Addition of Nucleophiles to Phosphanido Derivatives of Pt(III): Formation of P–C, P–N, and P–O Bonds

Ring-Opening Reaction of 1-Phospha-2-Azanorbornenes via P-N Bond Cleavage and Reversibility Studies

The reactive P-N bond in 1-phospha-2-azanorbornenes is readily cleaved by simple alcohols to afford P-chiral 2,3-dihydrophosphole derivatives as a racemic mixture. The isolation of the products was not possible due to the reversibility of the reaction, which could, however, be stopped by sulfurization of the phosphorus atom, thus efficiently blocking the lone pair of electrons, as exemplified for 6b yielding structurally characterized 8b. Additionally, the influence of the substituent in the α position to the phosphorus atom (H, Ph, 2-py, CN) on the reversibility of the reaction was studied. Extensive theoretical calculations for understanding the ring-closing mechanism suggested that a multi-step reaction with one or more intermediates was most probable.

Reactivity of a Dinuclear PdI Complex [Pd2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc)2/nPPh3 Catalyst System

[Pd^I₂(μ-PPh₂)(μ₂-OAc)(PPh₃)₂] is the reduction product of Pd^II(OAc)₂(PPh₃)₂, generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)₂’ with two equivalents of PPh₃. Here, we report that the reaction of [Pd^I₂(μ-PPh₂)(μ₂-OAc)(PPh₃)₂] with PPh₃ results in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd⁰(PPh₃)₃] and a phosphinito-bridged Pd^I-dinuclear complex, namely [Pd^I₂(μ-PPh₂){κ₂-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph₂}(κ-PPh₃)₂]. The latter complex is proposed to form by abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism for the formal reduction of a putative Pd^II disproportionation species to the observed Pd^I complex is postulated. Upon reaction of the mixture of [Pd⁰(PPh)₃] and [Pd^I₂(μ-PPh₂){κ₂-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph₂}(κ-PPh₃)₂] with 2-bromopyridine, the former Pd⁰ complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition reaction, while the latter dinuclear Pd^I complex converts slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd₃(μ-X)(μ-PPh₂)₂(PPh₃)₃]X, with an overall 4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous ‘Pd(OAc)₂’/nPPh₃ catalyst system, with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.

Synthesis and crystal structure of [Zn6Br4(C9H18NO)4(OH)4]·2C3H6O2

The complete mol-ecule of the hexa-metallic title complex, namely, tetra-bromido-tetra-μ-hydroxido-hexa-kis-[μ-2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-olato]hexa-zinc(II) acetone disolvate, [Zn6Br4(C9H18NO)4(OH)4]·2C3H6O2, is generated by a crystallographic centre of symmetry. Two of the unique zinc atoms adopt distorted ZnO2NBr tetra-hedral coordination geometries and the other adopts a ZnO3N tetra-hedral arrangement. Both unique alkoxide ligands are N,O-chelating and both hydroxide ions are μ2 bridging. The crystal structure displays an O-H⋯O hydrogen bond between a μ2-OH group and an acetone solvent mol-ecule. The Hirshfeld surface has been calculated and is described.

Stable mixed-valence diphenylphosphanido bridged platinum(ii)-platinum(iv) complexes

The reaction between [NnBu4][(C6F5)2PtII(μ-PPh2)2PtIV(C^N)(I)2] (C^N = κ2-N,C-benzoquinolinate, 1) and (i) bidentate S^S, N^S and O^O anionic ligands or (ii) monodentate S- N- or O-based anionic ligands was studied in order to investigate the factors that may guarantee the stability of Pt(ii),Pt(iv) mixed-valence dinuclear phosphanido complexes. While reactions of 1 with S^S or N^S ligands afforded stable Pt(ii),Pt(iv) species of general formula [(C6F5)2PtII(μ-PPh2)2PtIV(C^N)(L^S)]x- [(L^S)(x-1) = 2-mercaptopyrimidinate (pymS-), 2-mercaptopyridinate (pyS-), dimethyldithiocarbamate (Me2NCS2-), ethyl xanthogenate (EtOCS2-) and 1,2-benzenedithiolate (PhS22-)], the reaction of 1 with the O^O ligand sodium acetylacetonate gave several products, and no pure Pt(ii),Pt(iv) complex could be isolated. The reaction of monodentate ligands such as PhS-, OH- or N3- with 1 led to a stable Pt(ii),Pt(iv) complex only in the case of N3-. The reaction with OH- afforded the Pt(ii),Pt(ii) complex [(C6F5)2PtII(μ-PPh2)(κ2-O,P-μ-O-PPh2)PtII(C^N)]- (8) deriving from reductive coupling of a diphenylphosphanide and an O-donor ligand coordinated to the Pt(iv) centre, while the reaction with PhS- produced the unstable Pt(ii),Pt(iv) complex [NnBu4][(C6F5)2PtII(μ-PPh2)2PtIV(C^N)(PhS)2] (11) that evolved in solution to the Pt(ii),Pt(ii) species [NnBu4][(C6F5)2PtII(μ-PPh2)2PtII(C^N)] (9) by elimination of diphenyldisulfide. Thus, the stability of mixed valence Pt(ii),Pt(iv) phosphanide complexes is affected by several concurrent factors, including the chelating effect of the ligands and the type of ligating atoms.

