Magnetic Relaxations Arising from Spin–Phonon Interactions in the Nonthermally Activated Temperature Range for a Double-Decker Terbium Phthalocyanine Single Molecule Magnet

Regulating the magnetic properties of seven-coordinated Dy(III) single-ion magnets through the effect of positional isomers on axial crystal-field

Six Dy(III) single-ion magnets (SIMs) [Dy(n-OMe-bbpen)X] were synthesized by a solvothermal reaction with three positional isomers (ortho, meta, and para) of ligands n-OMe-H₂bbpen and dysprosium halides DyX₃, (n-OMe-H₂bbpen = N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-n-methoxybenzyl)-N,N'-bis(2-methylpyridyl)ethylenediamine; n = 3, X = Cl, 1; n = 3, X = Br, 2; n = 4, X = Cl, 3; n = 4, X = Br, 4; n = 5, X = Cl, 5; n = 5, X = Br, 6). Dynamic magnetic measurements revealed that the six complexes possess notably different effective barriers of magnetic reversal: 872.0 K (1), 1210.1 K (2), 137.9 K (3), 602.6 K (4), 907.0 K (5) and 1216.7 K (6). 6 showed the best performance as SIMs among the six Dy(III) complexes. Moreover, the magnetic hysteresis loops of 6 remained open at 21 K. The crystal structures indicate the switching of local symmetry around Dy(III) ion, aroused by the variation in intermolecular interactions and steric effects. This switch is primarily correlated with the distinction of magnetic properties. In addition, ab initio calculations confirmed that the different electrostatic potential around Dy(III) ion stemming from the electronic effect of the OMe-substituted group is another factor leading to the distinction in magnetic properties. This work warns us that when designing ligands for Dy-SIMs, the effect of positional isomerism on magnetic performance must be considered, which is one of the factors that can easily be overlooked.

Coexistence of Spin-Lattice Relaxation and Phonon-Bottleneck Processes in GdIII -Phthlocyaninato Triple-Decker Complexes under Highly Diluted Conditions

Gd³⁺ complexes have been shown to undergo unusual slow magnetic relaxation processes similar to those of single-molecule magnets (SMMs), even though Gd³⁺ does not exhibit strong magnetic anisotropy. To reveal the origin of the slow magnetic relaxation of Gd³⁺ complexes, we have investigated the magnetic properties and heat capacities of two Gd³⁺ -phthalocyaninato triple-decker complexes, one of which has intramolecular Gd³⁺ -Gd³⁺ interactions and the other does not. It was found that the Gd³⁺ -Gd³⁺ interactions accelerate the magnetic relaxation processes. In addition, magnetically diluted samples, prepared by doping a small amount of the Gd³⁺ complexes into a large amount of diamagnetic Y³⁺ complexes, underwent dual magnetic relaxation processes. A detailed dynamic magnetic analysis revealed that the coexistence of spin-lattice relaxation and phonon-bottleneck processes is the origin of the dual magnetic relaxation processes.

Magnetic field and dilution effects on the slow relaxation of {Er3} triangle-based arsenotungstate single-molecule magnets

Triangular {Er₃} cluster containing POM exhibits field-induced two thermally activated relaxation processes. Whereas, the diamagnetic dilution sample indicates slow magnetic relaxation with the QTM being partially suppressed.

In Silico Molecular Engineering of Dysprosocenium-Based Complexes to Decouple Spin Energy Levels from Molecular Vibrations

Molecular nanomagnets hold great promise for spintronics and quantum technologies, provided that their spin memory can be preserved above liquid-nitrogen temperatures. In the past few years, the magnetic hysteresis records observed for two related dysprosocenium-type complexes have highlighted the potential of molecular engineering to decouple vibrational excitations from spin states and thereby enhance magnetic memory. Herein, we study the spin-vibrational coupling in [(Cp^iPr5)Dy(Cp*)]⁺ (Cp^iPr5 = pentaisopropylcyclopentadienyl, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), which currently holds the hysteresis record (80 K), by means of a computationally affordable methodology that combines first-principles electronic structure calculations with a phenomenological ligand field model. Our analysis is in good agreement with the previously reported state-of-the-art ab initio calculations, with the advantage of drastically reducing the computation time. We then apply the proposed methodology to three alternative dysprosocenium-type complexes, extracting physical insights that demonstrate the usefulness of this strategy to efficiently engineer and screen magnetic molecules with the potential of retaining spin information at higher temperatures.

