1
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Jennifer G A, Gao Y, Schreckenbach G, Varathan E. Periodic Trends in the Stabilization of Actinyls in Their Higher Oxidation States Using Pyrrophen Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6920-6933. [PMID: 37104857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the prominent existence and unique chemistry of actinyls, their complexation with suitable ligands is of significant interest. The complexation of high-valent actinyl moieties (An = U, Np, Pu and Am) with the acyclic sal-porphyrin analogue called "pyrrophen" (L(1)) and its dimethyl derivative (L(2)) with four nitrogen and two oxygen donor atoms was studied using relativistic density functional theory. Based on the periodic trends, the [UVO2-L(1)/L(2)]1- complexes show shorter bond lengths and higher bond orders that increase across the series of pentavalent actinyl complexes mainly due to the localization of the 5f orbitals. Among the hexavalent complexes, the [UVIO2-L(1)/L(2)] complexes have the shortest bonds. Following the uranyl complex, due to the plutonium turn, the [AmVIO2-L(1)/L(2)] complexes exhibit comparable properties with those of the former. Charge analysis suggests the complexation to be facilitated through ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mainly through σ donation. Thermodynamic feasibility of complexation was modeled using hydrated actinyl moieties in aqueous medium and was found to be spontaneous. The dimethylated pyrrophen (L(2)) shows higher magnitudes of thermodynamic parameters indicating increased feasibility compared to the unsubstituted ligand (L(1)). Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) along with extended transition-state-natural orbitals for chemical valence theory (ETS-NOCV) analysis shows that the dominant electrostatic contributions decrease across the series and are counteracted by Pauli repulsion. Slight but considerable covalency is provided to hexavalent actinyl complexes by orbital contributions; this was confirmed by molecular orbital (MO) analysis that suggests strong covalency in americyl (VI) complexes. In addition to the pentavalent and hexavalent actinyl moieties, heptavalent actinyl species of neptunyl, plutonyl, and americyl were studied. Beyond the influence of the charges, the geometric and electronic properties point to the stabilization of neptunyl (VII) in the pyrrophen ligand environment, while the others shift to a lower (+VI) and relatively stable OS on complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Jennifer G
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Elumalai Varathan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Rodriguez VG, Culbertson HJ, Sigmon GE, Burns PC. Electrochemistry of Uranyl Peroxide Solutions during Electrospray Ionization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4456-4466. [PMID: 36888551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The ionization of uranyl triperoxide monomer, [(UO2)(O2)3]4- (UT), and uranyl peroxide cage cluster, [(UO2)28(O2)42 - x(OH)2x]28- (U28), was studied with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Experiments including tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation (MS/CID/MS), use of natural water and D2O as solvent, and use of N2 and SF6 as nebulizer gases, provide insight into the mechanisms of ionization. The U28 nanocluster under MS/CID/MS with collision energies ranging from 0 to 25 eV produced the monomeric units UOx- (x = 3-8) and UOxHy- (x = 4-8, y = 1, 2). UT under ESI conditions yielded the gas-phase ions UOx- (x = 4-6) and UOxHy- (x = 4-8, y = 1-3). Mechanisms that produce the observed anions in the UT and U28 systems are: (a) gas-phase combinations of uranyl monomers in the collision cell upon fragmentation of U28, (b) reduction-oxidation resulting from the electrospray process, and (c) ionization of surrounding analytes, creating reactive oxygen species that then coordinate to uranyl ions. The electronic structures of anions UOx- (x = 6-8) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia G Rodriguez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Heather J Culbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ginger E Sigmon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Peter C Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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3
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Meskaldji S, Belkhiri L, Maurice R, Costuas K, Le Guennic B, Boucekkine A, Ephritikhine M. Electronic Structure and Magneto-Structural Correlations Study of Cu 2UL Trinuclear Schiff Base Complexes: A 3d-5f-3d Case. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1475-1490. [PMID: 36749943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of trinuclear Schiff base complexes M2AnLi (MII = Zn, Cu; AnIV = Th, U; Li = Schiff base; i = 1-4, 6, 7, 9), exhibiting the [M(μ-O)2]2U core structure with adjacent M1···U and M2···U and next-adjacent M1···M2 interactions, featuring 3d-5f-3d subsystems, have been investigated theoretically using relativistic ZORA/B3LYP computations combined with the broken symmetry (BS) approach. Bond order and natural population analyses reveal that the covalent contribution to the bonding within the Cu-O-U coordination is important thus favoring superexchange coupling between the transition metal and the uranium magnetic centers. The calculated coupling constants JCuU between the Cu and U atoms, agree with the observed shift from the antiferromagnetic (AF) character of the L1,2,3,4 complexes to the ferromagnetic (ferro) of the L6,7,9 ones. The structural parameters, i.e., the Cu···U distances and the Cu-O-U angles, as well as the electronic factors driving the magnetic couplings are discussed. The analyses are supported by the study of the mixed ZnCuULi and Cu2ThLi systems, where in the first complex the CuII (3d9) ion is replaced by the diamagnetic ZnII (3d10) one, whereas in the second complex the UIV (5f2) paramagnetic center is replaced by the diamagnetic ThIV (5f0) one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Meskaldji
