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Jin B, Yuan C, Guo JC, Wu YB. CBe 4H 6: a molecular rotor with a built-in on-off switch. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4778-4786. [PMID: 38305072 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is highly challenging to control (stop and resume as needed) molecular rotors because their intramolecular rotations are electronically enabled by delocalized σ bonding, and the desired control needs to be able to destroy and restore such σ bonding, which usually means difficult chemical manipulation (substitution or doping atom). In this work, we report CBe4H6, a molecular rotor that can be controlled independently of chemical manipulation. This molecule exhibited the uninterrupted free rotation of Be and H atoms around the central carbon in first-principles molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures (600 and 1000 K), but the rotation cannot be witnessed in the simulation at room temperature (298 K). Specifically, when a C-H bond in the CBe4H6 molecule adopts the equatorial configuration at 298 K, it destroys the central delocalized σ bonding and blocks the intramolecular rotation (the rotor is turned "OFF"); when it can adopt the axial configuration at 600 and 1000 K, the central delocalized σ bonding can be restored and the intramolecular rotation can be resumed (the rotor is turned "ON"). Neutral CBe4H6 is thermodynamically favorable and electronically stable, as reflected by a wide HOMO-LUMO gap of 7.99 eV, a high vertical detachment energy of 9.79 eV, and a positive electron affinity of 0.24 eV, so it may be stable enough for the synthesis, not only in the gas phase, but also in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
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Kalita AJ, Gohain N, Bordoloi A, Guha AK. Planar pentacoordinate carbon in a 16-electron neutral CCu 2Be 3H 4 cluster. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37486198 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00758h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Planar hypercoordination in carbon is a fascinating area, which departs from the usual view of coordination geometry in carbon. Herein, we propose a planar pentacoordinate carbon species in the global minimum of the CCu2Be3H4 cluster. The cluster is a 16-electron species that is thermodynamically and kinetically very stable. Bonding analyses reveal 2π/6σ double aromaticity in the cluster. A low-energy isomerization pathway also reveals that the cluster has a sufficient lifetime for its experimental detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan J Kalita
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Namrata Gohain
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Abhik Bordoloi
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
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3
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Abstract
Six-valence-electron planar pentacoordinate beryllium (ppBe) is explored herein as a global minimum, which is only constructed by s-block metals in BeM5+ (M = Cu, Ag, Au). The bonding in ppBe can be regarded as the excited-stated Be with a 2px12py1 electronic configuration, forming electron sharing with doublet M5+ motifs followed by two sets of Be(p∥) → [M5+] σ donations and one Be(s) ← [M5+] σ back-donation. Thus, the σ aromaticity originating from three delocalized σ orbitals gives rise to the whole stability of the high D5h-symmetry ppBe and strongly enriches s-block planar hypercoordinate bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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4
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Abstract
Isomers of CAl4Mg and CAl4Mg− have been theoretically characterized for the first time. The most stable isomer for both the neutral and anion contain a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom. Unlike the isovalent CAl4Be case, which contains a planar pentacoordinate carbon atom as the global minimum geometry, replacing beryllium with magnesium makes the ptC isomer the global minimum due to increased ionic radii of magnesium. However, it is relatively easier to conduct experimental studies for CAl4Mg0/− as beryllium is toxic. While the neutral molecule containing the ptC atom follows the 18 valence electron rule, the anion breaks the rule with 19 valence electrons. The electron affinity of CAl4Mg is in the range of 1.96–2.05 eV. Both the global minima exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for both the global minima at 298 K for 10 ps to confirm their kinetic stability.