Double addition of phenylacetylene onto the mixed bridge phosphinito-phosphanido Pt(i) complex [(PHCy2)Pt(μ-PCy2){κ2P,O-μ-P(O)Cy2}Pt(PHCy2)](Pt-Pt)

The reaction of the dinuclear phosphinito bridged complex [(PHCy2)Pt(μ-PCy2){κ2P,O-μ-P(O)Cy2}Pt(PHCy2)](Pt-Pt) (1) with phenylacetylene affords the η1-alkenyl-μ,η1:η2-alkynyl complex [(η1-trans-(Ph)HC[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)(PHCy2)Pt(μ-PCy2)(μ,η1:η2-PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)Pt{κP-P(O)Cy2}(PHCy2)] (4) displaying a σ-bonded 2-phenylethenyl ligand and an alkynyl (μ-κCα:η2) bridge between the platinum atoms. Complex 4 was shown to form in two steps: initially, the attack of the first molecule of phenylacetylene gives the σ-acetylide complex [(PHCy2)(η1-PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)Pt1(μ-PCy2)Pt2(PHCy2){κP-P(OH)Cy2}](Pt-Pt) (5) featuring an intramolecular π-type hydrogen bond between the POH and the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C triple bond; fast reaction of 5 with a second molecule of phenylacetylene results in the oxidative addition of the terminal C-H bond of the second alkyne to Pt1 that, after rearrangements, leads to 4. When left in solution for two weeks, complex 4 spontaneously isomerizes completely to [(PHCy2)(η1-trans-(Ph)HC[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)Pt(μ-PCy2){κ2P,O-μ-P(O)Cy2}Pt(η1-PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)(PHCy2)] (7) displaying a 2-phenylethenyl ligand and a phenylethynyl group both σ-bonded to the metal. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/LACV3P++**//DFT/LACVP* level were carried out to study the thermodynamics of the formation of all considered complexes and to trace the mechanism of formation of the observed products.

Transport and photogalvanic properties of covalent functionalized monolayer black phosphorus

Opposite responses of the transport and photogalvanic properties of the two-probe devices based on covalent functionalized black phosphorus.

31P and 195Pt solid-state NMR and DFT studies on platinum(i) and platinum(ii) complexes

³¹P and ¹⁹⁵Pt solid state NMR spectra on anti-[(PHCy)ClPt(μ-PCy₂)₂Pt(PHCy)Cl] (3) and [(PHCy₂)Pt(μ-PCy₂)(κ²P,O-μ-POCy₂)Pt(PHCy₂)] (Pt–Pt) (4) were recorded under CP/MAS conditions (³¹P) or with the CP/CPMG pulse sequence (¹⁹⁵Pt) and compared to data obtained by relativistic DFT calculations of ³¹P and ¹⁹⁵Pt CS tensors and isotropic shielding at the ZORA Spin Orbit level.

Functional Short-Bite Ligands: Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry, and Applications of N-Functionalized Bis(diaryl/dialkylphosphino)amine-type Ligands

The aim of this review is to highlight how the diversity generated by N-substitution in the well-known short-bite ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (DPPA) allows a fine-tuning of the ligand properties and offers a considerable scope for tailoring the properties and applications of their corresponding metal complexes. The various N-substituents include nitrogen-, oxygen-, phosphorus-, sulfur-, halogen-, and silicon-based functionalities and directly N-bound metals. Multiple DPPA-type ligands linked through an organic spacer and N-functionalized DRPA-type ligands, in which the PPh2 substituents are replaced by PR2 (R = alkyl, benzyl) groups, are also discussed. Owing to the considerable diversity of N-functionalized DPPA-type ligands available, the applications of their mono- and polynuclear metal complexes are very diverse and range from homogeneous catalysis with well-defined or in situ generated (pre)catalysts to heterogeneous catalysis and materials science. In particular, sustained interest for DPPA-type ligands has been motivated, at least in part, by their ability to promote selective ethylene tri- or tetramerization in combination with chromium. Ligands and metal complexes where the N-substituent is a pure hydrocarbon group (as opposed to N-functionalization) are outside the scope of this review. However, when possible, a comparison between the catalytic performances of N-functionalized systems with those of their N-substituted analogs will be provided.