- Laboratoire de Physique Mathématique et Subatomique LPMS, Département de Chimie, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25017 Constantine, Algeria.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de l'Enseignement Technologique ENSET, 21000 Skikda, Algeria
| | - Lotfi Belkhiri
- Laboratoire de Physique Mathématique et Subatomique LPMS, Département de Chimie, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25017 Constantine, Algeria.,Centre de Recherche en Sciences Pharmaceutiques CRSP, Ali Mendjeli, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Rémi Maurice
- Univ Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226 CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Karine Costuas
- Univ Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226 CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226 CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Abdou Boucekkine
- Univ Rennes, ISCR UMR 6226 CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Michel Ephritikhine
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Zhang WJ, Wang C, Wang K, Zhang P, Hu SX. The stability and chemical bonding of a series tridentate ligand-actinyl complexes: [AnO2(L)2]2+ (An: U and Am). J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Maurice R, Dau PD, Hodée M, Renault E, Gibson JK. Controlling Cation‐Cation Interactions in Uranyl Coordination Dimers by Varying the Length of the Dicarboxylate Linker. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457 IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722 44307 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720 Berkeley California United States
| | | | | | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 94720 Berkeley California United States
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6
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George K, Muller J, Berthon L, Berthon C, Guillaumont D, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Stafford HV, Natrajan LS, Tamain C. Exploring the Coordination of Plutonium and Mixed Plutonyl-Uranyl Complexes of Imidodiphosphinates. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6904-6917. [PMID: 31025862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of plutonium(IV) and plutonium(VI) with the complexing agents tetraphenyl and tetra-isopropyl imidodiphosphinate (TPIP- and TIPIP-) is reported. Treatment of sodium tetraphenylimidodiphosphinate (NaTPIP) and its related counterpart with peripheral isopropyl groups (NaTIPIP) with [NBu4]2[PuIV(NO3)6] yields the respective PuIV complexes [Pu(TPIP)3(NO3)] and [Pu(TIPIP)2(NO3)2] + [PuIV(TIPIP)3(NO3)]. Similarly, the reactions of NaTPIP and NaTIPIP with a Pu(VI) nitrate solution lead to the formation of [PuO2(HTIPIP)2(H2O)][NO3]2, which incorporates a protonated bidentate TIPIP- ligand, and [PuO2(TPIP)(HTPIP)(NO3)], where the protonated HTPIP ligand is bound in a monodentate fashion. Finally, a mixed U(VI)/Pu(VI) compound, [(UO2/PuO2)(TPIP)(HTPIP)(NO3)], is reported. All these actinyl complexes remain in the +VI oxidation state in solution over several weeks. The resultant complexes have been characterized using a combination of X-ray structural studies, NMR, optical, vibrational spectroscopies, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The influence of the R-group (R = phenyl or iPr) on the nature of the complex is discussed with the help of DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn George
- The Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Julie Muller
- Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry & Processes Department , CEA , Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207 , France
| | - Laurence Berthon
- Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry & Processes Department , CEA , Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207 , France
| | - Claude Berthon
- Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry & Processes Department , CEA , Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207 , France
| | - Dominique Guillaumont
- Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry & Processes Department , CEA , Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207 , France
| | - Iñigo J Vitorica-Yrezabal
- The Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - H Victoria Stafford
- The Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Louise S Natrajan
- The Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Christelle Tamain
- Nuclear Energy Division, RadioChemistry & Processes Department , CEA , Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207 , France
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7
