1
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Navrátil M, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis and coordination of a pair of isomeric ferrocene phosphinoamines. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Gautam M, Tanaka S, Sekiguchi A, Nakajima Y. Long-Range Metal–Ligand Cooperation by Iron Hydride Complexes Bearing a Phenanthroline-Based Tetradentate PNNP Ligand. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gautam
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Sidhu BK, Braun JD, Herbert DE. P–C Bond Activation and Transfer of a Diphenylphosphino Unit from 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene: Unexpected Templated Synthesis of an N ∧N –∧P Pincer Ligand Palladium Complex. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep K. Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jason D. Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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5
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Xue Q, Wu R, Wang D, Zhu M, Zuo W. Effectiveness and Mechanism of the Ene(amido) Group in Activating Iron for the Catalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Agbossou-Niedercorn F, Michon C. Bifunctional homogeneous catalysts based on first row transition metals in asymmetric hydrogenation. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Braun JD, Gray PA, Sidhu BK, Nemez DB, Herbert DE. Zn-Templated synthesis of substituted (2,6-diimine)pyridine proligands and evaluation of their iron complexes as anolytes for flow battery applications. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16175-16183. [PMID: 32301445 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00543f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-octahedral iron complexes supported by tridentate N^N^N-binding, redox 'non-innocent' diiminepyridine (DIP) ligands exhibit multiple reversible ligand-based reductions that suggest the potential application of these complexes as anolytes in redox flow batteries (RFBs). When bearing aryl groups at the imine nitrogens, substitution at the 4-position can be used to tune these redox potentials and impact other properties relevant to RFB applications, such as solubility and stability over extended cycling. DIP ligands bearing electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) in this position, however, can be challenging to isolate via typical condensation routes involving para-substituted anilines and 2,6-diacetylpyridine. In this work, we demonstrate a high-yielding Zn-templated synthesis of DIP ligands bearing strong EWGs. The synthesis and electrochemical characterization of iron(ii) complexes of these ligands is also described, along with properties relevant to their potential application as RFB anolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Mercadé E, Zangrando E, Clotet A, Claver C, Godard C. Novel Chiral PNNP Ligands with a Pyrrolidine Backbone – Application in the Fe‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Mercadé
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel.li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science University of Trieste Via Giorgieri 1 Trieste Italy
| | - Anna Clotet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel.li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carmen Claver
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel.li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química Marcel.li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cyril Godard
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel.li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
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9
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Gradiski MV, Tsui BTH, Lough AJ, Morris RH. PNN′ & P2NN′ ligands via reductive amination with phosphine aldehydes: synthesis and base-metal coordination chemistry. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2150-2159. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-donor “arms” are readily added to amines in order to enable sturdy base metal coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wei
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Demmans KZ, Olson ME, Morris RH. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Well-Defined Manganese(I) PNN and PNNP Complexes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Z. Demmans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Maxwell E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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12
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Demmans KZ, Seo CSG, Lough AJ, Morris RH. From imine to amine: an unexpected left turn. Cis-β iron(ii) PNNP' precatalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6531-6541. [PMID: 28989679 PMCID: PMC5627452 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A slight change in the iron catalyst structure (amine arm with PEt2 to imine arm with PPh2) results in a complete reversal of the enantioselectivity toward ketone reduction.