Polynuclear platinum phosphanido/phosphinito complexes: formation of P-O and P-O-P bonds through reductive coupling processes

A mixture of the asymmetric complexes of formula [(RF)2Pt(μ-Ph2PO)(μ-PPh2)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(solv)(solv')] [(1-(solv)(solv')] (solv, solv' = acetone, H2O, CH3CN) has been prepared by reaction of [(RF)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(II)(NCCH3)2] with AgClO4 in CH3CN/acetone. The lability of the Pt-solvent bonds allows the displacement of the coordinated solvent molecules by dppm or Cl(-) and the isolation of the tri- or hexanuclear phosphanido/phosphinito Pt(ii) complexes [(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(dppm)] (2) or [NBu4]2[(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(μ-Cl)2Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(C6F5)2] (as a mixture of the two possible isomers 4a and 4b). Complex 2 reacts with AgClO4 to form the tetranuclear derivative [(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(dppm)Ag(OClO3)] (3), which displays two Pt-Ag donor-acceptor bonds. The mixture of the hexanuclear isomers 4a-4b reacts with Tl(acac) producing the acetylacetonato complex [NBu4][(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(acac)] (5) which, upon reaction with HCl, yields back the mixture of 4a-4b. The reaction of 4a-4b with PPh3 produces [NBu4][(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)(μ-PPh2O)Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(Cl)(PPh3)] (6) as a mixture of isomers with the chloro ligand located syn (6a) or anti (6b) to the PPh2O(-) group. Either the reaction of 6 with AgClO4 or the treatment of 5 with HPPh3ClO4 results in the formation of the species [(C6F5)2Pt(II)(μ-PPh2)2Pt(I)(μ-PPh2OPPh2)Pt(I)(PPh3)] (7) (44 VEC), which can be explained as the consequence of a PPh2O/PPh2 reductive coupling and a rearrangement of ligands in the molecule generating a Pt(ii),Pt(i),Pt(i) compound. All complexes were characterised in the solid state by XRD (only one of the isomers, in the cases of 4 and 6) and in solution by NMR spectroscopy.

Nucleophilicity and P-C Bond Formation Reactions of a Terminal Phosphanido Iridium Complex

The diiridium complex [{Ir(ABPN2)(CO)}2(μ-CO)] (1; [ABPN2](-) = [(allyl)B(Pz)2(CH2PPh2)](-)) reacts with diphenylphosphane affording [Ir(ABPN2)(CO)(H) (PPh2)] (2), the product of the oxidative addition of the P-H bond to the metal. DFT studies revealed a large contribution of the terminal phosphanido lone pair to the HOMO of 2, indicating nucleophilic character of this ligand, which is evidenced by reactions of 2 with typical electrophiles such as H(+), Me(+), and O2. Products from the reaction of 2 with methyl chloroacetate were found to be either [Ir(ABPN2)(CO)(H)(PPh2CH2CO2Me)][PF6] ([6]PF6) or [Ir(ABPN2)(CO)(Cl)(H)] (7) and the free phosphane (PPh2CH2CO2Me), both involving P-C bond formation, depending on the reaction conditions. New complexes having iridacyclophosphapentenone and iridacyclophosphapentanone moieties result from reactions of 2 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and dimethyl maleate, respectively, as a consequence of a further incorporation of the carbonyl ligand. In this line, the terminal alkyne methyl propiolate gave a mixture of a similar iridacyclophosphapentanone complex and [Ir(ABPN2){CH═C(CO2Me)-CO}{PPh2-CH═CH(CO2Me)}] (10), which bears the functionalized phosphane PPh2-CH═CH(CO2Me) and an iridacyclobutenone fragment. Related model reactions aimed to confirm mechanistic proposals are also studied.

Reactions of the unsaturated ditungsten complexes [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(CO)x] (x = 1, 2) with nitric oxide: stereoselective carbonyl displacement and oxygen-transfer reactions of a nitrite ligand

The dicarbonyl complex trans-[W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(CO)2] (Cp = η(5)-C5H5) reacted rapidly with NO (5% in N2) at 273 K to give selectively cis-[W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(NO)2]. In contrast, the analogous reactions of monocarbonyl [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(μ-CO)] yielded either trans-[W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(NO)2] or the nitrito complex [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(ONO)(CO)(NO)] (W-W = 2.9797(4) Å), depending on experimental conditions, with the latter presumably arising from reaction with trace amounts of oxygen in the medium. The stereoselectivity of the above reactions can be rationalized by assuming the participation of 33-electron [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(CO)(NO)] intermediates which rapidly add a second molecule of NO via η(2)-C5H5 intermediates to eventually yield the corresponding dinitrosyls with inversion of the stereochemistry at the dimetal center, as supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The nitrito complex was thermally unstable and evolved through oxygen transfer either to the carbonyl ligand, to yield the above dinitrosyls with release of CO2, or to the phosphide ligand, to give the phosphinito derivative cis-[W2Cp2(μ-OPPh2)(μ-PPh2)(NO)2], depending on experimental conditions. According to DFT calculations, the first process would involve transient dissociation/recombination of the nitrite ligand followed by coupling to carbonyl to give an intermediate with a chelate W{C,N-C(O)ON(O)} ring. Indeed, the nitrite ligand could be easily removed upon reaction of the nitrito complex with Na(BAr'4), but immediate decomposition also took place to render the electron-precise dicarbonyl [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(CO)2(NO)]BAr'4 (W-W = 2.9663(3) Å) as the unique product (Ar' = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2). Attempts to decarbonylate the latter complex photochemically yielded instead the oxo derivatives cis- and trans-[W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(O)(NO)]BAr'4 as the only isolable products (W-W = 2.980(2) and 3.0077(3) Å, respectively).