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Riegel G, Orvain C, Recberlik S, Spaety ME, Poschet G, Venkatasamy A, Yamamoto M, Nomura S, Tsukamoto T, Masson M, Gross I, Le Lagadec R, Mellitzer G, Gaiddon C. The unfolded protein response-glutathione metabolism axis: A novel target of a cycloruthenated complexes bypassing tumor resistance mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216671. [PMID: 38290658 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs remain the reference treatment for gastric cancer (GC). However, the frequency of resistance, due to mutations in TP53 or alterations in the energy and redox metabolisms, impairs the efficacy of current treatments, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic options. Here, we show that a cycloruthenated compound targeting the redox metabolism, RDC11, induces higher cytotoxicity than oxaliplatin in GC cells and is more potent in reducing tumor growth in vivo. Detailed investigations into the mode of action of RDC11 indicated that it targets the glutathione (GSH) metabolism, which is an important drug resistance mechanism. We demonstrate that cycloruthenated complexes regulate the expression of enzymes of the transsulfuration pathway via the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and its effector ATF4. Furthermore, RDC11 induces the expression of SLC7A11 encoding for the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT. These effects lead to a lower cellular GSH content and elevated oxygen reactive species production, causing the activation of a caspase-independent apoptosis. Altogether, this study provides the first evidence that cycloruthenated complexes target the GSH metabolism, neutralizing thereby a major resistance mechanism towards platinum-based chemotherapies and anticancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Riegel
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Orvain
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sevda Recberlik
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Elodie Spaety
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aina Venkatasamy
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Department of Laboratory of Physiological Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsyua Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Murielle Masson
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, CNRS BSC-UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Gross
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "SMART" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Georg Mellitzer
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France; INSERM, UMR 1260, CRBS, Regenerative Nanomedicine, "HERIIT" Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1113, "Streinth" Laboratory, Strasbourg, France.
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Kazek G, Głuch-Lutwin M, Mordyl B, Menaszek E, Kubacka M, Jurowska A, Cież D, Trzewik B, Szklarzewicz J, Papież MA. Vanadium Complexes with Thioanilide Derivatives of Amino Acids: Inhibition of Human Phosphatases and Specificity in Various Cell Models of Metabolic Disturbances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:229. [PMID: 38399444 PMCID: PMC10892041 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the text, the synthesis and characteristics of the novel ONS-type vanadium (V) complexes with thioanilide derivatives of amino acids are described. They showed the inhibition of human protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP1B, LAR, SHP1, and SHP2) in the submicromolar range, as well as the inhibition of non-tyrosine phosphatases (CDC25A and PPA2) similar to bis(maltolato)oxidovanadium(IV) (BMOV). The ONS complexes increased [14C]-deoxy-D-glucose transport into C2C12 myocytes, and one of them, VC070, also enhanced this transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These complexes inhibited gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes HepG2, but none of them decreased lipid accumulation in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model using the same cells. Compared to the tested ONO-type vanadium complexes with 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and substituted benzhydrazides as Schiff base ligand components, the ONS complexes revealed stronger inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, but the ONO complexes showed greater activity in the cell models in general. Moreover, the majority of the active complexes from both groups showed better effects than VOSO4 and BMOV. Complexes from both groups activated AKT and ERK signaling pathways in hepatocytes to a comparable extent. One of the ONO complexes, VC068, showed activity in all of the above models, including also glucose utilizatiand ONO Complexes are Inhibitors ofon in the myocytes and glucose transport in insulin-resistant hepatocytes. The discussion section explicates the results within the wider scope of the knowledge about vanadium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Menaszek
- Department of Cytobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Jurowska
- Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Cież
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzewik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Szklarzewicz
- Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika A Papież
- Department of Cytobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Highlights of New Strategies to Increase the Efficacy of Transition Metal Complexes for Cancer Treatments. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010273. [PMID: 36615466 PMCID: PMC9822110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although important progress has been made, cancer still remains a complex disease to treat. Serious side effects, the insurgence of resistance and poor selectivity are some of the problems associated with the classical metal-based anti-cancer therapies currently in clinical use. New treatment approaches are still needed to increase cancer patient survival without cancer recurrence. Herein, we reviewed two promising-at least in our opinion-new strategies to increase the efficacy of transition metal-based complexes. First, we considered the possibility of assembling two biologically active fragments containing different metal centres into the same molecule, thus obtaining a heterobimetallic complex. A critical comparison with the monometallic counterparts was done. The reviewed literature has been divided into two groups: the case of platinum; the case of gold. Secondly, the conjugation of metal-based complexes to a targeting moiety was discussed. Particularly, we highlighted some interesting examples of compounds targeting cancer cell organelles according to a third-order targeting approach, and complexes targeting the whole cancer cell, according to a second-order targeting strategy.