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Wang H, Liu FL. How to Accomplish a Square C(N) 4 Substructure of the Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32583-32590. [PMID: 33376895 PMCID: PMC7758975 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-based groups are usually not used as ligands to coordinate to the ptC atom. However, here we reported only nitrogen-based ligands to accomplish a theoretically successful square planar C(N)4 substructure. The first difficulty in accomplishing a square ptC(N)4 substructure is to conquer the tremendous strain from the planar to tetrahedral arrangements, and the second is to restrict it in a suitable system with the right symmetry. We designed several neutral molecules with the square ptC(N)4 substructures, and the molecules were studied using the density functional theory method at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) and TPSSh/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The results of this work show that the molecules are all real minima on the potential energy surface and successfully achieved the square ptC(N)4 substructure in the theoretical method. The group orbitals among the square ptC(N)4 arrangement in the D 2d symmetry have been discussed and used to investigate the bonding interactions among all atoms in the square ptC(N)4 substructure. Usually, the ptC systems have 18 valence electrons, but the present ptC systems mentioned in this work have 24 valence electrons, which is unusual for ptC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized
Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized
Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory
of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Wu XF, Cheng YX, Guo JC. CLiAl 2E and CLi 2AlE (E = P, As, Sb, Bi): Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Clusters with 16 and 14 Valence Electrons. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21311-21318. [PMID: 31867525 PMCID: PMC6921633 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The strategy to remove the lone pairs of ligands combined with the bonding similarity between Li and Al have been utilized to design new planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) species C 2v CLiAl2E and CLi2AlE based on ptC global minima CAl3E (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) clusters. The explorations of potential energy surfaces and high-level CCSD(T) calculations indicate that these planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) species with 16 and 14 valence electrons (ve) are the global minima except for CLiAl2P. Bonding analyses reveal that there is one π and three σ bonds between C and ligands, one delocalized σ bond between the peripheral ligands, and three/two lone pairs for CLiAl2E and CLi2AlE (E = P, As, Sb, Bi). Especially, the C=E double bonds are crucial for the stabilities of these ptC clusters. The ptC core is governed by 2π + 6σ bonding, which conforms to the 8-electron counting. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations reveal that CLiAl2E and CLi2AlE (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) clusters are robust against isomerization and decomposition. The results obtained in this work complete the series of ptC CLi n Al3-n E (E = P, As, Sb, Bi; n = 0-3) systems and 18ve, 16ve, 14ve, and 12ve counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wu
- The
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, Shanxi, China
| | - Ya-Xuan Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers’ University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- The
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, Shanxi, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers’ University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, China
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7
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Thirumoorthy K, Karton A, Thimmakondu VS. From High-Energy C7H2 Isomers with A Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atom to An Experimentally Known Carbene. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9054-9064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Venkatesan S. Thimmakondu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, India
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8
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. Planar Pentacoordinate versus Tetracoordinate Carbons in Ternary CBe 4Li 4 and CBe 4Li 42- Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8370-8376. [PMID: 30277775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Planar hypercoordinate carbon molecules are exotic species, for which the 18-electron counting has been considered a rule. We report herein computational evidence of perfectly planar C2 v CBe4Li4 (1) and D4 h CBe4Li42- (3) clusters. These ternary species contain 16 and 18 electrons, respectively. The dianion is highly symmetric with a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), whereas the neutral features a planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC). Thus, charge-state alters the coordination environments of a cluster. Chemical bonding analysis shows that both clusters have 2π and 6σ delocalization around the C center, suggesting that ppC or ptC clusters are governed by double π/σ aromaticity, rather than the 18-electron rule. The outer Be4Li4 ring in 1 and 3 also supports 2σ aromaticity, collectively leading to 3-fold π/σ aromaticity for these ppC/ptC clusters. Structural transformation from ptC (3) to ppC (1) is discussed, in which the 16-electron quasi-ptC CBe4Li4 (2) cluster serves as an intermediate. Cluster 2 as a local minimum has severe out-of-plane distortion. Flattening of 2 leads to reorganization of Be4 ring around the C center, which offers space for the fifth atom to coordinate and facilitates ppC formation. The latter arrangement optimizes π aromaticity and better manages intramolecular Coulomb repulsion. This work highlights the geometric factor (and unconventional electron counting) in the design of planar hypercoordinate carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China.,Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
