to introduce desired physical properties and their combinations towards advanced multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub J Zakrzewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Magott
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Korzeniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Beata Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dawid Pinkowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Robert Podgajny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Barbara Sieklucka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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9
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Yanagisawa J, Hiraoka T, Kobayashi F, Saito D, Yoshida M, Kato M, Takeiri F, Kobayashi G, Ohba M, Lindoy LF, Ohtani R, Hayami S. Luminescent ionic liquid formed from a melted rhenium(v) cluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7957-7960. [PMID: 32537623 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, non-crystalline coordination materials have been shown to represent a versatile class of functional materials. However, such materials incorporating metal complex clusters have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we demonstrate that a luminescent tetranuclear ReV cluster melts at 489 K, with the cluster structure being maintained in the corresponding supercooled ionic liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yanagisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Hiraoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Takeiri
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan and SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Genki Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan and SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ohba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Leonard F Lindoy
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ryo Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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10
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Nagata K, Otsuji N, Akagi S, Fujii S, Kitamura N, Yoshimura T. Synthesis, Structures, and Photoluminescent Properties of Tricyanidonitridorhenium(V) Complexes with Bipyridine-Type Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5497-5508. [PMID: 32271014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tricyanidonitridorhenium(V) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) derivatives in which the 4 and 4' positions were substituted by X, [ReN(CN)3(X2bpy)]- (X = NMe2, NH2, OMe, Me, Cl, and Br), were newly synthesized and characterized. The structures of the new complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. UV-vis spectra of the complexes in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) showed that the peak maximum wavelengths of rhenium-to-π* bpy-type-ligand charge transfer were in the range of 474-542 nm. Cyclic voltammograms in n-(C4H9)4NPF6-DMSO showed one-electron oxidation and reduction waves corresponding to the Re(VI/V) and X2bpy0/- processes, respectively. The new complexes and [ReN(CN)3bpy]- showed photoluminescence in the crystalline phase at 295 and 80 K and in DMSO at 295 K. The origin of the emission in DMSO was attributed to the triplet nature of the rhenium-to-π* bpy-type-ligand charge-transfer transition. Density functional theory calculations showed that the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals were primarily localized on the dxy orbital of the rhenium and π* orbitals of the bpy-type ligand, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Nagata
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Otsuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Soichiro Akagi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Sho Fujii
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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11
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Luo LJ, Su QQ, Cheng SC, Xiang J, Man WL, Shu WM, Zeng MH, Yiu SM, Ko CC, Lau TC. Tunable Luminescent Properties of Tricyanoosmium Nitrido Complexes Bearing a Chelating O^N Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4406-4413. [PMID: 32154724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported a strongly luminescent osmium(VI) nitrido complex [OsVI(N)(NO2-L)(CN)3]- [HNO2-L = 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)benzoxazole]. The excited state of this complex readily activates the strong C-H bonds of alkanes and arenes (Commun. Chem. 2019, 2, 40). In this work, we attempted to tune the excited-state properties of this complex by introducing various substituents on the bidentate L ligand. The series of nitrido complexes were characterized by IR, UV/vis, 1H NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of five of the nitrido compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these complexes have been investigated. The luminescence of these nitrido complexes in the solid state, in a CH2Cl2 solution, and in a CH2Cl2 solid matrix at 77 K glassy medium clearly shows that these emissions are due to 3LML'CT [L ligand to Os≡N] phosphorescence. The presence of strongly electron-withdrawing substituents in these complexes enhances the LML'CT emission. Our result demonstrates that the excited-state properties of this novel class of luminescent osmium(VI) nitrido complexes can be fine-tuned by introducing various substituents on the bidentate L ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Lun Man
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Ming Shu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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12