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Murillo MI, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Targeting of the intracellular redox balance by metal complexes towards anticancer therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:967337. [PMID: 36034648 PMCID: PMC9405673 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.967337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancers is often linked to the alteration of essential redox processes, and therefore, oxidoreductases involved in such mechanisms can be considered as attractive molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, for more than two decades, transition metals derivatives have been leading the research on drugs as alternatives to platinum-based treatments. The success of such compounds is particularly due to their attractive redox kinetics properties, favorable oxidation states, as well as routes of action different to interactions with DNA, in which redox interactions are crucial. For instance, the activity of oxidoreductases such as PHD2 (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein) which can regulate angiogenesis in tumors, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) related to glycolysis, and enzymes, such as catalases, SOD (superoxide dismutase), TRX (thioredoxin) or GSH (glutathione) involved in controlling oxidative stress, can be altered by metal effectors. In this review, we wish to discuss recent results on how transition metal complexes have been rationally designed to impact on redox processes, in search for effective and more specific cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Murillo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ronan Le Lagadec,
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Margaret McCutcheon M, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Bonding in Nitrile Photo-dissociating Ruthenium Drug Candidates --A Local Vibrational Mode Study. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated bonding features 15 ruthenium complexes of the type [Ru(tpy)(L)-(CH3CN)]n+, containing the tridentate tpy ligand (tpy = 2,2':6',2'--terpyridine) and various bidentate ancillary ligands, 12 compounds originally synthesized by Loftus et al. (J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 10291-10299 (2019)) complemented with three additional complexes. The main focus of our work was to relate these local features to the experimental data of Loftus et al. which assess the efficiency of nitrile release in an indirect way via observed quantum yields for ruthenium water association after nitrile release. As a tool to quantitatively assess Ru-NC and Ru-L bonding we utilized the local vibrational mode analysis complemented by the topological analysis of the electron density and the natural bond orbital analysis. Interestingly, the stronger Ru-NC bonds have the greater observed quantum yields, leading to the conclusion that the observed quantum yields are a result of a complex interplay of several processes excluding a direct relationship between QY and Ru-NC or Ru-L bond strengths. We identified the ST splitting as one of the key players and not the Ru-NC bond strength, as one may have thought. In summary, this work has presented a modern computational tool set for the investigation of bonding features applied to nitrile photo-dissociating ruthenium drug candidates forming a valuable basis for future design and fine tuning of nitrile releasing ruthenium compounds, as well as for the understanding of how local properties affect overall experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elfi Kraka
- Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, United States of America
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Binding of ruthenium and osmium at non‑iron sites of transferrin accounts for their iron-independent cellular uptake. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rusanov DA, Zou J, Babak MV. Biological Properties of Transition Metal Complexes with Metformin and Its Analogues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040453. [PMID: 35455450 PMCID: PMC9031419 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely prescribed medication for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of biguanides, which are characterized by a wide range of diverse biological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, cardioprotective and other activities. It is known that biguanides serve as excellent N-donor bidentate ligands and readily form complexes with virtually all transition metals. Recent evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of metformin and its analogues is linked to their metal-binding properties. These findings prompted us to summarize the existing data on the synthetic strategies and biological properties of various metal complexes with metformin and its analogues. We demonstrated that coordination of biologically active biguanides to various metal centers often resulted in an improved pharmacological profile, including reduced drug resistance as well as a wider spectrum of activity. In addition, coordination to the redox-active metal centers, such as Au(III), allowed for various activatable strategies, leading to the selective activation of the prodrugs and reduced off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A. Rusanov
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiaying Zou
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria V. Babak
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (D.A.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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10
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Antitumor Immune Response Triggered by Metal-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: Where Are We? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111788. [PMID: 34834202 PMCID: PMC8620627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes based on transition metals have rich photochemical and photophysical properties that are derived from a variety of excited state electronic configurations triggered by visible and near-infrared light. These properties can be exploited to produce powerful energy and electron transfer processes that can lead to oxygen-(in)dependent photobiological activity. These principles are the basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a clinically approved treatment that offers a promising, effective, and noninvasive complementary treatment or even an alternative to treat several types of cancers. PDT is based on a reaction involving a photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen, which ultimately generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, skin photosensitivity, due to the accumulation of PSs in skin cells, has hampered, among other elements, its clinical development and application. Therefore, these is an increasing interest in the use of (metal-based) PSs that are more specific to tumor cells. This may increase efficacy and corollary decrease side-effects. To this end, metal-containing nanoparticles with photosensitizing properties have recently been developed. In addition, several studies have reported that the use of immunogenic/immunomodulatory metal-based nanoparticles increases the antitumor efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy mediated by anti-PD-(L)1 or CTLA-4 antibodies. In this review, we discuss the main metal complexes used as PDT PSs. Lastly, we review the preclinical studies associated with metal-based PDT PSs and immunotherapies. This therapeutic association could stimulate PDT.
