Synthesis and Characterization of Rhenium Thiolate Complexes. Crystal and Molecular Structures of [NBu4][ReO(H2O)Br4)]·2H2O, [Bu4N][ReOBr4(OPPh3)], [ReO(SC5H4N)3], [ReO(SC4H3N2)3][ReO(OH)(SC5H4N-3,6-(SiMe2But)2)2], [Re(N2COC6H5)(SC5H4N)Cl(PPh3)2], and [Re(PPh3)(SC4H3N2)3]

Rhenium versus cadmium: an alternative structure for a thermally stable cadmium carbonyl compound

An alternative description is provided for the previously reported novel tetranuclear cadmium carbonyl compound, [Cd(CO)3(C6H3Cl)]4. Specifically, consideration of single crystal X-ray diffraction data indicates that the compound is better formulated as the rhenium compound, [Re(CO)3(C4N2H3S)]4. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations predict that, if it were to exist, [Cd(CO)3(C6H3Cl)]4 would have a very different structure to that reported. While it is well known that X-ray diffraction may not reliably distinguish between atoms of similar atomic number (e.g. N/C and Cl/S), it is not generally recognized that two atoms with very different atomic numbers could be misassigned. The misidentification of two elements as diverse as Re and Cd (ΔZ = 27) is unexpected and serves as an important caveat for structure determinations.

Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of rhenium, technetium-99m and rhenium-188 pentapeptides

A pentapeptide macrocyclic ligand, KYCAR (lysyl-tyrosyl-cystyl-alanyl-arginine), has been designed as a potential chelating ligand for SPECT imaging and therapeutic in vivo agents. This study shows the synthesis and characterization of KYCAR complexes containing nonradioactive rhenium, ^99mTc, or ¹⁸⁸Re. The metal complexes were also biologically evaluated to determine in vivo distribution in healthy mice. The overall goals of this project were (1) to synthesize the Tc/Re pentapeptide complexes, (2) to identify spectroscopic methods for characterization of syn versus anti rhenium peptide complexes, (3) to analyze the ex vivo stability, and (4) to assess the biological properties of the [^99mTc]TcO-KYCAR and [¹⁸⁸Re]ReO-KYCAR complexes in vivo. Details on these efforts are provided below.

METHODS

^NatRe/^99mTc/¹⁸⁸ReO-KYCAR complexes were synthesized, and macroscopic species were characterized via HPLC, IR, NMR, and CD. These characterization data were compared to the crystallographic data of ReO-KYC to assist in the assignment of diastereomers and to aid in the determination of the structure of the complex.

RESULTS

The radiometal complexes were synthesized with high purity (>95%). HPLC, IR, NMR and CD data on the macroscopic ^natReO-KYCAR complexes confirm the successful complexation as well as the presence of two diastereomers in syn and anticonformations. Tracer level complexes show favorable stabilities ex vivo for 2+ h.

CONCLUSION

Macroscopic metal complexes form diastereomers with the KYCAR ligand; however, this phenomenon is not readily observed on the tracer level due to the rapid interconversion. It was determined through pK_a measurements that the macroscopic ^natReO-KYCAR complex is 0 at physiological pH. The [^99mTc]TcO-KYCAR is stable in vitro while the [¹⁸⁸Re]ReO-KYCAR shows 50% decomposition in PBS and serum. Biologically, the tracer level complexes clear through the hepatobiliary pathway. Some decomposition of both tracers is evident by uptake in the thyroid and stomach.

Iron(ii) complexes of 2-mercaptopyridine as rubredoxin site analogues

The synthesis, characterization and reactivity studies of iron(ii) complexes [Fe^II(PySH)₄](OTf)₂, 1-(OTf)2, [Fe^II(PySH)₄](ClO)₄, 1-(ClO4)2, and [Fe^II(PyS)₂]_n, (2), of a 2-mercaptopyridine (PySH) ligand are discussed. The X-ray crystal structures of both 1-(OTf)2 and 1-(ClO4)2 reveal a distorted tetrahedral geometry at the iron(ii) center with identical constituents. All the pyridine nitrogen atoms are protonated and thiolate ions are coordinated to the iron(ii) center. The structure and function of complex 1-(OTf)2 or 1-(ClO4)2 resembles the active site of rubredoxin. Complex 2 has octahedral geometry at the iron(ii) center forming a 1-D coordination polymer. Complex 1-(OTf)2 exhibits a high positive redox potential (E_1/2 = 0.23 V vs. Ag/AgCl) which reduces to -0.12 V in the presence of triethylamine under an inert atmosphere. This change of the redox potential is highly reversible in the presence of a weak acid such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, pTsOH. DFT studies show that the complex cation [Fe^II(PySH)₄]²⁺ upon treatment with a base converts to its anionic congener, [Fe^II(PyS)₄]^2-, via the deprotonation of the pyridinium moiety. The iron(ii) complexes readily react with molecular oxygen to yield the corresponding iron(iii) complex, which rapidly decays to form pyridine disulphide (Py₂S₂) and an iron(ii) complex.

