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Sun S, Homer JA, Smedley CJ, Cheng QQ, Sharpless KB, Moses JE. Phosphorus fluoride exchange: Multidimensional catalytic click chemistry from phosphorus connective hubs. Chem 2023; 9:2128-2143. [PMID: 38882554 PMCID: PMC11172371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus Fluoride Exchange (PFEx) represents a cutting-edge advancement in catalytic click-reaction technology. Drawing inspiration from Nature's phosphate connectors, PFEx facilitates the reliable coupling of P(V)-F loaded hubs with aryl alcohols, alkyl alcohols, and amines to produce stable, multidimensional P(V)-O and P(V)-N linked products. The rate of P-F exchange is significantly enhanced by Lewis amine base catalysis, such as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD). PFEx substrates containing multiple P-F bonds are capable of selective, serial exchange reactions via judicious catalyst selection. In fewer than four synthetic steps, controlled projections can be deliberately incorporated along three of the four tetrahedral axes departing from the P(V) central hub, thus taking full advantage of the potential for generating three-dimensional diversity. Furthermore, late-stage functionalization of drugs and drug fragments can be achieved with the polyvalent PFEx hub, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFP), as has been demonstrated in prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Sun
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Joshua A. Homer
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christopher J. Smedley
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Qing-Qing Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John E. Moses
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Lead contact
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Cetindere S, Kızılkaya P, Yenilmez Çiftçi G, Yuksel F. Tetra-Bodipy Linked Mono-Spiro Cyclotriphosphazene Conjugates: Synthesis, Characterization And Photophysical Properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mutlu Balcı C, Palabıyık D, Beşli S. Regional selectivity of 1,2-ethanediol in the reactions with cyclotriphosphazene derivatives bearing mono-amino groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Palabıyık D, Mutlu Balcı C, Beşli S. The role of the substituted group on competitive formation of ansa and spiro isomers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yenilmez Çiftçi G, Eker Y, Şenkuytu E, Yuksel F. Structural and fluorescence properties of the 2,2′-methylenediphenoxy and 1,1′-methylenedi-2-naphthoxy cyclotriphosphazene derivatives. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kumar D, Elias AJ. Reduction reactions of alkyne and butadiyne derived fluorinated cyclophosphazenes. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biswas R, Keshav K, Kumar D, Elias AJ. Reactions of allylzinc bromide with ethynylferrocene derived fluorinated cyclophosphazenes. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Synthesis and structural characterization of the first examples of butadiynyl derived cyclic fluorinated phosphazenes. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Copper(I) and silver(I) complexes of carbaphosphazene-anchored N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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İbişoğlu H, Dal H, Hökelek T, Kılıç A, Ün İ, Vardı S. The reaction of thiophenoxide with amino-substituted chloro-cyclotriphosphazenes. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Richterová V, Alberti M, Příhoda J, Kubáček P, Taraba J, Žák Z. New results in the ammonolysis of hexafluoro-cyclo-triphosphazene: Crystal structure of P3N3F5–NH–P3N3F4NH2. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Díaz C, Valenzuela ML, Ushak S. Synthesis and Characterization of N3P3(O2C12H8)2(OC6H4Si(CH3)3)(OC6H4Br) and Its Conversion to Nanostructured Si Material. J CLUST SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-008-0189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kumar MS, Gupta RP, Elias AJ. Synthesis and Selectivity in the Formation of Cyclophosphazene-Derived 1,3-Cyclohexadienes from Reactions of RCpCo(COD) [R = MeOC(O)] with Alkynes and Alkenes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3433-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7024507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthiah Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Ram Prakash Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Anil J. Elias