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Gaiddon C, Gross I, Meng X, Sidhoum M, Mellitzer G, Romain B, Delhorme JB, Venkatasamy A, Jung AC, Pfeffer M. Bypassing the Resistance Mechanisms of the Tumor Ecosystem by Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Using Ruthenium- and Osmium-Based Organometallic Compounds: An Exciting Long-Term Collaboration with Dr. Michel Pfeffer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175386. [PMID: 34500819 PMCID: PMC8434532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes have been used to treat cancer since the discovery of cisplatin and its interaction with DNA in the 1960’s. Facing the resistance mechanisms against platinum salts and their side effects, safer therapeutic approaches have been sought through other metals, including ruthenium. In the early 2000s, Michel Pfeffer and his collaborators started to investigate the biological activity of organo-ruthenium/osmium complexes, demonstrating their ability to interfere with the activity of purified redox enzymes. Then, they discovered that these organo-ruthenium/osmium complexes could act independently of DNA damage and bypass the requirement for the tumor suppressor gene TP53 to induce the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, which is an original cell death pathway. They showed that other types of ruthenium complexes—as well complexes with other metals (osmium, iron, platinum)—can induce this pathway as well. They also demonstrated that ruthenium complexes accumulate in the ER after entering the cell using passive and active mechanisms. These particular physico-chemical properties of the organometallic complexes designed by Dr. Pfeffer contribute to their ability to reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis. Taken together, the pioneering work of Dr. Michel Pfeffer over his career provides us with a legacy that we have yet to fully embrace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-8352-5356
| | - Isabelle Gross
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastro-Oncology, 7th Hospital, Shanghai 200137, China;
| | | | - Georg Mellitzer
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Benoit Romain
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Jean-Batiste Delhorme
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Aïna Venkatasamy
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Alain C. Jung
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, 67200 Strasbourg, France; (I.G.); (G.M.); (B.R.); (J.-B.D.); (A.V.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Michel Pfeffer
- CNRS UMR 7177, Institute of Chemistry, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
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Dalla Pozza M, Orvain C, Brustolin L, Pettenuzzo N, Nardon C, Gaiddon C, Fregona D. Gold(III) to Ruthenium(III) Metal Exchange in Dithiocarbamato Complexes Tunes Their Biological Mode of Action for Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:4073. [PMID: 34279414 PMCID: PMC8271683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors have affected the human being since the pharaoh period, but in the last century the incidence of this disease has increased due to a large number of risk factors, including deleterious lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking) and the higher longevity. Many efforts have been spent in the last decades on achieving an early stage diagnosis of cancer, and more effective cures, leading to a decline in age-standardized cancer mortality rates. In the last years, our research groups have developed new metal-based complexes, with the aim to obtain a better selectivity for cancer cells and less side effects than the clinically established reference drug cisplatin. This work is focused on four novel Au(III) and Ru(III) complexes that share the piperidine dithiocarbamato (pipe-DTC) as the ligand, in a different molar ratio. The compounds [AuCl2(pipeDTC)], [Au(pipeDTC)2]Cl, [Ru(pipeDTC)3] and β-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5] have been synthesized and fully characterized by several chemical analyses. We have then investigated their biological properties in two different cell lines, namely, AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinomas), showing significant differences among the four compounds. First, the two gold-based compounds and β-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5] display IC50 in the µM range, significantly lower than cisplatin. Second, we showed that [AuCl2(pipeDTC)] and β-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5]Cl drive different molecular mechanisms. The first was able to induce the protein level of the DNA damage response factor p53 and the autophagy protein p62, in contrast to the second that induced the ATF4 protein level, but repressed p62 expression. This study highlights that the biological activity of different complexes bringing the same organic ligand depends on the electronic and structural properties of the metal, which are able to fine tune the biological properties, giving us precious information that can help to design more selective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalla Pozza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.D.P.); (L.B.); (N.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Christophe Orvain
- Interface Recherche Fondamentale en Cancérologie, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR_S 1113, 3 av. Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Leonardo Brustolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.D.P.); (L.B.); (N.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Nicolò Pettenuzzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.D.P.); (L.B.); (N.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.D.P.); (L.B.); (N.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Interface Recherche Fondamentale en Cancérologie, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR_S 1113, 3 av. Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.D.P.); (L.B.); (N.P.); (C.N.)