A novel PNN ligand bearing an orthophenylene group and a primary amine was synthesized with the aid of a palladium-catalyzed amination and reacted with phosphonium dimers [–PR2CH2CH(OH)–]2[Br]2 R = Et, iPr, Cy, Ph, xylyl, and o-Tol, and [Fe(OH2)6]2+ to produce a new series of cis-β iron(ii) PNNP′ precatalysts cis-β-[Fe(Br)(CO)(PNNP′)]BPh4 as a pair of diastereomers. The more stable orthophenylene amido group was chosen to imitate and replace the enamido moiety of a highly active iron precatalyst for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones in an attempt to prevent its deactivation caused by reduction of the enamido group. This objective was partially achieved using the complex with a PEt2 group which catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation in isopropanol of 150 000 equivalents of acetophenone to racemic 1-phenylethanol. With a low acetophenone to catalyst ratio of 500 to 1, the catalytic activity was moderate and the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product 1-phenylethanol ranged surprisingly from 94% (R) to 95% (S) depending on the nature of PR2 and whether the precatalyst contained an imine or amine donor. The amine precatalyst with a PEt2-group produced a more stable hydride species when activated, allowing the reaction mixture to be heated to 75 °C to obtain a TON of 8821 for acetophenone while retaining the high ee of 95% (S). The activation pathway in basic isopropanol (iPrOH) was studied for three precatalysts to elucidate that the cis-β precatalysts rearrange to form trans hydride complexes. The study suggests that the enantioselectivity of these complexes is determined by from which side of the PNNP′ plane the hydride transfer occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Z Demmans
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Chris S G Seo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
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13
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Chu WY, Richers CP, Kahle ER, Rauchfuss TB, Arrigoni F, Zampella G. Imine-Centered Reactions in Imino-Phosphine Complexes of Iron Carbonyls. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Chu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Casseday P. Richers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Kahle
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas B. Rauchfuss
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Federica Arrigoni
- Department of Biotechnology
and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampella
- Department of Biotechnology
and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Magnuson KW, Oshiro SM, Gurr JR, Yoshida WY, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Hughes RP, Cain MF. Streamlined Preparation and Coordination Chemistry of Hybrid Phosphine–Phosphaalkene Ligands. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Magnuson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Shelly M. Oshiro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua R. Gurr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wesley Y. Yoshida
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- 6128
Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Matthew F. Cain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, 2545
McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Morris RH. Exploiting metal-ligand bifunctional reactions in the design of iron asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1494-502. [PMID: 25897779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This is an Account of our development of iron-based catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) and asymmetric pressure hydrogenation (AH) of ketones and imines. These chemical processes provide enantiopure alcohols and amines for use in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, fragrance, and other fine chemical industries. Fundamental principles of bifunctional reactivity obtained by studies of ruthenium catalysts by Noyori's group and our own with tetradentate ligands with tertiary phosphine and secondary amine donor groups were applied to improve the performance of these first iron(II) catalysts. In particular the correct positioning of a bifunctional H-Fe-NH unit in an iron hydride amine complex leads to exceptional catalyst activity because of the low energy barrier of dihydrogen transfer to the polar bond of the substrate. In addition the ligand structure with this NH group along with an asymmetric array of aryl groups orients the incoming substrate by hydrogen-bonding, and steric interactions provide the hydrogenated product in high enantioselectivity for several classes of substrates. Enantiomerically pure diamines or diphenylphosphino-amine compounds are used as the source of the asymmetry in the tetradentate ligands formed by the condensation of the amines with dialkyl- or diaryl-phosphinoaldehydes, a synthesis that is templated by Fe(II). The commercially available ortho-diphenylphosphinobenzaldehyde was used in the initial studies, but then diaryl-phosphinoacetaldehydes were found to produce much more effective ligands for iron(II). Once the mechanism of catalysis became clearer, the iron-templated synthesis of (S,S)-PAr2CH2CH2NHCHPhCHPhNH2 ligand precursors was developed to specifically introduce a secondary amine in the precatalyst structures. The reaction of a precatalyst with strong base yields a key iron-amido complex that reacts with isopropanol (in ATH) or dihydrogen (in AH) to generate an iron hydride with the Fe-H bond parallel to the secondary amine N-H. In the AH reactions, the correct acidity of the intermediate iron-dihydrogen complex and correct basicity of the amide are important factors for the heterolytic splitting of the dihydrogen to generate the H-Fe-N-H unit; the acidity of dihydrogen complexes including those found in hydrogenases can be estimated by a simple additive ligand acidity constant method. The placement of the hydridic-protonic Fe-H···HN interaction in the asymmetric catalyst structure influences the enantioinduction. The sense of enantioinduction is predictable from the structure of the H-Fe-N-H-containing catalyst interacting with the ketone in the same way as related H-Ru-N-H-containing catalysts. The modular construction of the catalysts permits large variations in order to produce alcohol or amine products with enantiomeric excess in the 90-100% range in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint
