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Montesdeoca N, Borkar RL, Sathiyendiran M, Karges J. Dinuclear Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Anticancer Drug Candidates. Chemistry 2024:e202400217. [PMID: 38574234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. Chemotherapy remains one of the most dominant forms for anticancer treatment. Despite their clinical success, the used chemotherapeutic agents are associated with severe side effect and pharmacological limitations. To overcome these drawbacks there is a need for the development of new types of chemotherapeutic agents. Herein, the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of dinuclear rhenium(I) complexes as potential chemotherapeutic drug candidates are proposed. The metal complexes were found to be internalized by an energy dependent endocytosis pathway, primary accumulating in the mitochondria. The rhenium(I) complexes demonstrated to induce cell death against a variety of cancer cells in the micromolar range through apoptosis. The lead compound showed to eradicate a pancreatic carcinoma multicellular tumor spheroid at micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Montesdeoca
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Reema L Borkar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | | | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Nurnabi M, Gurusamy S, Wu JY, Lee CC, Sathiyendiran M, Huang SM, Chang CH, Chao I, Lee GH, Peng SM, Sathish V, Thanasekaran P, Lu KL. Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) of tetrarhenium(I) metallacycles and their application as luminescent sensors for nitroaromatics and antibiotics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1939-1949. [PMID: 36691828 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of tetrarhenium metallacycles [{Re(CO)3}2(μ-dhaq)(μ-N-N)]2 (3a, N-N = 1,3-bis(1-butylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene; 3b, N-N = 1,3-bis(1-octylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene), (H2-dhaq = 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone) and [{Re(CO)3}2(μ-thaq)(μ-N-N)]2 (4, N-N = 1,3-bis(1-butylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene), (H2-thaq = 1,2,4-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone) under solvothermal conditions is described. The metallacycles 3a,b and 4 underwent aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in THF upon the incremental addition of water. TEM images revealed that metallacycle 3a in a 60% aqueous THF solution formed rectangular aggregates with a wide size distribution, while a 90% aqueous THF solution resulted in the formation of a mixture of nanorods and amorphous aggregates due to rapid and abrupt aggregation. UV-vis and emission spectral profiles supported the formation of nanoaggregates of metallacycles 3a,b and 4 upon the gradual addition of water to a THF solution containing metallacycles. Further studies indicated that these nanoaggregates were excellent probes for the sensitive and selective detection of nitro group containing picric acid (PA) derivatives as well as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunmugasundaram Gurusamy
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, V. O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jing-Yun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chou Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Che-Hao Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Ito Chao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107, Taiwan
| | - Veerasamy Sathish
- Department of Chemistry, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam - 638 401, India
| | | | - Kuang-Lieh Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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3
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Bhol M, Shankar B, Sathiyendiran M. Rhenium(I)-Based Heteroleptic Pentagonal Toroid-Shaped Metallocavitands: Self-Assembly and Molecular Recognition Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11497-11508. [PMID: 35820114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A family of neutral, heteroleptic, dinuclear M2LL'-type pentagonal toroid-shaped metallomacrocycles (1-8) were synthesized using flexible ditopic N donors (Ln = L1-L2), rigid bis-chelating ligands (H2-L' = H2-E), and Re2(CO)10 in a one-pot solvothermal self-assembly approach. The ligands and the metallomacrocycles were characterized using ATR-IR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible, and emission spectroscopy methods. The molecular structures of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study and are similar to those of calix[5]arene. The cyclic inner cavities of the metallomacrocycles accommodate toluene/mesitylene/acetone/chlorobenzene as guest molecules that are stabilized by cumulative C-H···π and π···π interactions with the cyclic framework of metallomacrocycle. The photophysical properties of the ligands and the metallomacrocycles were studied. The host-guest recognition properties of metallocavitands 1, 2, 7, and 8 as a model host with phenol and nitrobenzene derivatives as guest molecules were studied by emission spectroscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamina Bhol
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Bhaskaran Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, India