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Prosser KE, Xie D, Chu A, MacNeil GA, Varju BR, Kadakia RT, Que EL, Walsby CJ. Copper(II) Pyridyl Aminophenolates: Hypoxia-Selective, Nucleus-Targeting Cytotoxins, and Magnetic Resonance Probes. Chemistry 2021; 27:9839-9849. [PMID: 33878230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the low-oxygen (hypoxic) environments found in many tumours by using redox-active metal complexes is a strategy that can enhance efficacy and reduce the side effects of chemotherapies. We have developed a series of CuII complexes with tridentate pyridine aminophenolate-based ligands for preferential activation in the reduction window provided by hypoxic tissues. Furthermore, ligand functionalization with a pendant CF3 group provides a 19 F spectroscopic handle for magnetic-resonance studies of redox processes at the metal centre and behaviour in cellular environments. The phenol group in the ligand backbone was substituted at the para position with H, Cl, and NO2 to modulate the reduction potential of the CuII centre, giving a range of values below the window expected for hypoxic tissues. The NO2 -substituted complex, which has the highest reduction potential, showed enhanced cytotoxic selectivity towards HeLa cells grown under hypoxic conditions. Cell death occurs by apoptosis, as determined by analysis of the cell morphology. A combination of 19 F NMR and ICP-OES indicates localization of the NO2 complex in HeLa cell nuclei and increased cellular accumulation under hypoxia. This correlates with DNA nuclease activity being the likely origin of cytotoxic activity, as demonstrated by cleavage of DNA plasmids in the presence of the CuII nitro complex and a reducing agent. Selective detection of the paramagnetic CuII complexes and their diamagnetic ligands by 19 F MRI suggests hypoxia-targeting theranostic applications by redox activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Da Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annica Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gregory A MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Bryton R Varju
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Rahul T Kadakia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Charles J Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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14
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Estrada-Montaño AS, Gries A, Oviedo-Fortino JA, Torres-Gutierrez C, Grain-Hayton A, Marcial-Hernández R, Shen L, Ryabov AD, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Dibromine Promoted Transmetalation of an Organomercurial by Fe(CO)5: Synthesis, Properties, and Cytotoxicity of Bis(2-C6H4-2′-py-κC,N)dicarbonyliron(II). Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S. Estrada-Montaño
- Instituto de Quı́mica UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Gries
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - José A. Oviedo-Fortino
- Instituto de Quı́mica UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carolina Torres-Gutierrez
- Instituto de Quı́mica UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Amira Grain-Hayton
- Instituto de Quı́mica UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Longzhu Shen
- University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D. Ryabov
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Quı́mica UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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15
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16
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Licona C, Delhorme JB, Riegel G, Vidimar V, Cerón-Camacho R, Boff B, Venkatasamy A, Tomasetto C, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Rognan D, Freund JN, Le Lagadec R, Pfeffer M, Gross I, Mellitzer G, Gaiddon C. Anticancer activity of ruthenium and osmium cyclometalated compounds: identification of ABCB1 and EGFR as resistance mechanisms. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Switching from ruthenium to osmium reduces sensitivity towards ABCB1 resistance for cyclometalated anticancer drugs.