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Chatterjee S, Fujimoto MS, Du Y, Hall GB, Lahiri N, Walter ED, Kovarik L. Redox-Based Electrochemical Affinity Sensor for Detection of Aqueous Pertechnetate Anion. ACS Sens 2020; 5:674-685. [PMID: 32028765 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, selective, and in situ detection of pertechnetate (TcO4-) in multicomponent matrices consisting of interfering anions such as the ubiquitous NO3- and Cl- or the isostructural CrO42- is challenging. Present sensors lack the selectivities to exclude these interferences or the sensitivities to meet detection limits that are lower than the drinking water standards across the globe. This work presents an affinity-based electrochemical sensor for TcO4- detection that relies on selective reductive precipitation of aqueous TcO4- induced by a 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol capture probe immobilized on an electrode platform. This results in a direct decrease in the electron transfer current, the magnitude of the decrease being proportional to the amount of TcO4- added. Using this approach, a detection limit of 1 × 10-10 M was achieved, which is lower than the drinking water standard of 5.2 × 10-10 M set by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The proposed approach shows selectivity to the TcO4- anion, allowing detection of TcO4- from a multicomponent groundwater sample obtained from a well at the Hanford site in Washington (well 299-W19-36) that also contained NO3-, Cl-, and CrO42-, without discernably affecting the detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Meghan S. Fujimoto
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yingge Du
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nabajit Lahiri
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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13
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Zakrzewski JJ, Sieklucka B, Chorazy S. Europium(III) Photoluminescence Governed by d 8-d 10 Heterometallophilic Interactions in Trimetallic Cyanido-Bridged Coordination Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1393-1404. [PMID: 31909606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient pathway toward sensitization of red room temperature EuIII emission by the charge-transfer (CT) states related to d8-d10 heterometallophilic interactions achieved by the simultaneous application of tetracyanidometallates of PtII/PdII and dicyanidometallates of AuI/AgI in the construction of a trimetallic d-d-f assembly. The combination of Eu3+, [MII(CN)4]2- (M = Pt, Pd), and [MI(CN)2]- (M = Au, Ag) ions along with 4,4'-bipyridine N,N'-dioxide (4,4'-bpdo) results in four novel isostructural 2D {[EuIII(4,4'-bpdo)(H2O)2][MII(CN)4]}·[MI(CN)2]·H2O (MII/MI = Pt/Au, 1; Pt/Ag, 2; Pd/Au, 3; Pd/Ag, 4) coordination networks. They are built of hybrid coordination layers, based on cyanido-bridged {EuIII[MII(CN)4]}n square grids coexisting with metal-organic {EuIII(4,4'-bpdo)}n chains, with the further attachment of [MI(CN)2]- ions through metallophilic {MII-MI} interactions. This results in dinuclear {MIIMI} units generating an orange emissive metal-to-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MMLCT) state, whose energy is tuned by the applied d8-d10 metal centers. Thanks to these CT states, 1-4 exhibit room temperature red EuIII photoluminescence enhanced by energy transfer from {MIIMI} units, with the additional role of 4,4'-bpdo also transferring the energy to lanthanides. These donor CT states lying in the visible range successfully broaden the available efficient excitation range up to 500 nm. The overall emission quantum yield ranges from 8(1)% for 4 to 15(2)% for 1, with the intermediate values for 2 and 3 relatively high among the reported EuIII-based compounds with tetracyanido- and dicyanidometallates. We found that the sensitization efficiency is equally high for all compounds because of the similar energies of the CT states, while the main differences are related to the observed emission lifetimes ranging from ca. 80 μs for 4 to 120-130 μs for 2 and 3 to ca. 180 μs for 1. This phenomenon was correlated with the energies of the vibrational states, e.g., cyanide stretching vibrations, responsible for nonradiative deactivation of EuIII excited states, which are the highest for the Pd/Ag pair of 4 and the lowest for the Pt/Au pair in 1. Thus, the heaviest pair of PtII/AuI cyanide metal complexes is proven to be the best candidate for the sensitization of room temperature EuIII luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub J Zakrzewski
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - Barbara Sieklucka
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , 30-387 Krakow , Poland
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14
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Sasaki K, Yamate H, Yoshino H, Miura H, Shimoda Y, Miyata K, Onda K, Ohtani R, Ohba M. Vapor switching of the luminescence mechanism in a Re(v) complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12961-12964. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05462c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Re(v) mononuclear complex switches the characters of emissive states by methanol vapor via a single-crystal-to-single-crystal ligand exchange reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamate
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Haruka Yoshino
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuushi Shimoda
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Masaaki Ohba
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
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15
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Abstract
The knowledge on element 43 (Tc) of the periodic table, built over the years through the contributions given by the close relationship between chemistry and nuclear medicine, allowed the development of new and increasingly effective radiopharmaceuticals useful both as perfusion and target specific imaging agents for SPECT (single photon emission tomography). Among the manifold Tc-compounds, Tc(V) nitrido complexes played a relevant role in the search for new technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals, providing efficient labeling procedures that can be conveniently exploited for the design and synthesis of agents, also incorporating small organic molecules or peptides having defined structural features. With this work, we present an overview of four decades of research on the chemistry and on the nuclear medicine applications of Tc(V) nitrido complexes.