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Karges J, Seo H, Cohen SM. Synthesis of tetranuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyl metallacycles. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16147-16155. [PMID: 34679156 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes have received much attention due to their attractive photochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties. Beyond simple mononuclear complexes, multinuclear assemblies offer greater structural diversity and properties. Despite previous reports on the preparation of di-, tri-, or tetranuclear Re(I) tricarbonyl assemblies, the synthesis of these supramolecular structures remains challenging due to overall low yields or tedious purification protocols. Herein, the facile preparation and characterization of tetranuclear Re(I) tricarbonyl metallacycles with a square geometry is reported using a tetrazole-based ligand. The synthesis of the metallacycle was optimized using different metal precursors, solvents, temperatures, and reagent concentrations. Finally, the scope of suitable tetrazole-based ligands was explored to produce several tetranuclear Re(I) tricarbonyl-based metallacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Hyeonglim Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Govindarajan R, Divya D, Nagarajaprakash R, Manimaran B. Synthesis and Characterization of Aminoquinonato Bridged Re(I)-Based Amide Functionalized Dinuclear Metallastirrups and Tetranuclear Lemniscate Metallacycles. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanaraj Divya
- Department of Chemistry; Pondicherry University; Puducherry 605014 India
| | | | - Bala. Manimaran
- Department of Chemistry; Pondicherry University; Puducherry 605014 India
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Bhol M, Shankar B, Sathiyendiran M. Rhenium(i) based irregular pentagonal-shaped metallacavitands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4494-4500. [PMID: 29505049 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral ditopic flexible N-donor ligands (Ln = bis(4-(naphtho[2,3-d]imidazol-1-ylmethyl)phenyl)methane, L1 bis(4-(benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)phenyl)methane, L2 or bis(4-(2-nonylbenzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)phenyl)methane, L3) possessing a bis(4-methylphenyl)methane spacer with two imidazolyl donor units were designed and synthesized. The ligands were utilized to develop metallacavitands analogous to irregular pentagonal-shaped metallacavitands with larger cavities. The metallacavitands 1-4 were assembled from Re2(CO)10, a rigid bis-chelating donor (1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone or chloranilic acid) and Lnvia a solvothermal approach. The ligands and the metallacavitands were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of 1 and 4 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis which revealed that a toluene molecule resides in the hydrophobic cavity. Ln and 1-4 are emissive in DMSO at room temperature. The internal cavity of the metallacavitand acts as a host for aromatic guest molecules. The host-guest interaction properties of 1 with anthracene, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene were studied by an emission spectroscopic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamina Bhol
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India.
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7
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Elumalai P, Kanagaraj R, Marimuthu R, Shankar B, Kalita AC, Sathiyendiran M. Rhenium(I)-based bridgeless double metallocalix[4]arenes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11274-7. [PMID: 26051960 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00841g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bridgeless double metallocalix[4]arenes possessing two orthogonally arranged dinuclear cavitands were obtained from a Re2(CO)10, rigid bis-chelating OO donor (H2-L), and a flexible bis-ditopic NN donor (L') by a one-pot approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Elumalai
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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Bürger M, Katzsch F, Brendler E, Gruber T. Synthesis of macrocyclic receptors with intrinsic fluorescence featuring quinizarin moieties. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4882-92. [PMID: 25880616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented class of macrocycles with intrinsic fluorescence consisting of phenolic trimers and quinizarin is developed. Though they are lacking strong hydrogen bonds as observed in calixarenes, the two examples introduced here each adopt a vase-like conformation with all four aromatic units pointing in one direction (syn orientation). This "cone" conformation has been confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and X-ray crystallography. The laminar, electron-rich fluorophore as part of the macrocycle allows additional contacts to enclosed guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bürger
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
| | - F Katzsch
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
| | - E Brendler
- ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
| | - T Gruber
- †Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
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9
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Neutral discrete metal–organic cyclic architectures: Opportunities for structural features and properties in confined spaces. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ashok Kumar C, Karthikeyan S, Varghese B, Veena V, Sakthivel N, Manimaran B. Synthesis, characterisation and cytotoxicity evaluation of rhenium(I) based ester functionalised dinuclear metallacyclophanes. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Bhattacharya D. A Luminescent Rhenium(I) Metallacycle with Oxygen and Nitrogen Donor Atoms: Photophysical and Theoretical Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Bhattacharya D. Synthesis, characterization, structure and dual room-temperature fluorescent and phosphorescent emission in μ-oxalato-bridged rhenium(I) metallacycle. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Rajakannu P, Elumalai P, Hussain F, Sathiyendiran M. Rhenium-based bicyclic supramolecule with calixarene-shaped bowls. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Rajakannu P, Elumalai P, Shankar B, Hussain F, Sathiyendiran M. Rhenium(i) based metallocalix[4]arenes decorated with free functionalized benzimidazolyl units. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11359-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Sathish V, Babu E, Ramdass A, Lu ZZ, Chang TT, Velayudham M, Thanasekaran P, Lu KL, Li WS, Rajagopal S. Photoswitchable alkoxy-bridged binuclear rhenium(i) complexes – a potential probe for biomolecules and optical cell imaging. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Thanasekaran P, Lee CC, Lu KL. One-step orthogonal-bonding approach to the self-assembly of neutral rhenium-based metallacycles: synthesis, structures, photophysics, and sensing applications. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1403-18. [PMID: 22721174 DOI: 10.1021/ar200243w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled metallacycles offer structural diversity and interesting properties based on their unique frameworks and host-guest chemistry. As a result, the design and synthesis of these materials has attracted significant research interest. This Account describes our comprehensive investigations of an effective orthogonal-bonding approach for the self-assembly of neutral Re-based metallacycles. We discuss the various types of assemblies that can be created based on the nuclearity of the luminophore, including bimetallic materials, rectangles, cages, and calixarenes. This approach permits the preparation of a rectangular molecule, rather than two molecular squares, in excellent yields. We extended this strategy to the high yield synthesis of a series of Re-based metallacycles with different shapes. With the rich spectroscopic and luminescence properties, Re(I) metallacycles provide an excellent platform for studies of host-guest interactions. When possible, we also present potential applications of the luminescent Re-based metallosupramolecular assemblies. The orthogonal-bonding approach involves the simultaneous introduction of two ligands: a bis-chelating ligand to coordinate to two equatorial sites of two fac-(CO)(3)Re cores and a monotopic or ditopic nitrogen-donor ligand to the remaining orthogonal axial site. Furthermore, by the appropriate choice of the predesigned organic ligands with various backbones and connectivity information and fac-Re(CO)(3) metal centers, we could also design other novel functional metallacycles including rotors, gondolas, cages, triangles, and metallacalixarenes in high yields. The incorporation of flexible ligands into the Re(I) metallacycles allows us to introduce various conformation states and novel structures. As a result, these structures acquire new functions, such as adaptive recognition properties. For example, we assembled Re(I)-based metallacyclic rotors via a one-step process. These rotors, which contain a para-phenylene unit that rapidly rotates within the metallacycles, are prototypes of a neutral altitudinal rotor. Most of the metallacycles are luminescent. The ability to chemically modify the organic ligands offers opportunities to create structural diversity and to tune the photophysical properties of these Re(I) metallacycles efficiently. Several strategies for increasing emission quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes and tuning the colors in Re(I) metallacycles are available. The cyclometalated ligands in Re(I) metallacycles improve excited state lifetimes and quantum yields, and these C-H bond-activated metallacycles are considerably more emissive than their non-C-H bond-activated analogues. The introduction of crown-ether-like recognition sites into neutral gondola-shaped metallacycles that selectively recognize metal ions also enhanced emission. Rhenium-based rectangular boxes, synthesized via a simple one-step route, contain a large and tunable hydrophobic inner cavity, which selectively recognizes benzene molecules. Such structures were the best host for benzene reported to date. In addition, we designed and synthesized novel neutral metallacalixarenes with tunable size, cavity, color, and functionality. These structures are efficient hosts for the recognition of planar aromatic guests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung-Chou Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Lieh Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Biswas MK, Patra SC, Maity AN, Ke SC, Adhikary ND, Ghosh P. Electronic Structures of Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6687-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300327x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur,
Kolkata 103, India
| | - Sarat Chandra Patra
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur,
Kolkata 103, India
| | - Amarendra Nath Maity
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng,
Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Shyue-Chu Ke
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng,
Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | | | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur,
Kolkata 103, India
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Multielectron Redox Chemistry of a Neutral, NIR-Active, Indigo-Pillared ReI-Based Triangular Metalloprism. Chemistry 2012; 18:5275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rajakannu P, Shankar B, Yadav A, Shanmugam R, Gupta D, Hussain F, Chang CH, Sathiyendiran M, Lu KL. Adaptation toward Restricted Conformational Dynamics: From the Series of Neutral Molecular Rotors. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200269z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anju Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | | | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Firasat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Che-Hao Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Kuang-Lieh Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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