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17
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King AP, Wilson JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: an arising target for metal-based anticancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8113-8136. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal anticancer agents are rapidly emerging as selective, potent therapeutics that exhibit anticancer activity by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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18
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Park S, Gray JL, Altman SD, Hairston AR, Beswick BT, Kim Y, Papish ET. Cellular uptake of protic ruthenium complexes is influenced by pH dependent passive diffusion and energy dependent efflux. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110922. [PMID: 31775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic vs. hydrophilic properties of three protic ruthenium compounds were studied as a function of pH. Specifically, we measured Log(Do/w) values for [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]2+ complexes (where N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (2A), 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (3A) and 6,6'-dhbp is the diprotic 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine ligand) from pH 4.0 to 8.0. This study allowed us to demonstrate that as the ligand is deprotonated at higher pH values the resulting neutral charge on the complex improves its lipophilic properties. Thus, improved uptake by passive diffusion is expected with protic ligands on Ru(II). Furthermore, cellular studies have demonstrated that passive diffusion is the dominant pathway for cellular uptake. However, metabolic inhibition has also shown that energy dependent efflux reduces the amount of the ruthenium complex (as measured by mean fluorescence intensity) in the cells. These compounds have been shown by fluorescence microscopy to accumulate in the nuclei of cancer cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa). Taken together, this data shows that uptake is required for toxicity but uptake alone is not sufficient. The greatest light activated toxicity appears to occur in breast cancer cell lines with relatively moderate uptake (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) rather than the cell line with the greatest uptake of complex 3A (normal breast cell line MCF-10A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjo Park
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sarah D Altman
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Angela R Hairston
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brianna T Beswick
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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19
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Li Z, Yan H, Liu K, Huang X, Niu M. Syntheses, structures, DNA/BSA binding and cytotoxic activity studies of chiral alcohol-amine Schiff base manganese (II/III) complexes. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Liu J, Lai H, Xiong Z, Chen B, Chen T. Functionalization and cancer-targeting design of ruthenium complexes for precise cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9904-9914. [PMID: 31360938 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful clinical application of the three generation platinum anticancer drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, has promoted research interest in metallodrugs; however, the problems of drug resistance and adverse effects have hindered their further application and effects. Thus, scientists are searching for new anticancer metallodrugs with lower toxicity and higher efficacy. The ruthenium complexes have emerged as the most promising alternatives to platinum-based anticancer agents because of their unique multifunctional biochemical properties. In this review, we first focus on the anticancer applications of various ruthenium complexes in different signaling pathways, including the mitochondria-mediated pathway, the DNA damage-mediated pathway, and the death receptor-mediated pathway. We then discuss the functionalization and cancer-targeting designs of different ruthenium complexes in conjunction with other therapies such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiosensitization, targeted therapy and nanotechnology for precise cancer therapy. This review will help in designing and accelerating the research progress regarding new anticancer ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
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21
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Villota H, Pizarro S, Gajardo F, Delgadillo Á, Cortés-Mancera F, Bernal G. Ruthenium Complex Induce Cell Death in G-415 Gallbladder Cancer Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2019; 51:571-578. [PMID: 31407248 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this work, we present a recently developed ruthenium complex that shows anticancer activity in gallbladder cancer cells. METHODS After the synthesis of the new ruthenium complexes, the antiproliferative, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis activities were evaluated in vitro by the triple assay ApoTox-Glo. Then, the transcription levels of genes related to apoptosis were evaluated by real-time PCR (q-PCR). RESULTS The ruthenium complex, called Ru-UCN3, inhibits the proliferation of gallbladder cancer cells G-415 by means of apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the overexpression of the pro-apoptotic genes Puma, Diablo, and Caspasa-9 together with the repression of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. In addition, we found strong caspase 3/7 activity in the cells at 24 h of the Ru-UCN3 exposure, which was evaluated by the triple ApoTox-Glo assay. CONCLUSION The new ruthenium complexes evaluated had an inhibitory effect on G-415 cells. We think that Ru-UCN3 could be a promising anticancer agent, which should be explored with more in vitro and in vivo assays and probably with the chemical modulation of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Villota
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CáncerLab, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile. .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Aplicadas- GI2B, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, 73 # 76A - 354 vía al volador, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Sebastian Pizarro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile
| | - Francisco Gajardo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile
| | - Álvaro Delgadillo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile
| | - Fabián Cortés-Mancera
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Aplicadas- GI2B, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, 73 # 76A - 354 vía al volador, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Giuliano Bernal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CáncerLab, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile