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16
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Seike M, Nagata K, Ikeda H, Ito A, Sakuda E, Kitamura N, Shinohara A, Yoshimura T. Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Tetracyanidonitridorhenium(V) Complexes with Five-Membered N-Heteroaromatic Ligands and Photoluminescence-Intensity Change. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21251-21259. [PMID: 31867519 PMCID: PMC6921682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel tetracyanidonitridorhenium(V) complexes with five-membered N-heteroaromatic ligands, (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4L] [L = imidazole (Him) (2), 1-methylimidazole (Mim) (3), and pyrazole (pyz) (4)] and (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4L]·L [L = Him (5) and Mim (6)], were synthesized by the reactions of (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4] (1) with Him, Mim, and pyz, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The complexes 2, 3, 4, and 6 showed intense photoluminescence, with the emission quantum yields (Φem) being 0.65-0.75 in the solid state at 296 K. In contrast, the Φem and τem values of 5 are significantly smaller and shorter, respectively, than the relevant values of 2. The interconversion reactions among 1, 2, and 5 accompanied by large photoluminescence-intensity changes were accomplished by solvent-free reactions and exposure of water. The mechanochemical reaction of 2 with 1 mol equiv of Him in the solid state gave 5. Complex 5 was also obtained by the mechanochemical reaction of 1 with 2 mol equivalents of Him in the solid state. By placing solid of 5 in water, the solid showed intense photoluminescence to give 2. Complex 1 was produced under vacuum at 185 °C from 2 or 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Seike
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagata
- Radioisotope
Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akitaka Ito
- Major
of Molecular Design, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Eri Sakuda
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- Project Research
Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope
Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Project Research
Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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17
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Photochemical nitrogenation of alkanes and arenes by a strongly luminescent osmium(VI) nitrido complex. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Yoshimura T, Nagata K, Shiroyama T, Kino Y, Takayama T, Sekine T, Shinohara A. A luminescent dicyanidonitridotechnetium(v) core with tridentate ligand coordination sites. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16027-16030. [PMID: 30311926 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02935k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel, luminescent technetium complex, [TcN(CN)2bpa] (bpa = bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), with tridentate ligand coordination sites was synthesized and characterized. Photoemission with a maximum wavelength at 666 nm was observed in the solid-state at 296 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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19
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Li Y, Li Z, Hou Y, Fan YN, Su CY. Photoluminescent Phosphinine Cu(I) Halide Complexes: Temperature Dependence of the Photophysical Properties and Applications as a Molecular Thermometer. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13235-13245. [PMID: 30288980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent thermometers have attracted much attention, because of their fast response, high sensitivity, and noninvasive operation, relative to other traditional thermometers. The extensive studies on the temperature-dependent luminescent properties of Cu(I) complexes make this low-cost metal source a promising candidate as a component of thermometers. Herein, we prepared three luminescent phosphinine Cu(I) complexes whose emission lifetimes are precisely dependent on the temperature variations. For practical utilization, sensor films have been fabricated by doping these Cu(I) complexes into the matrices of polyacrylamide. These films not only exhibit excellent linear correlations between the temperature and emission lifetime over the wide range of 77-337 K, but also show high sensitivity (with the best one to -6.99 μs K-1). These are essential factors for the application in luminescent molecular thermometers. Moreover, the emission mechanism for these Cu(I) complexes are rationalized by the combination of experimental and theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yuanfeng Hou
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Fan
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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20
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Ibdah A, Alduwikat S. Thermochemistry and Bond Nature of Oxo and Thio Ligands in Rhenium(V) Catalysts and Rhenium(VII) Intermediates: Density Functional Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Ibdah
- Department of Chemistry Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Salwa Alduwikat
- Department of Chemistry Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
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21
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Chatterjee S, Norton AE, Edwards MK, Peterson JM, Taylor SD, Bryan SA, Andersen A, Govind N, Albrecht-Schmitt TE, Connick WB, Levitskaia TG. Highly Selective Colorimetric and Luminescence Response of a Square-Planar Platinum(II) Terpyridyl Complex to Aqueous TcO4–. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9914-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Amie E. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Matthew K. Edwards
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - James M. Peterson
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stephen D. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Amity Andersen
- Environmental & Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental & Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Thomas E. Albrecht-Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - William B. Connick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Tatiana G. Levitskaia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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