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9
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Zhao XF, Li JJ, Li HR, Yuan C, Tian X, Li SD, Wu YB, Guo JC, Wang ZX. Viable aromatic BenHn stars enclosing a planar hypercoordinate boron or late transition metal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7217-7222. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06955c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar to Bn rings, star-like BenHn rings can serve as the n-electron σ-donors for designing species with planar hypercoordinate atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhao
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Li
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ru Li
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- The Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- People's Republic of China
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10
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Zhai HJ. Ternary CBe4Au4 cluster: a 16-electron system with quasi-planar tetracoordinate carbon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6299-6306. [PMID: 29435545 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08420j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ternary CBe4Au4 cluster contains quasi-planar tetracoordinate carbon (quasi-ptC). It adds the new 16-electron counting to ptC complexes, featuring 2π and 6σ double aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
- Nanocluster Laboratory
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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11
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Liu CS, Zhu HH, Ye XJ, Yan XH. Prediction of a new BeC monolayer with perfectly planar tetracoordinate carbons. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5854-5858. [PMID: 28429807 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00762k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring planar hypercoordinate carbons in two-dimensional nanostructures. However, atomic monolayers with ideal planar hypercoordinate carbon are quite rare due to the challenge in stabilizing the exotic motifs. We predicted a global minimum two-dimensional BeC monolayer using the global particle-swarm optimization method. Each carbon binds peripheral four atoms in the same plane, forming a perfectly planar tetracoordinate carbon moiety. The cohesive energy, phonon-spectrum and mechanical stability criteria confirm the stability of monolayer BeC. In addition, the BeC monolayer has a large in-plane stiffness (145.54 N m-1) and thermo-dynamical stability (up to 2000 K). Furthermore, BeC is an indirect semiconductor with a band gap of 1.01 eV and possesses exceptionally high carrier mobilities (∼104 cm2 V-1 s-1), rendering it suitable for application in electronics and photoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Wang Y, Li F, Li Y, Chen Z. Semi-metallic Be5C2 monolayer global minimum with quasi-planar pentacoordinate carbons and negative Poisson's ratio. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11488. [PMID: 27139572 PMCID: PMC4857406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing new materials with novel topological properties and reduced dimensionality is always desirable for material innovation. Here we report the design of a two-dimensional material, namely Be5C2 monolayer on the basis of density functional theory computations. In Be5C2 monolayer, each carbon atom binds with five beryllium atoms in almost the same plane, forming a quasi-planar pentacoordinate carbon moiety. Be5C2 monolayer appears to have good stability as revealed by its moderate cohesive energy, positive phonon modes and high melting point. It is the lowest-energy structure with the Be5C2 stoichiometry in two-dimensional space and therefore holds some promise to be realized experimentally. Be5C2 monolayer is a gapless semiconductor with a Dirac-like point in the band structure and also has an unusual negative Poisson's ratio. If synthesized, Be5C2 monolayer may find applications in electronics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA
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13
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Guo JC, Wu HX, Ren GM, Miao CQ. D4h Ni4C(B4N4H8)2: Square sheet sandwich complex containing the planar tetracoordinate carbon. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Vier Jahrzehnte Chemie der planar hyperkoordinierten Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Yang LM, Ganz E, Chen Z, Wang ZX, Schleyer PVR. Four Decades of the Chemistry of Planar Hypercoordinate Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9468-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Wu YB, Li YQ, Bai H, Lu HG, Li SD, Zhai HJ, Wang ZX. D(3h) [A-CE3-A]⁻ (E = Al and Ga, A = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb): a new class of hexatomic mono-anionic species with trigonal bipyramidal carbon. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:104302. [PMID: 24628164 DOI: 10.1063/1.4867364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical trigonal bipyramidal carbon (TBPC) arrangement generally exists as transition states (TSs) in nucleophilic bimolecular substitution (S(N)2) reactions. Nevertheless, chemists have been curious about whether such a carbon bonding could be stable in equilibrium structures for decades. As the TBPC arrangement was normally realized as cationic species theoretically and experimentally, only one anionic example ([At-C(CN)3-At](-)) was computationally devised. Herein, we report the design of a new class of anionic TBPC species by using the strategy similar to that for stabilizing the non-classical planar hypercoordinate carbon. When electron deficient Al and Ga were used as the equatorial ligands, eight D(3h) [A-CE3-A](-) (E = Al and Ga, A = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) TBPC structures were found to be the energy minima rather than TSs at both the B3LYP and MP2 levels. Remarkably, the energetic results at the CCSD(T) optimization level further identify [Ge-CAl3-Ge](-) and [Sn-CGa3-Sn](-) even to be the global minima and [Si-CAl3-Si](-) and [Ge-CGa3-Ge](-) to be the local minima, only slightly higher than their global minima. The electronic structure analyses reveal that the substantial ionic C-E bonding, the peripheral E-A covalent bonding, and the axial mc-2e (multi center-two electrons) bonding play roles in stabilizing these TBPC structures. The structural simplicity and the high thermodynamic stability suggest that some of these species may be generated and captured in the gas phase. Furthermore, as mono-anionic species, their first vertical detachment energies are differentiable from those of their nearest isomers, which would facilitate their characterization via experiments such as the negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Bai