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22
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Conti L, Bencini A, Ferrante C, Gellini C, Paoli P, Parri M, Pietraperzia G, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Highly Charged Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Effective Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2019; 25:10606-10615. [PMID: 31107567 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study between two novel, highly water soluble, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(phen)2 L'] and [Ru(phen)2 Cu(II)L'] (L and L-CuII ), containing the polyaazamacrocyclic unit 4,4'-(2,5,8,11,14-pentaaza[15])-2,2'-bipyridilophane (L'), is herein reported. L and L-CuII interact with calf-thymus DNA and efficiently cleave DNA plasmid when light-activated. They also possess great penetration abilities and photo-induced biological activities, evaluated on an A375 human melanoma cell line, with L-CuII being the most effective. Our study highlights the key role of the Fenton active CuII center within the macrocycle framework, that would play a synergistic role with light activation in the formation of cytotoxic ROS species. Based on these results, an optimal design of RuII polypyridyl systems featuring specific CuII -chelating polyamine units could represent a suitable strategy for the development of novel and effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrante
- Department of Chemical Sciences and UR INSTM, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Cristina Gellini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Giangaetano Pietraperzia
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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23
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Licona C, Spaety ME, Capuozzo A, Ali M, Santamaria R, Armant O, Delalande F, Van Dorsselaer A, Cianferani S, Spencer J, Pfeffer M, Mellitzer G, Gaiddon C. A ruthenium anticancer compound interacts with histones and impacts differently on epigenetic and death pathways compared to cisplatin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2568-2584. [PMID: 27935863 PMCID: PMC5356824 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are considered as potential replacements for platinum compounds in oncotherapy. Their clinical development is handicapped by a lack of consensus on their mode of action. In this study, we identify three histones (H3.1, H2A, H2B) as possible targets for an anticancer redox organoruthenium compound (RDC11). Using purified histones, we confirmed an interaction between the ruthenium complex and histones that impacted on histone complex formation. A comparative study of the ruthenium complex versus cisplatin showed differential epigenetic modifications on histone H3 that correlated with differential expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes. We then characterized the impact of these epigenetic modifications on signaling pathways employing a transcriptomic approach. Clustering analyses showed gene expression signatures specific for cisplatin (42%) and for the ruthenium complex (30%). Signaling pathway analyses pointed to specificities distinguishing the ruthenium complex from cisplatin. For instance, cisplatin triggered preferentially p53 and folate biosynthesis while the ruthenium complex induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and trans-sulfuration pathways. To further understand the role of HDACs in these regulations, we used suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and showed that it synergized with cisplatin cytotoxicity while antagonizing the ruthenium complex activity. This study provides critical information for the characterization of signaling pathways differentiating both compounds, in particular, by the identification of a non-DNA direct target for an organoruthenium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Licona
- INSERM 1113, Molecular Signaling of the Cell Stress Response and Pathology, Université de Strasbourg, Section Oncologie FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Elodie Spaety
- INSERM 1113, Molecular Signaling of the Cell Stress Response and Pathology, Université de Strasbourg, Section Oncologie FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonelle Capuozzo
- INSERM 1113, Molecular Signaling of the Cell Stress Response and Pathology, Université de Strasbourg, Section Oncologie FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Moussa Ali
- Institut of Chemistry, UMR7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Metal-Induced Synthesis, France
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Olivier Armant
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Germany
| | - Francois Delalande
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département Sciences Analytiques, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département Sciences Analytiques, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département Sciences Analytiques, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Michel Pfeffer
- Institut of Chemistry, UMR7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Metal-Induced Synthesis, France
| | - Georg Mellitzer
- INSERM 1113, Molecular Signaling of the Cell Stress Response and Pathology, Université de Strasbourg, Section Oncologie FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- INSERM 1113, Molecular Signaling of the Cell Stress Response and Pathology, Université de Strasbourg, Section Oncologie FMTS, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Metal-free salan-type compound induces apoptosis and overcomes multidrug resistance in leukemic and lymphoma cells in vitro. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:685-695. [PMID: 29374786 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report on our preclinical findings of a simple salicylic diamine compound (THG 1213) which has yielded exceptional results as a potential chemotherapeutic drug. THG 1213 is an easy to synthesize chiral and metal-free salan compound. METHODS THG 1213 was tested on several leukemia, lymphoma and solid tumor cell lines in vitro. The effects have been studied by LDH release essay, FACS flow cytometry, photometric cell count, immunoblotting, and NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS THG 1213 selectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in leukemia, lymphoma and solid tumor cell lines. Necrosis or effects on healthy leucocytes could not be detected. Apoptosis is induced via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The salan THG 1213 overcomes multidrug resistance in tumor cells and acts synergistically with vincristine and daunorubicin. CONCLUSIONS THG 1213 displays remarkable antitumor properties. In particular, the lack of metallic components of THG 1213 could prove to be beneficial in future clinical trials, as metal-containing drugs are known to show severe side effects.