George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
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16
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Bigler R, Huber R, Mezzetti A. Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Chiral (NH)2P2Macrocyclic Iron(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5171-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bigler R, Huber R, Mezzetti A. Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Chiral (NH)2P2Macrocyclic Iron(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zuo W, Morris RH. Synthesis and use of an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyst based on iron(II) for the synthesis of enantioenriched alcohols and amines. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:241-57. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bigler R, Mezzetti A. Isonitrile Iron(II) Complexes with Chiral N2P2 Macrocycles in the Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Org Lett 2014; 16:6460-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Bigler
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mezzetti
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Bigler R, Otth E, Mezzetti A. Chiral Macrocyclic N2P2 Ligands and Iron(II): A Marriage of Interest. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Bigler
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Otth
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mezzetti
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Sues PE, Lough AJ, Morris RH. {N,N'-Bis-[2-(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)ethan-1-yl-idene]ethyl-enedi-amine}bromido-(p-toluene-sulfonyl-methyl isocyanide)iron(II) tetra-phenyl-borate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:m144. [PMID: 24826104 PMCID: PMC3998587 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, [FeBr(C9H9NO2S)(C30H30N2P2)][B(C6H5)4], the FeII ion is in a distorted octahedral CBrN2P2 coordination geometry with a P—Fe—P angle of 109.95 (3)°. The relative orientation of the p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide ligand is defined by the C—S—C—N torsion angle of 67.1 (2)°. In the crystal, pairs of weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the cations into inversion dimers, forming R22(8) rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Sues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Koehne I, Schmeier TJ, Bielinski EA, Pan CJ, Lagaditis PO, Bernskoetter WH, Takase MK, Würtele C, Hazari N, Schneider S. Synthesis and Structure of Six-Coordinate Iron Borohydride Complexes Supported by PNP Ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2133-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402762v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Koehne
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timothy J. Schmeier
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Bielinski
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cassie J. Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paraskevi O. Lagaditis
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wesley H. Bernskoetter
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Michael K. Takase
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Sues PE, Demmans KZ, Morris RH. Rational development of iron catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7650-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00612g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Zuo W, Lough AJ, Li YF, Morris RH. Amine(imine)diphosphine Iron Catalysts for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines. Science 2013; 342:1080-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1244466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Zell T, Langer R, Iron MA, Konstantinovski L, Shimon LJW, Diskin-Posner Y, Leitus G, Balaraman E, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Synthesis, Structures, and Dearomatization by Deprotonation of Iron Complexes Featuring Bipyridine-based PNN Pincer Ligands. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9636-49. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401432m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zell
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark A. Iron
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leonid Konstantinovski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gregory Leitus
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yehoshoa Ben-David
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Prokopchuk DE, Morris RH. Inner-Sphere Activation, Outer-Sphere Catalysis: Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Using Iron(II) PNNP Eneamido Complexes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300572v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demyan E. Prokopchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S
3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S
3H6, Canada
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Mikhailine AA, Maishan MI, Morris RH. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketimines Using Well-Defined Iron(II)-Based Precatalysts Containing a PNNP Ligand. Org Lett 2012; 14:4638-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302079q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Mikhailine
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mazharul I. Maishan