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92#, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19#, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li Y, Liao Y, Schleyer PVR, Chen Z. Al₂C monolayer: the planar tetracoordinate carbon global minimum. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10784-10791. [PMID: 25102440 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by our theoretical finding that C₂Al₆(2-) has a planar D₂h minimum with two planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs), we computationally designed a new two-dimensional (2D) inorganic material, an Al₂C monolayer. All carbons in this monolayer are ptC's, stabilized inductively by binding to four electropositive Al atoms in the same plane. The Al₂C monolayer is semiconducting with an indirect minimum band gap and a slightly larger direct band gap. Good persistence of the Al₂C monolayer is indicated by its moderate cohesive energy, the absence of imaginary modes in its phonon spectrum, and the high melting point predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Moreover, a particle-swarm optimization (PSO) global minimum search found the Al₂C monolayer to be the lowest-energy 2D structure compared to other Al₂C alternatives. Dividing the Al₂C monolayer results in one-dimensional (1D) Al₂C nanoribbons, which are computed to have quite rich characteristics such as direct or indirect band gaps with various values, depending on the direction of the division and the resulting edge configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
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18
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Gunbas G, Mascal M. Extraordinary Modes of Bonding Enabled by the Triquinane Framework. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9579-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401715s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Gunbas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95818, United States
| | - Mark Mascal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95818, United States
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Wu YB, Duan Y, Lu G, Lu HG, Yang P, Schleyer PVR, Merino G, Islas R, Wang ZX. D3h CN3Be3+ and CO3Li3+: viable planar hexacoordinate carbon prototypes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14760-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ivanov AS, Boldyrev AI. Reliable predictions of unusual molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15943-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Castro AC, Martínez-Guajardo G, Johnson T, Ugalde JM, Wu YB, Mercero JM, Heine T, Donald KJ, Merino G. CBe5E− (E = Al, Ga, In, Tl): planar pentacoordinate carbon in heptaatomic clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14764-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40839b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Crigger C, Wittmaack BK, Tawfik M, Merino G, Donald KJ. Plane and simple: planar tetracoordinate carbon centers in small molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14775-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41986f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Avaltroni F, Corminboeuf C. Identifying clusters as low-lying mimina-efficiency of stochastic and genetic algorithms using inexpensive electronic structure levels. J Comput Chem 2011; 33:502-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Zdetsis AD. Novel pentagonal silicon rings and nanowheels stabilized by flat pentacoordinate carbon(s). J Chem Phys 2011; 134:094312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3557680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Wu Y, Jiang J, Lu H, Wang Z, Perez‐Peralta N, Islas R, Contreras M, Merino G, Wu JI, von Ragué Schleyer P. Starlike Aluminum–Carbon Aromatic Species. Chemistry 2010; 17:714-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 8825‐6693
- Institute of Molecular Science the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi (P.R. China)
| | - Jin‐Liang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 8825‐6693
| | - Hai‐Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi (P.R. China)
| | - Zhi‐Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 8825‐6693
| | - Nancy Perez‐Peralta
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. (México), Fax: (+52) 473 7320006
| | - Rafael Islas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. (México), Fax: (+52) 473 7320006
| | - Maryel Contreras
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. (México), Fax: (+52) 473 7320006
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto. (México), Fax: (+52) 473 7320006
| | - Judy I‐Chia Wu
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706‐542‐7514
| | - Paul von Ragué Schleyer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706‐542‐7514
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Calzado CJ, Monari A, Evangelisti S. Heisenberg behavior of some carbon-beryllium compounds: How well truncated-CI approaches work. J Comput Chem 2010; 32:315-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Guo J, Li S. Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atoms in M
4
C Square Sheets (M = Ni, Pd, and Pt) Sandwiched between the Large π‐Coordinating Ligands [C