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26
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Novohradsky V, Yellol J, Stuchlikova O, Santana MD, Kostrhunova H, Yellol G, Kasparkova J, Bautista D, Ruiz J, Brabec V. Organoruthenium Complexes with C^N Ligands are Highly Potent Cytotoxic Agents that Act by a New Mechanism of Action. Chemistry 2017; 23:15294-15299. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jyoti Yellol
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”; Universidad de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca); 30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Olga Stuchlikova
- Institute of Biophysics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 12 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - María Dolores Santana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”; Universidad de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca); 30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Gorakh Yellol
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”; Universidad de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca); 30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 12 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | | | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”; Universidad de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca); 30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
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27
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Zeng L, Gupta P, Chen Y, Wang E, Ji L, Chao H, Chen ZS. The development of anticancer ruthenium(ii) complexes: from single molecule compounds to nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5771-5804. [PMID: 28654103 PMCID: PMC5624840 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is rapidly becoming the top killer in the world. Most of the FDA approved anticancer drugs are organic molecules, while metallodrugs are very scarce. The advent of the first metal based therapeutic agent, cisplatin, launched a new era in the application of transition metal complexes for therapeutic design. Due to their unique and versatile biochemical properties, ruthenium-based compounds have emerged as promising anti-cancer agents that serve as alternatives to cisplatin and its derivertives. Ruthenium(iii) complexes have successfully been used in clinical research and their mechanisms of anticancer action have been reported in large volumes over the past few decades. Ruthenium(ii) complexes have also attracted significant attention as anticancer candidates; however, only a few of them have been reported comprehensively. In this review, we discuss the development of ruthenium(ii) complexes as anticancer candidates and biocatalysts, including arene ruthenium complexes, polypyridyl ruthenium complexes, and ruthenium nanomaterial complexes. This review focuses on the likely mechanisms of action of ruthenium(ii)-based anticancer drugs and the relationship between their chemical structures and biological properties. This review also highlights the catalytic activity and the photoinduced activation of ruthenium(ii) complexes, their targeted delivery, and their activity in nanomaterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
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28
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Ali M, Hamada A, Habbita H, Weckbach J, Orvain C, Gaiddon C, Pfeffer M. Trans-C versus Cis-C thermally induced isomerisation of a terpyridine adduct of cytotoxic cycloruthenated compound. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Deng Z, Gao P, Yu L, Ma B, You Y, Chan L, Mei C, Chen T. Ruthenium complexes with phenylterpyridine derivatives target cell membrane and trigger death receptors-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Biomaterials 2017; 129:111-126. [PMID: 28340357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the communication between metal complexes and cell membrane may provide useful information for rational design of metal-based anticancer drugs. Herein we synthesized a novel class of ruthenium (Ru) complexes containing phtpy derivatives (phtpy = phenylterpyridine), analyzed their structure-activity relationship and revealed their action mechanisms. The result showed that, the increase in the planarity of hydrophobic Ru complexes significantly enhanced their lipophilicity and cellular uptake. Meanwhile, the introduction of nitro group effectively improved their anticancer efficacy. Further mechanism studies revealed that, complex (2c), firstly accumulated on cell membrane and interacted with death receptors to activate extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway. The complex was then transported into cell cytoplasm through transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis. Most of the intracellular 2c accumulated in cell plasma, decreasing the level of cellular ROS, inducing the activation of caspase-9 and thus intensifying the apoptosis. At the same time, the residual 2c can translocate into cell nucleus to interact with DNA, induce DNA damage, activate p53 pathway and enhance apoptosis. Comparing with cisplatin, 2c possesses prolonged circulation time in blood, comparable antitumor ability and importantly, much lower toxicity in vivo. Taken together, this study uncovers the role of membrane receptors in the anticancer actions of Ru complexes, and provides fundamental information for rational design of membrane receptor targeting anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lianling Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan You
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Leung Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chaoming Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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30
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Estrada-Montaño AS, Ryabov AD, Gries A, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Iron(III) Pincer Complexes as a Strategy for Anticancer Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S. Estrada-Montaño
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n; Ciudad Universitaria; 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Alexander D. Ryabov
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Alexandre Gries
- Oncology Section, FMTS; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
- INSERM U1113; 3 avenue Molière 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Oncology Section, FMTS; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
- INSERM U1113; 3 avenue Molière 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n; Ciudad Universitaria; 04510 Ciudad de México México
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31
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Gaiddon C, Pfeffer M. The Fate of Cycloruthenated Compounds: From C-H Activation to Innovative Anticancer Therapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaiddon
- University of Strasbourg; U1113 Inserm; 3 av. Molière 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Pfeffer
- University of Strasbourg; UMR 7177 CNRS; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
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32