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Mikhailine AA, Maishan MI, Lough AJ, Morris RH. The mechanism of efficient asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone using an iron(II) complex containing an (S,S)-Ph2PCH2CH═NCHPhCHPhN═CHCH2PPh2 ligand: partial ligand reduction is the key. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12266-80. [PMID: 22793266 DOI: 10.1021/ja304814s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a kinetic study and other evidence, we propose a mechanism of activation and operation of a highly active system generated from the precatalyst trans-[Fe(CO)(Br)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH═N-((S,S)-C(Ph)H-C(Ph)H)-N═CHCH(2)PPh(2))][BPh(4)] (2) for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in basic isopropanol. An induction period for catalyst activation is observed before the catalytic production of 1-phenethanol. The activation step is proposed to involve a rapid reaction of 2 with excess base to give an ene-amido complex [Fe(CO)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH═N-((S,S)-C(Ph)H-C(Ph)H)-NCH═CHPPh(2))](+) (Fe(p)) and a bis(enamido) complex Fe(CO)(Ph(2)PCH═CH-N-(S,S-CH(Ph)CH(Ph))-N-CH═CHPPh(2)) (5); 5 was partially characterized. The slow step in the catalyst activation is thought to be the reaction of Fe(p) with isopropoxide to give the catalytically active amido-(ene-amido) complex Fe(a) with a half-reduced, deprotonated PNNP ligand. This can be trapped by reaction with HCl in ether to give, after isolation with NaBPh(4), [Fe(CO)(Cl)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)N(H)-((S,S)-CH(Ph)CH(Ph))-N═CHCH(2)PPh(2))][BPh(4)] (7) which was characterized using multinuclear NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. When compound 7 is treated with base, it directly enters the catalytic cycle with no induction period. A precatalyst with the fully reduced P-NH-NH-P ligand was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found to be much less active than 2 or 7. Reaction profiles obtained by varying the initial concentrations of acetophenone, precatalyst, base, and acetone and by varying the temperature were fit to the kinetic model corresponding to the proposed mechanism by numerical simulation to obtain a unique set of rate constants and thermodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Mikhailine
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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31
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Maithufi N, Otto S. The bis(acetonitrile-κN)bis[N,N-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ2P,P']iron(II) tetrabromidoferrate(II) and μ-oxido-bis[tribromidoferrate(III)] complex salts. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67:m279-83. [PMID: 21817789 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270111026758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange crystals of bis(acetonitrile-κN)bis[N,N-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ(2)P,P']iron(II) tetrabromidoferrate(II), [Fe(CH(3)CN)(2)(C(26)H(25)NP(2))(2)][FeBr(4)], (I), and red crystals of bis(acetonitrile-κN)bis[N,N-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ(2)P,P']iron(II) μ-oxido-bis[tribromidoferrate(III)], [Fe(CH(3)CN)(2)(C(26)H(25)NP(2))(2)][Fe(2)Br(6)O], (II), were obtained from the same solution after prolonged exposure to atmospheric oxygen, resulting in partial oxidation of the [FeBr(4)](2-) anion to the [Br(3)FeOFeBr(3)](2-) anion. The asymmetric unit of (I) consists of three independent cations, one on a general position and two on inversion centres, with two anions, required to balance the charge, located on general positions. The asymmetric unit of (II) consists of two independent cations and two anions, all on special positions. The geometric parameters within the coordination environments of the cations do not differ significantly, with the major differences being in the orientation of the phenyl rings on the bidentate phosphane ligand. The ethyl substituent in the cation of (II) and the Br atoms in the anions of (II) are disordered. The P-Fe-P bite angles represent the smallest angles reported to date for octahedral Fe(II) complexes containing bidentate phosphine ligands with MeCN in the axial positions, ranging from 70.82 (3) to 70.98 (4)°. The average Fe-Br bond distances of 2.46 (2) and 2.36 (2) Å in the [FeBr(4)](2-) and [Br(3)FeOFeBr(3)](2-) anions, respectively, illustrate the differences in the Fe oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Maithufi
- Sasol Technology Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Sasolburg, South Africa
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Sues PE, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Stereoelectronic Factors in Iron Catalysis: Synthesis and Characterization of Aryl-Substituted Iron(II) Carbonyl P–N–N–P Complexes and Their Use in the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Sues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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33
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Mikhailine AA, Morris RH. Effect of the structure of the diamine backbone of P-N-N-P ligands in iron(II) complexes on catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:11039-44. [PMID: 21067160 DOI: 10.1021/ic101548j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones can be efficiently accomplished using catalysts that are based on platinum group metals which are more toxic and less abundant than iron. For that reason the discovery of iron based catalysts for the use in this transformation is important. To address this issue, we synthesized a new series of iron(II)-based precatalysts trans-[Fe(Br)(CO)(PPh(2)CH(2)CH═NCHRCHRN═CHCH(2)PPh(2))]BPh(4) (5a-5d) containing P-N-N-P ligands with the diamines (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (a), (R,R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaminoethane (b), (R,R)-1,2-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane (c), and ethylenediamine (d) incorporated in the backbone using a convenient one-pot synthesis using readily available starting materials. All of the complexes, when activated with a base, show a very high activity in the transfer hydrogenation catalysis of acetophenone, using 2-propanol as a reducing agent under mild conditions. A comparison of the TOF of complexes 5a-5d show that the catalytic activity of complexes increase as the size of the substituents in the backbone of ligands increases (d < a < b = c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Mikhailine
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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34
