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Yadav S, Gupta R. Hydration of Nitriles Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes: Role of Dihydrogen Bonding Interactions in Promoting Base-Free Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15463-15474. [PMID: 36137300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes of amide-phosphine-based tridentate ligands additionally containing pyridine, isoquinoline, and quinoline rings have been synthesized, and their catalytic utility for the selective hydration of nitriles to amides is explored under the base-containing as well as base-free conditions. The chloride-ligated complexes 1-3 exhibited significant catalytic activity in the presence of a base, whereas hydride-ligated complexes 4-6 carried out the hydration of nitrile without the requirement of any base. The mechanistic studies revealed the involvement of [Ru-H] species as the active catalyst in the catalytic cycle. The [Ru-H] species assisted in the polarization of an incoming water molecule through [Ru-H···H-OH] dihydrogen bonding interaction and consequently aided in the attack of a positioned water molecule to a nitrile coordinated to a ruthenium center. Substrate binding studies and kinetic experiments further supported the mechanism. A wide variety of aromatic nitriles containing both electron-withdrawing and electron-releasing groups as well as other substrates including aliphatic nitriles, base-sensitive nitriles, and a few biologically relevant nitriles were employed for the selective hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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2
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Glueck DS. Intramolecular attack on coordinated nitriles: metallacycle intermediates in catalytic hydration and beyond. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15953-15960. [PMID: 34643205 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydration of nitriles is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrile hydratase, with iron or cobalt active sites, and by a variety of synthetic metal complexes. This Perspective focuses on parallels between the reaction mechanism of the enzyme and a class of particularly active catalysts bearing secondary phosphine oxide (SPO) ligands. In both cases, the key catalytic step was proposed to be intramolecular attack on a coordinated nitrile, with either an S-OH or S-O- (enzyme) or a P-OH (synthetic) nucleophile. Attack of water on the heteroatom (S or P) in the resulting metallacycle and proton transfer yields the amide and regenerates the catalyst. Evidence for this mechanism, its relevance to the formation of related metallacycles, and its potential for design of more active catalysts for nitrile hydration is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Glueck
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA.
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3
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Monsour CG, Decosto CM, Tafolla-Aguirre BJ, Morales LA, Selke M. Singlet Oxygen Generation, Quenching, and Reactivity with Metal Thiolates. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1219-1240. [PMID: 34242405 DOI: 10.1111/php.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal thiolate complexes can act as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen, quenchers of singlet oxygen, and they may undergo chemical reactions with singlet oxygen leading to oxidized thiolate ligands. This review covers all of the chemical reactions of thiolate ligands with singlet oxygen (through early 2021). Since some of these reactions are self-sensitized photooxidations, singlet oxygen generation by metal complexes is also discussed. Mechanistic features such as the effects of protic vs. aprotic conditions are presented and compared with the comparatively well-understood photooxidation of organic sulfides. In general, the total rate of singlet oxygen removal correlates with the nucleophilicity of the thiolate ligand which in turn can be influenced by the metal. Some interesting patterns of reactivity have been noted as a result of this survey: Metal thiolate complexes bearing arylthiolate ligands appear to exclusively produce sulfinate (metal-bound sulfone) products upon reaction with singlet oxygen. In contrast, metal thiolate complexes bearing alkylthiolate ligands may produce sulfinate and/or sulfenate (metal-bound sulfoxide) products. Several mechanistic pathways have been proposed for these reactions, but the exact nature of any intermediates remains unknown at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Monsour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles
| | - Cassandra M Decosto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles
| | | | - Luis A Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles
| | - Matthias Selke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles
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Yano T, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Ikeda T, Shibayama T, Kajita Y, Inomata T, Funahashi Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Co(III) Complexes with N 2S 3-Type Ligands as Structural/Functional Models for the Isocyanide Hydrolysis Reaction Catalyzed by Nitrile Hydratase. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4277-4290. [PMID: 29582997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been before reported that, in addition to hydration of nitriles, the Fe-type nitrile hydratase (NHase) also catalyzes the hydrolysis of tert-butylisocyanide ( tBuNC). In order to investigate the unique isocyanide hydrolysis by NHase, we prepared three related Co(III) model complexes, PPh4[Co(L)] (1), PPh4[Co(L-O3)] (2), and PPh4[Co(L-O4)] (3), where L is bis( N-(2-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl)aminopropyl)sulfide. The suffixes L-O3 and L-O4 indicate ligands with a sulfenate and a sulfinate and with two sulfinates, respectively, instead of the two thiolates of L. The X-ray analyses of 1 and 3 reveal trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal structures, respectively. Complex 2, however, has five-coordinate trigonal-bipyramidal geometry with η2-type S-O coordination by a sulfenyl group. Addition of tBuNC to 1, 2, and 3 induces an absorption spectral change as a result of formation of an octahedral Co(III) complex. This interpretation is also supported by the crystal structures of PPh4[Co(L-O4)( tBuNC)] (4) and (PPh4)2[Co(L-O4)(CN)] (5). A water molecule interacts with 3 but cannot be activated as reported previously, as demonstrated by the lack of absorption spectral change in the pH range of 5.5-10.2. Interestingly, the coordinated tBuNC is hydrolyzed by 2 and 3 at pH 10.2 to produce tBuNH2 and CO molecule, but 1 does not react. These findings provide strong evidence that hydrolysis of tBuNC by NHase proceeds not by activation of the coordinated water molecule but by coordination of the substrate. The mechanism of the hydrolysis reaction of tBuNC is explained with support provided by DFT calculations; a positively polarized C atom of tBuNC on the Co(III) center is nucleophilically attacked by a hydroxide anion activated through an interaction of the sulfenyl/sulfinyl oxygen with the nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yano
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Yuko Wasada-Tsutsui
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ikeda
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Tomonori Shibayama
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Yuji Kajita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392 , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , Machikaneyama , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
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Chitale S, Derasp JS, Hussain B, Tanveer K, Beauchemin AM. Carbohydrates as efficient catalysts for the hydration of α-amino nitriles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:13147-13150. [PMID: 27763647 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07530d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Directed hydration of α-amino nitriles was achieved under mild conditions using simple carbohydrates as catalysts exploiting temporary intramolecularity. A broadly applicable procedure using both formaldehyde and NaOH as catalysts efficiently hydrated a variety of primary and secondary susbtrates, and allowed the hydration of enantiopure substrates to proceed without racemization. This work also provides a rare comparison of the catalytic activity of carbohydrates, and shows that the simple aldehydes at the basis of chemical evolution are efficient organocatalysts mimicking the function of hydratase enzymes. Optimal catalytic efficiency was observed with destabilized aldehydes, and with difficult substrates only simple carbohydrates such as formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde proved reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Chitale
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Joshua S Derasp
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Bashir Hussain
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Kashif Tanveer
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Singh K, Sarbajna A, Dutta I, Pandey P, Bera JK. Hemilability-Driven Water Activation: A Ni II Catalyst for Base-Free Hydration of Nitriles to Amides. Chemistry 2017; 23:7761-7771. [PMID: 28388810 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The NiII complex 1 containing pyridyl- and hydroxy-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) is synthesized and its catalytic utility for the selective nitrile hydration to the corresponding amide under base-free conditions is evaluated. The title compound exploits a hemilabile pyridyl unit to interact with a catalytically relevant water molecule through hydrogen-bonding and promotes a nucleophilic water attack to the nitrile. A wide variety of nitriles is hydrated to the corresponding amides including the pharmaceutical drugs rufinamide, Rifater, and piracetam. Synthetically challenging α-hydroxyamides are accessed from cyanohydrins under neutral conditions. Related catalysts that lack the pyridyl unit (i.e., compounds 2 and 4) are not active whereas those containing both the pyridyl and the hydroxy or only the pyridyl pendant (i.e., compounds 1 and 3) show substantial activity. The linkage isomer 1' where the hydroxy group is bound to the metal instead of the pyridyl group was isolated under different crystallization conditions insinuating a ligand hemilabile behavior. Additional pKa measurements reveal an accessible pyridyl unit under the catalytic conditions. Kinetic studies support a ligand-promoted nucleophilic water addition to a metal-bound nitrile group. This work reports a Ni-based catalyst that exhibits functional hemilability for hydration chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Abir Sarbajna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Indranil Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Pragati Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Jitendra K Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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Wu Y, Chang C, Wang C, Hsieh C, Horng Y. C=N Bond Activation and Hydration by an Iron(III) Complex with Asymmetric Sulfur Oxygenation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education 50058 Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education 50058 Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Chi Wang
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education 50058 Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chang‐Chih Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education 50058 Changhua Taiwan
| | - Yih‐Chern Horng
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education 50058 Changhua Taiwan
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Metal-centered oxidation decreases nitrile hydration activity of bioinspired (N2S3)Ru-PPh3 precatalysts. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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