Two Dy(III) Single-Molecule Magnets with Their Performance Tuned by Schiff Base Ligands

To develop new lanthanide single-molecule magnets (SMMs), two new complexes of [Dy₂(MeOH)₂(HL¹)₂(NO₃)₂]·2MeOH (1) and [Dy₆(μ₃-OH)₂(L²)₂(HL²)₂(H₂L²)₂Cl₂(EtOH)₂]Cl₂·3EtOH·CH₃CN (2) were obtained by reacting Dy(NO)₃·6H₂O with 3-amino-1,2-propanediol in the presence of 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde for 1 and by reacting DyCl₃·6H₂O with 1,1-di(hydroxymethyl)ethylamine in the presence of 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde for 2, respectively, in which the Schiff base ligands of 3-(((2-hydroxynaphthaen-1-yl)methylene)amino)-propane-1,2-diol (H₃L¹) and 2-(β-naphthalideneamino)-2-(hydroxylmethyl)-1-propanol (H₃L²) were in situ formed. The two Dy(III) ions in 1 are linked by two O_alkoxy atoms of two (HL¹)^2- ligands to build a dinuclear skeleton. Complex 2 presents a nearly planar hexanuclear skeleton constructed from four edge-shared triangular Dy₃ units with the two peripheral Dy₃ units consolidated by two μ₃-O bridges and the two central Dy₃ units consolidated by one μ₃-O bridge. Obviously, they exhibit a different topological arrangement resulting from the linkage of the Schiff base ligands. Both of them are typical SMMs under zero dc fields, with a U_eff/ k_B value of 34 K for 1 and 40 K for 2, respectively. Multiple processes are involved in the relaxation processes of 1 and 2. The different SMM performances of the two titled complexes reveal a tuning effect of Schiff base ligands through tuning the coordination environments and topological arrangements of dysprosium(III) ions, which is supported by the theoretical calculations.

Two mononuclear dysprosium(iii) complexes with their slow magnetic relaxation behaviors tuned by coordination geometry

We report here two field-induced single-ion magnets of Dy(iii), which present octahedral and pentagonal–bipyramidal coordination geometries, respectively, with their magnetic performances tuned by the coordination geometries of Dy(iii).

Self-Assembly of TbPc2 Single-Molecule Magnets on Surface through Multiple Hydrogen Bonding

The complexation between 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) and 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (NaPy) is used to promote the mild chemisorption of a UPy-functionalized terbium(III) double decker system on a silicon surface. The adopted strategy allows the single-molecule magnet behavior of the system to be maintained unaltered on the surface.

Tm(iii) complexes undergoing slow relaxation of magnetization: exchange coupling and aging effects

The present study focuses on the dynamic magnetic behaviour of exchange coupled 3d-4f complexes containing the scarcely investigated non-Kramers Tm³⁺ center, the 3d metal ions being either the low-spin Fe³⁺ (1) or the diamagnetic Co³⁺ (2) ion. Both complexes display field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization. The field and temperature dependences of the relaxation rate provided indication of relevant contributions from quantum tunnelling, direct, Orbach and Raman processes, with only minor effects from exchange coupling interactions. Furthermore, the aged sample of 2 exhibited an additional relaxation process, possibly due to structural modifications accompanied by solvent loss, highlighting the importance of a careful consideration of this factor when analysing the magnetization dynamics in solvated systems.

Dinuclear dysprosium SMMs bridged by a neutral bipyrimidine ligand: two crystal systems that depend on different lattice solvents lead to a distinct slow relaxation behaviour

Two dinuclear dysprosium complexes with the Dy(iii) ions bridged by the neutral bipyrimidine (BPYM) ligand were synthesized and magnetically characterized. They crystallized in a monoclinic and triclinic crystal system, respectively, with almost the same structural core, only differing in the lattice solvent molecules. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements revealed that they exhibit significant slow relaxation of magnetization until 25 K in the absence of a dc field. The single and double relaxation processes were assigned to one and two types of Dy(iii) environments in the two dimmers, respectively, with barriers of 266 and 345 K under zero field conditions. The magnetic hysteresis loops of 1 and 2 were both observed up to 2.5 K.

Relaxation Dynamics and Magnetic Anisotropy in a Low-Symmetry Dy(III) Complex

The magnetic behaviour of a Dy(LH)3 complex (LH(-) is the anion of 2-hydroxy-N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzhydrazide) was analysed in depth from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Cantilever torque magnetometry indicated that the complex has Ising-type anisotropy, and provided two possible directions for the easy axis of anisotropy due to the presence of two magnetically non-equivalent molecules in the crystal. Ab initio calculations confirmed the strong Ising-type anisotropy and disentangled the two possible orientations. The computed results obtained by using ab initio calculations were then used to rationalise the composite dynamic behaviour observed for both pure Dy(III) phase and Y(III) diluted phase, which showed two different relaxation channels in zero and non-zero static magnetic fields. In particular, we showed that the relaxation behaviour at the higher temperature range can be correctly reproduced by using a master matrix approach, which suggests that Orbach relaxation is occurring through a second excited doublet.