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Rico Bautista H, Saavedra Díaz RO, Shen LQ, Orvain C, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R, Ryabov AD. Impact of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes on lactate dehydrogenase activity and cytotoxicity in gastric and colon cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:28-38. [PMID: 27513948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a redox enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells allowing their survival in stressful metabolic tumor environment. Ruthenium(II) complexes have been shown to impact on the activity of purified horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase but the physiological relevance remains unclear. In this study we investigated how ruthenium complexes impact on the activity of LDH in vitro and in cancer cells and performed a comparative study using polypyridine ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1) and its structurally related cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridinato counterpart [Ru(phpy)(bpy)2]+ (2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, phpyH=2-phenylpyridine). We show that the cytotoxicity in gastric and colon cancer cells induced by 2 is significantly higher compared to 1. The kinetic inhibition mechanisms on purified LDH and the corresponding inhibition constants Ki or i0.5 values were calculated. Though complexes 1 and 2 are structurally very similar (one Ru-C bond in 2 replaces one Ru-N bond in 1), their inhibition modes are different. Cyclometalated complex 2 behaves exclusively as a non-competitive inhibitor of LDH from rabbit muscle (LDHrm), strongly suggesting that 2 does not interact with LDH in the vicinities of either lactate/pyruvate or NAD+/NADH binding sites. Sites of interaction of 1 and 2 with LDHrm were revealed theoretically through computational molecular docking. Inhibition of LDH activity by 2 was confirmed in cancer cells. Altogether, these results revealed an inhibition of LDH activity by ruthenium complex through a direct interaction structurally tuned by a Ru-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Rico Bautista
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Longzhu Q Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christophe Orvain
- INSERM U1113, Strasbourg University, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France; Oncology Section, FMTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- INSERM U1113, Strasbourg University, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France; Oncology Section, FMTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alexander D Ryabov
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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33
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Zhou XQ, Li Y, Zhang DY, Nie Y, Li ZJ, Gu W, Liu X, Tian JL, Yan SP. Copper complexes based on chiral Schiff-base ligands: DNA/BSA binding ability, DNA cleavage activity, cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:244-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Khalil G, Orvain C, Fang L, Barloy L, Chaumont A, Gaiddon C, Henry M, Kyritsakas N, Mobian P. Monomeric Ti(iv)-based complexes incorporating luminescent nitrogen ligands: synthesis, structural characterization, emission spectroscopy and cytotoxic activities. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:19072-19085. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel photoluminescent 2,2′-bipyrimidine ligands and their titanium(iv) complexes are cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khalil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Christophe Orvain
- Laboratoire des “Mécanismes moléculaires de la réponse au stress et pathologies”
- Strasbourg
- France
- Département Cancer
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg
| | - Lu Fang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Laurent Barloy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Laboratoire des “Mécanismes moléculaires de la réponse au stress et pathologies”
- Strasbourg
- France
- Département Cancer
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg
| | - Marc Henry
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Pierre Mobian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide
- UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
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35
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Bavireddi H, Vasudeva Murthy R, Gade M, Sangabathuni S, Kikkeri R. Supramolecular metalloglycodendrimers selectively modulate lectin binding and delivery of Ru(ii) complexes into mammalian cells. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10816-10821. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host–guest interactions was used for controlled delivery of the Ru(ii)-glycodendrimers into cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity by reacting with the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madhuri Gade
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune 411008
- India
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36
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Zhao Z, Luo Z, Wu Q, Zheng W, Feng Y, Chen T. Mixed-ligand ruthenium polypyridyl complexes as apoptosis inducers in cancer cells, the cellular translocation and the important role of ROS-mediated signaling. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:17017-28. [PMID: 25087850 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) polypyridyl complexes have emerged as leading players among the potential metal-based candidates for cancer treatment. However, the roles of cellular translocation in their action mechanisms remain elusive. Herein we present the synthesis and characterization of a series of ruthenium (Ru) complexes containing phenanthroline derivatives with varying lipophilicities, and examine their mechanism of anticancer action. Results showed that increasing the lipophilicity of complexes can enhance the rates of cellular uptake. The in vitro anticancer efficacy of these complexes depended on the levels of ROS overproduction, rather than on cellular Ru uptake levels. The introduction of a phenolic group on the ligand effectively enhanced their intracellular ROS generation and anticancer activities. In particular, complex 4, with an ortho-phenolic group on the ligand, exhibited better selectivity between cancer and normal cells in comparison with cisplatin. Notably, complex 4 entered the cancer cells partially through transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis, and then it translocated from lysosomes to the mitochondria, where it activated mitochondrial dysfunction by regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, thus leading to intracellular ROS overproduction. Excess ROS amplified apoptotic signals by activating many downstream pathways such as p53 and MAPK pathways to promote cell apoptosis. Overall, this study provides a drug design strategy for discovery of Ru-based apoptosis inducers, and elucidates the intracellular translocation of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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37
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Arivazhagan C, Borthakur R, Ghosh S. Ferrocene and Triazole-Appended Rhodamine Based Multisignaling Sensors for Hg2+ and Their Application in Live Cell Imaging. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om500948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Arivazhagan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Rosmita Borthakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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38
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Huang H, Zhang P, Yu B, Chen Y, Wang J, Ji L, Chao H. Targeting Nucleus DNA with a Cyclometalated Dipyridophenazineruthenium(II) Complex. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8971-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bole Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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39
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Mitra R, Pramanik AK, Samuelson AG. Seleno‐Nucleobases and Their Water‐Soluble Ruthenium–Arene Half‐Sandwich Complexes: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mitra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~ashoka/
| | - Anup K. Pramanik
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~ashoka/
| | - Ashoka G. Samuelson
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~ashoka/
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