Technetium and rhenium in five-coordinate symmetrical and dissymmetrical nitrido complexes with alkyl phosphino-thiol ligands. Synthesis and structural characterization

The reactivity of bulky alkylphosphino-thiol ligands (PSH) toward nitride-M(V, VI) (M = Tc/Re) precursors was investigated. Neutral five-coordinate monosubstituted complexes of the type [M(N)(PS)Cl(PPh(3))] (Tc1-4, Re1-2) were prepared in moderate to high yields. It was found that these [M(N)(PS)Cl(PPh(3))] species underwent ligand-exchange reactions under mild conditions when reacted with bidentate mononegative ligands having soft donor atoms such as dithiocarbamates (NaL(n)) to afford stable dissymmetrical mixed-substituted complexes of the type [M(N)(PS)(L(n))] (Tc5,8-10, Re5-9) containing two different bidentate chelating ligands bound to the [M[triple bond]N](2+) moiety. In these reactions, the dithiocarbamate replaced the two labile monodentate ligands (Cl and PPh(3)) leaving the [M(N)(PS)](+) building block intact. In the above reactions, technetium and rhenium were found to behave in a similar way. Instead, under more drastic conditions, reactions of PSH with [M(N)Cl(2)(PPh(3))(2)] gave a mixture of monosubstituted [M(N)(PS)Cl(PPh(3))] and bis-substituted species [M(N)(PS)(2)] (Tc11-14) in the case of technetium, whereas only monosubstituted [M(N)(PS)Cl(PPh(3))] complexes were recovered for rhenium. All isolated products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, and (31)P) NMR spectroscopies, ESI MS spectrometry, and X-ray crystal structure determination of the representative monosubstituted [Tc(N)(PStbu)Cl(PPh(3))] (Tc4) and mixed-substituted [Re(N)(PScy)(L(3))] (Re7) and [Re(N)(PSiso)(L(4))] (Re9) complexes. The latter rhenium complexes represent the first example of a square-pyramidal nitrido Re species with the basal plane defined by a PS(3) donor set. Monosubstituted [M(N)(PS)Cl(PPh(3))] species bearing the substitution-inert [M(N)(PS)](+) moieties act as suitable building blocks proposed for the construction of new classes of dissymmetrical nitrido compounds with potential application in the development of essential and target specific (99m)Tc and (188)Re radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy, respectively.

Syntheses and structural characterization of rhenium-bis-hydrazinopyrimidine core complexes with thiolate and Schiff base coligands

The reaction of perrhenate with 2-hydrazinopyrimidine in MeOH-HCl yields [ReCl(3)(eta(1)-NNC(4)H(3)N(2)H)(eta(2)-HNNC(4)H(3)N(2))] (1). The analogous reaction with Na(2)MoO(4) yields [MoCl(3)(eta(1)-NNC(4)H(3)N(2)H)(eta(2)-HNNHC(4)H(3)N(2))] (1a). The reaction of 1 with pyrimidine-2-thiol and triethylamine produces [Re(eta(1)-C(4)H(3)N(2)S)(eta(2)-C(4)H(3)N(2)S)(eta(1)-NNC(4)H(3)N(2))(eta(2)-HNNC(4)H(3)N(2))] (2), while reaction of 1 with the Schiff base HSC(6)H(4)N=C(H)C(6)H(4)OH provides [Re(eta(3)-SC(6)H(4)N=C(H)C(6)H(4)O)(eta(1)-NNC(4)H(3)N(2))(eta(2)-C(6)H(4)O)(eta(1)-NNC(5)H(4)N)(eta(2)-HNNC(5)H(4)N)] (4), was also synthesized by reacting [ReCl(3)(eta(1)-NNC(5)H(4)NH)(eta(2)-HNNC(5)H(4)N)] with HSC(6)H(4)N=C(H)C(6)H(4)OH. The crystal structures of 1-4 have been determined.

Preparation and characterization of oxorhenium(V) complexes with 2,2'-biimidazole: the strong affinity of coordinated biimidazole for chloride ions via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonding

N,N'-Dimethylbiimidazole and bipyridine (N-N) react with ReOCl3(OPPh3)(Me2S) to give mer-ReOCl3(N-N) compounds. Nonmethylated biimidazole forms a trans-O,O [ReOCl2(OPPh3)(biimH2)]+ cation, which is tightly associated with the Cl- counterion via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonding. Hydrolysis of ReOCl3(biimMe2) in wet acetone (5% water) leads to the linear oxo-bridged dinuclear species [(OReCl2(biimMe2)2(mu-O)] containing chelated biimMe2. Acetone solutions containing only 1% water yield the bent oxo-bridged dinuclear species [(OReCl2)2(mu-O)(mu-biimMe2)2], where each Re center retains the ReO2Cl2N2 coordination but the biimMe2 ligands are bridging. The linear oxo-bridged [(OReCl2(biimH2)2(mu-O)] complex obtained with nonmethylated biimidazole includes two Cl- ions held via N-H...Cl- hydrogen bonds, leading to a dianionic [(OReCl2(biimH2...Cl)2(mu-O)]2- unit in the crystals of the PPh4+ salt. The compounds are characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies, and the structures of [ReOCl2(OPPh3)(biimH2)]Cl, [(OReCl2(biimH2)2(mu-O)](PPh4Cl)(2).2H2O, and [(OReCl2)2(mu-O)(mu-biimMe2)2].acetone are determined by X-ray diffraction.