Magnetothermal properties of (octakis-trifluoromethylphenyltetraazaporphinato)manganese(III) acetate in aqueous suspension

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE), heat capacity, and magnetization thermodynamic parameters of the high-spin (octakis-trifluoromethylphenyltetraazaporphinato)manganese(III) acetate, (AcO)MnTAP(3-CF3C6H[Formula: see text], in a 1% aqueous suspension were determined by means of microcalorimetric method at 275–320 K in magnetic fields of 0.1–1.0 T. The conditions are comparable with those used with (octakis(3-tert-butylphenyl)tetraazaporphinato)manganese(III) acetate, (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphinato)manganese(III) chloride and (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(III) chloride, acetate or bromide studied earlier. Paramagnetic properties were found in high-disperse particles of complexes, positive MCE values were obtained. As paramagnets, these complexes exhibit a big magnetocaloric effect (up to 0.85 K when the magnetic induction is changed from 0 to 1 T) at temperatures close to room, what could be employed for cooling in home and industrial refrigerators and hyperthermia in cancer diagnostics and therapy. MCE sensitivity to the nature and electronic structure of the aromatic macrocycle was discussed. The specific heat capacity of the complex depended on the temperature was obtained. Effect of magnetic field on the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity for (AcO)MnTAP(3-CF3C6H[Formula: see text] practically is not visible.

New sandwich-type lanthanide complexes based on closed-macrocyclic Schiff base and phthalocyanine molecules

Two new sandwich-type lanthanide complexes simultaneously containing closed-macrocyclic Schiff base and phthalocyanine molecules were synthesized and structurally characterized. The magnetic studies reveal the corresponding dysprosium complex behaves as a typical SMM.

Molecular lanthanide single-ion magnets: from bulk to submonolayers

Single-ion magnets (SIMs) are mononuclear molecular complexes exhibiting slow relaxation of magnetization. They are currently attracting a lot of interest because of potential applications in spintronics and quantum information processing. However, exploiting SIMs in, e.g. molecule-inorganic hybrid devices requires a fundamental understanding of the effects of molecule-substrate interactions on the SIM magnetic properties. In this review the properties of lanthanide SIMs in the bulk crystalline phase and deposited on surfaces in the (sub)monolayer regime are discussed. As a starting point trivalent lanthanide ions in a ligand field will be described, and the challenges in characterizing the ligand field are illustrated with a focus on several spectroscopic techniques which are able to give direct information on the ligand-field split energy levels. Moreover, the dominant mechanisms of magnetization relaxation in the bulk phase are discussed followed by an overview of SIMs relevant for surface deposition. Further, a short introduction will be given on x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and scanning tunneling microscopy. Finally, the recent experiments on surface-deposited SIMs will be reviewed, along with a discussion of future perspectives.

Effects of f-f interactions on the single-molecule magnet properties of terbium(III)-phthalocyaninato quintuple-decker complexes

Single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties of terbium(III)-phthalocyaninato quintuple-decker complex TbCdCdTb were studied and were compared with those of other multiple-decker complexes (triple-decker: TbTb, quadruple-decker: TbCdTb) to elucidate the relationship between magnetic dipole interactions and SMM properties. From X-ray crystallography performed with synchrotron radiation, the Tb(III)-Tb(III) distance in TbCdCdTb was determined to be 9.883 Å. From alternating current magnetic studies on TbCdCdTb, the activation energy for spin reversal (Δ) increased with an increase in the direct current magnetic field (Hdc). This behavior is similar to that of TbCdTb, although the increase in Δ for TbCdTb is smaller. On the other hand, for TbTb, which has shortest Tb(III)-Tb(III) distance, Δ did not depend on Hdc, indicating that there is a correlation between SMM properties and the strength of the Tb(III)-Tb(III) interactions. By comparing the Zeeman diagrams for multiple-decker complexes, we found that the Tb(III)-Tb(III) interactions affected the magnetic field regions where quantum tunnelling of the magnetization was active. The results obtained from Zeeman diagrams are consistent with the results obtained from the magnetic studies.

Pentanuclear [2.2] spirocyclic lanthanide(iii) complexes: slow magnetic relaxation of the DyIII analogue

A series of [2.2] spirocyclic complexes [Ln₅(LH)₄(η¹-Piv)(η²-Piv)₃(μ₂–η² η¹Piv)₂(H₂O)]·Cl (Ln = Dy^III, Tb^III and Ho^III) were synthesized. Magnetic analysis reveals that the Dy^III analogue showed slow relaxation of magnetization.

Syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of homodinuclear lanthanide complexes based on dinucleating Schiff base ligands

Two series of homodinuclear lanthanide(iii) complexes were synthesized and characterized. Magnetic studies reveal the weakly antiferromagnetic coupling between paramagnetic Ln ions and enhanced relaxation of magnetization for Dy₂ complexes.

Magnetism of linear [Ln3](9+) oxo-bridged clusters (Ln = Pr, Nd) supported inside a [R3PR'](+) phosphonium coordination material

Two new isostructural phosphine coordination materials, Ln-PCM-21 (Ln = Pr, Nd), have been obtained using a tris(p-carboxylated) methyltriphenylphosphonium ligand that is formally dianionic when triply deprotonated, allowing access to materials based on uncommon metal-to-ligand ratios. The polymers of the formula [Ln3(mptbc)4]X·solv (X = Cl(-), NO3(-)) are cationic and contain unusual, linear oxo-bridged [Ln3](9+) clusters. Magnetic susceptibility data for both the Pr and Nd analogues has been compared to models based on three contrasting approaches.