8
H
8
]
2–
and [C
9
H
9
]
–. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Chang Guo
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute of Material Sciences, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Si‐Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute of Material Sciences, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Zhang C, Jia W, Cao Z. Stability Rules of Main-Group Element Compounds with Planar Tetracoordinate Carbons. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7960-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102678v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China, and Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China, and Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China, and Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Wu YB, Jiang JL, Zhang RW, Wang ZX. Computationally designed families of flat, tubular, and cage molecules assembled with "starbenzene" building blocks through hydrogen-bridge bonds. Chemistry 2010; 16:1271-80. [PMID: 19950333 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using density functional calculations, we demonstrate that the planarity of the nonclassical planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) arrangement can be utilized to construct new families of flat, tubular, and cage molecules which are geometrically akin to graphenes, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes but have fundamentally different chemical bonds. These molecules are assembled with a single type of hexagonal blocks called starbenzene (D(6h) C(6)Be(6)H(6)) through hydrogen-bridge bonds that have an average bonding energy of 25.4-33.1 kcal mol(-1). Starbenzene is an aromatic molecule with six pi electrons, but its carbon atoms prefer ptC arrangements rather than the planar trigonal sp(2) arrangements like those in benzene. Various stability assessments indicate their excellent stabilities for experimental realization. For example, one starbenzene unit in an infinite two-dimensional molecular sheet lies on average 154.1 kcal mol(-1) below three isolated linear C(2)Be(2)H(2) (global minimum) monomers. This value is close to the energy lowering of 157.4 kcal mol(-1) of benzene relative to three acetylene molecules. The ptC bonding in starbenzene can be extended to give new series of starlike monocyclic aromatic molecules (D(4h) C(4)Be(4)H(4)(2-), D(5h) C(5)Be(5)H(5)(-), D(6h) C(6)Be(6)H(6), D(7h) C(7)Be(7)H(7)(+), D(8h) C(8)Be(8)H(8)(2-), and D(9h) C(9)Be(9)H(9)(-)), known as starenes. The starene isomers with classical trigonal carbon sp(2) bonding are all less stable than the corresponding starlike starenes. Similarly, lithiated C(5)Be(5)H(5) can be assembled into a C(60)-like molecule. The chemical bonding involved in the title molecules includes aromaticity, ptC arrangements, hydrogen-bridge bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds, which, along with their unique geometric features, may result in new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhang C, Wang P, Liang J, Jia W, Cao Z. Theoretical study on a family of organic molecules with planar tetracoordinate carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Wu YB, Jiang JL, Li H, Chen Z, Wang ZX. A bifunctional strategy towards experimentally (synthetically) attainable molecules with planar tetracoordinate carbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:58-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b916594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Cui ZH, Shao CB, Gao SM, Ding YH. Pentaatomic planar tetracoordinate carbon molecules [XCAl3]q [(X,q) = (B,−2), (C,−1), (N,0)] with C–X multiple bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13637-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Jimenez-Halla JOC, Wu YB, Wang ZX, Islas R, Heine T, Merino G. CAl4Be and CAl3Be2−: global minima with a planar pentacoordinate carbon atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8776-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03479g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Wu YB, Lu HG, Li SD, Wang ZX. Simplest Neutral Singlet C2E4 (E = Al, Ga, In, and Tl) Global Minima with Double Planar Tetracoordinate Carbons: Equivalence of C2 Moieties in C2E4 to Carbon Centers in CAl42− and CAl5+. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3395-402. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8099187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Yu HL, Sang RL, Wu YY. Structure and Aromaticity of B6H5+ Cation: A Novel Borhydride System Containing Planar Pentacoordinated Boron. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3382-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809599z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Sang
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Ying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou,Guangdong, 521041, Poeple’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, People’s Republic of China
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Firme CL, Antunes OAC, Esteves PM, Corrêa RJ. Derivatives of Spiropentadiene Dication: New Species with Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon (ptC) atom. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3171-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio L. Firme
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT Bloco A, Sala 622, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro, BR 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Octávio A. C. Antunes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT Bloco A, Sala 622, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro, BR 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Pierre M. Esteves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT Bloco A, Sala 622, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro, BR 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J. Corrêa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, CT Bloco A, Sala 622, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro, BR 21941-909, Brazil
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