Oxorhenium(V) complexes containing tridentate Schiff-base and monothiol coligands

The reaction of [n-(C(4)H(9))(4)N][ReOBr(4)(OPPh(3))] with the tridentate Schiff-base [HOC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)SH] allows for the isolation of [ReOBr{eta(3)-(OC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)S)}] (1). The reaction of [n-(C(4)H(9))(4)N][ReOBr(4)(OPPh(3))] with [HOC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)SH] and the appropriate benzenethiol (C(6)H(4)X-4-SH) where X=H, Br, Cl, F, and OCH(3) in methanol-acetonitrile treated with triethylamine has led to the isolation of a series of rhenium complexes of the type [ReO{eta(3)-(OC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)S)} (eta(1)-C(6)H(4)X-4-S)] (X=H (2), Br (3), Cl (4), F (5), and OCH(3) (6)). Likewise, under similar reaction conditions, the use of benzylmercaptan ligands of the type (C(6)H(4)X-4-CH(2)SH) where X=H, Cl, F, and OCH(3) has led to the isolation of a series of rhenium complexes of the type [ReO{eta(3)-(OC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)S)} (eta(1)-C(6)H(4)X-4-CH(2)S)] (X=H (7), Cl (8), F (9), and OCH(3) (10)). The incorporation of the appropriate amine functionality into the substituent R of the monodentate ligand allows for the isolation of a cationic oxorhenium(V) species, namely, [ReO{eta(3)-(OC(6)H(4)C(H)NC(6)H(4)S)} (eta(1)-C(5)H(4)NH-2-S)][Br] (11).

Reactivity of Hydrides FeH(2)(CO)(2)P(2) (P = Phosphites) with Aryldiazonium Cations: Preparation, Characterization, X-ray Crystal Structure, and Electrochemical Studies of Mono- and Binuclear Aryldiazenido Complexes

Mono- and binuclear aryldiazenido complexes [Fe(ArN(2))(CO)(2)P(2)]BPh(4) (1-4) and [{Fe(CO)(2)P(2)}(2)(&mgr;-N(2)Ar-ArN(2))](BPh(4))(2) (5-8) [P = P(OEt)(3), PPh(OEt)(2), PPh(2)OEt, P(OPh)(3); Ar = C(6)H(5), 2-CH(3)C(6)H(4), 4-CH(3)C(6)H(4); Ar-Ar = 4,4'-C(6)H(4)-C(6)H(4), 4,4'-(2-CH(3))C(6)H(3)-C(6)H(3)(2-CH(3)), 4,4'-C(6)H(4)-CH(2)-C(6)H(4)] were prepared by allowing hydride species FeH(2)(CO)(2)P(2) to react with an excess of mono- (ArN(2))(BF(4)) or bis-aryldiazonium (N(2)Ar-ArN(2))(BF(4))(2) salts, respectively, at low temperature. A reaction path involving a hydride-aryldiazene intermediate [FeH(ArN=NH)(CO)(2)P(2)](+), which, through the loss of H(2), affords the final aryldiazenido complexes 1-8, is proposed. The compounds were characterized by (1)H and (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectroscopy (including (15)N isotopic substitution) and X-ray crystal structure determination. The complex [Fe(CO)(2){P(OEt)(3)}(2){&mgr;-4,4'-N(2)(2-CH(3))C(6)H(3)-C(6)H(3)(2-CH(3))N(2)}](BPh(4))(2) (5b) crystallizes in the space group P&onemacr; with a = 15.008(4) Å, b = 17.094(5) Å, c = 10.553(3) Å, alpha = 99.56(1) degrees, beta = 102.80(1) degrees, gamma = 65.30(1) degrees, and Z = 1. The structure is centrosymmetric and consists of binuclear cations with the two iron atoms in a quite regular trigonal bipyramidal environment, with the two CO in the equatorial and the two phosphites in the apical position, respectively. Aryldiazenido complexes 1-8 react with strong acids HX (X = Cl, CF(3)SO(3), CF(3)CO(2)) to give the corresponding aryldiazene derivatives, according to the equilibrium [Fe(ArN(2))(CO)(2)P(2)](+) + HX right harpoon over left harpoon [FeX(ArN=NH)(CO)(2)P(2)](+). Electrochemical studies of both mono- (1-4) and binuclear (5-8) compounds were undertaken, and a mechanism for oxidation and reduction processes is proposed.