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Carter KP, Jian J, Pyrch MM, Forbes TZ, Eaton TM, Abergel RJ, de Jong WA, Gibson JK. Reductive activation of neptunyl and plutonyl oxo species with a hydroxypyridinone chelating ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10698-10701. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neptunyl(vi) and plutonyl(vi) oxo-activation with reduction to tetravalent hydroxides was investigated in gas and condensed phases, and by density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey P. Carter
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | | | - Teresa M. Eaton
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Rebecca J. Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Computational Research Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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8
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Gibson JK, de Jong WA, Dau PD, Gong Y. Heptavalent Actinide Tetroxides NpO4– and PuO4–: Oxidation of Pu(V) to Pu(VII) by Adding an Electron to PuO4. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9156-9162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Gibson
- Chemical
Sciences Division and ‡Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Chemical
Sciences Division and ‡Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical
Sciences Division and ‡Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yu Gong
- Chemical
Sciences Division and ‡Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Dau PD, Vasiliu M, Peterson KA, Dixon DA, Gibson JK. Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium. Chemistry 2017; 23:17369-17378. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Shelby Hall Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487-0336 USA
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-4630 USA
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Shelby Hall Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487-0336 USA
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
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10
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de Jong WA, Dau PD, Wilson RE, Marçalo J, Van Stipdonk MJ, Corcovilos TA, Berden G, Martens J, Oomens J, Gibson JK. Revealing Disparate Chemistries of Protactinium and Uranium. Synthesis of the Molecular Uranium Tetroxide Anion, UO4–. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3686-3694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wibe A. de Jong
- Computational Research
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard E. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joaquim Marçalo
- Centro
de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela Loures, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Theodore A. Corcovilos
- Department of
Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Dau PD, Maurice R, Renault E, Gibson JK. Heptavalent Neptunium in a Gas-Phase Complex: (NpVIIO3+)(NO3–)2. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9830-9837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/EMN Nantes/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred
Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Renault
- CEISAM, UMR
CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Huang W, Xu WH, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the Highest Oxidation States of Metal Elements in MO4 Molecules (M = Fe, Ru, Os, Hs, Sm, and Pu). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4616-25. [PMID: 27074099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal tetraoxygen molecules (MO4, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Hs, Sm, Pu) of all metal atoms M with eight valence electrons are theoretically studied using density functional and correlated wave function approaches. The heavier d-block elements Ru, Os, Hs are confirmed to form stable tetraoxides of Td symmetry in (1)A1 electronic states with empty metal d(0) valence shell and closed-shell O(2-) ligands, while the 3d-, 4f-, and 5f-elements Fe, Sm, and Pu prefer partial occupation of their valence shells and peroxide or superoxide ligands at lower symmetry structures with various spin couplings. The different geometric and electronic structures and chemical bonding types of the six iso-stoichiometric species are explained in terms of atomic orbital energies and orbital radii. The variations found here contribute to our general understanding of the periodic trends of oxidation states across the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - W H E Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Drader JA, Martin NP, Boubals N, Zorz N, Guilbaud P, Berthon L. Redox behavior of gas phase Pu(IV)-monodentate ligand complexes: an investigation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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McDonald LW, Campbell JA, Vercouter T, Clark SB. Characterization of Actinides Complexed to Nuclear Fuel Constituents Using ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2614-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luther W. McDonald
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - James A. Campbell
- Chemical and Biological
Signature Sciences Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- CEA, DEN, DANS,
Department of Physico-Chemistry, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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