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Lagaditis PO, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Iron Complexes for the Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Acetophenone: Steric and Electronic Effects Imposed by Alkyl Substituents at Phosphorus. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10057-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101366z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Chen J, Szalda DJ, Fujita E, Creutz C. Iron(II) and Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing P, N, and H Ligands: Structure, Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:9380-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101077t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Chen
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - David J. Szalda
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, New York, New York 10010
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Carol Creutz
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
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36
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Mikhailine AA, Lagaditis PO, Sues PE, Lough AJ, Morris RH. New cyclic phosphonium salts derived from the reaction of phosphine-aldehydes with acid. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Buchard A, Payet E, Auffrant A, Goff XL, Floch PL. Iminophosphorane-based [P2N2] rhodium complexes: synthesis, reactivity, and application in catalysed transfer hydrogenation of polar bonds. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Durran SE, Elsegood MRJ, Hammond SR, Smith MB. Flexible κ4-PNN′O-tetradentate ligands: synthesis, complexation and structural studies. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:7136-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chen Z, Chen Y, Tang Y, Lei M. A theoretical study of X ligand effect on catalytic activity of complexes RuHX(diamine)(PPh3)2 (X = NCMe, CO, Cl, OMe, OPh, CCMe and H) in H2-hydrogenation of ketones. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2036-43. [DOI: 10.1039/b917934h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Lagaditis PO, Mikhailine AA, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Template Synthesis of Iron(II) Complexes Containing Tridentate P−N−S, P−N−P, P−N−N, and Tetradentate P−N−N−P Ligands. Inorg Chem 2009; 49:1094-102. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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41
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Burrows AD, Harrington RW, Kirk AS, Mahon MF, Marken F, Warren JE, Whittlesey MK. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of a Series of Iron(II) Complexes Containing Self-Assembled 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Ligands. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9924-35. [PMID: 19746954 DOI: 10.1021/ic900874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Ross W. Harrington
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Andrew S. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - John E. Warren
- CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
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42
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Meyer N, Lough A, Morris R. Iron(II) Complexes for the Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Chemistry 2009; 15:5605-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Mikhailine A, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Efficient asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by an iron complex containing a P-N-N-P tetradentate ligand formed by template synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1394-5. [PMID: 19133772 DOI: 10.1021/ja809493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A distorted iron complex formed by template synthesis is the basis of a very efficient and economical catalyst system for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones for the production of valuable enantioenriched alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mikhailine
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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44
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O WWN, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrile-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Complexes of Silver(I) and Rhodium(I). Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8009377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wylie W. N. O
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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45
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Morris RH. Asymmetric hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of ketones catalyzed by iron complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2282-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b806837m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Elsegood MRJ, Lake AJ, Smith MB. A novel fluorene-containing κ4-P2N2-tetradentate platinum(II) complex. Dalton Trans 2009:30-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b816351k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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47
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Sui-Seng C, Haque FN, Hadzovic A, Pütz AM, Reuss V, Meyer N, Lough AJ, Zimmer-De Iuliis M, Morris RH. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron(II) Complexes with Tetradentate Diiminodiphosphine or Diaminodiphosphine Ligands as Precatalysts for the Hydrogenation of Acetophenone. Inorg Chem 2008; 48:735-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sui-Seng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - F. Nipa Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alen Hadzovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Pütz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Valerie Reuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nils Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marco Zimmer-De Iuliis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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