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
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Formation of spiro and ansa derivatives in the reaction of 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentane-1,5-diol with cyclotriphosphazene: Comparison with 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorobutane-1,4-diol. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Elias AJ, Muralidharan K, Senthil Kumar M, Venugopalan P. Chemistry of diphenyltetrafluorophosphazene: Reactions with dilithiated diols. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kruszynski R, Siwy M, Porwolik-Czomperlik I, Trzesowska A. A new regioselective method of macrobicyclic Schiff bases synthesis. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Garcia-Alonso F, García-Alvarez J, Pappalardo G, Punzo F, Rossi P. Stereoisomer Discrimination Through π-Stacking Interactions in Spirocyclic Phosphazenes Bearing 2,2′-Dioxybiphenyl Units. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Elias AJ, Twamley B, Shreeve JM. Syntheses and reactions of the fluorinated cyclic thionylphosphazene NSO(Ar)[NPF(2)]2(Ar = 4-t-BuC(6)H(4)-) with difunctional reagents. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2287-91. [PMID: 11327904 DOI: 10.1021/ic001295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The S-aryl substituted thionylphosphazene (Cl(2)PN)(2)[4-t-BuC(6)H(4)(O)SN] (1) was prepared by Friedel-Craft's reaction of NSOCl(NPCl(2))(2) with tert-butylbenzene. When it reacted with excess KSO(2)F at 110 degrees C, the P-Cl bonds of 1 were fluorinated, yielding the tetrafluorothionylphosphazene, (F(2)PN)(2)[4-t-BuC(6)H(4)(O)SN] (2). An equimolar reaction of 2 with dilithiated 1,3-propanediol in THF at -78 degrees C resulted in the formation of the ansa-substituted compound CH(2)(CH(2)O)(2)[FPN](2)[4-t-BuC(6)H(4)(O)SN] (3). The crystal structures of 2 and 3 were determined. In 3 the ansa ring is trans on the PNS heterocycle with respect to the aryl group. Reaction of 2 with the disiloxane (CF(2)CH(2)OSiMe(3))(2), in the presence of catalytic amounts of CsF in THF at 90 degrees C, resulted in the formation of the dispiro compound [(CF(2)CH(2)O)(2)PN](2)[4-t-BuC(6)H(4)(O)SN] (4). Compounds 1-4 were characterized by IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (19)F, (31)P), mass spectral, and elemental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA
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Elias AJ, Twamley B, Shreeve JM. Syntheses and experimental studies on the relative stabilities of spiro, ansa, and bridged derivatives of cyclic tetrameric fluorophosphazene. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2120-6. [PMID: 11304158 DOI: 10.1021/ic001294s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of (CF2CH2OSiMe3)2 and CF2(CF2CH2OSiMe3)2 with N4P4F8 (1) in a 1:2.5 molar ratio resulted in the formation of monospiro compounds [(CF2CH2O)2PN](F2PN)3 (2) and [CF2(CF2)CH2O)2PN](F2PN)3 (4) as well as the intermolecular bridged compounds F7N4P4OCH2CF2CF2CH2OP4N4)F7 (3) and F7N4P4OCH2CF2CF2CF2CH2OP4N4F7 (5). An equimolar reaction of dilithiated 1,3-propanediol with 1 resulted in the 1,3-ansa-substituted compound CH2(CH2O)2[P(F)N]2(F2PN)2 (6) as the major product in good yield. However, an analogous reaction of the dilithiated 1,3-propanedithiol with 1 gave only the spirocyclic compound CH2(CH2S)2(PN)(F2PN)3 (8). The molecular structures of 2 and 6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the presence of catalytic amounts of CsF in THF, the bridged compound 3 was converted to the spirocyclic compound 2 while the 1,3-ansa compound 6 under similar conditions transformed into the monospiro-substituted compound CH2(CH2O)2 (PN)(F2PN)3 (7). These transformations were monitored by time-dependent 19F and 31P NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA
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Amato ME, Caminiti R, Carriedo GA, Garcia-Alonso FJ, García-Alvarez JL, Lombardo GM, Pappalardo GC. Structural features and molecular assembly of amorphous phosphazenic materials in the bulk--combined theoretical and experimental techniques: Tris-(2,2'-dioxy-1,1'-binaphthyl)cyclotriphosphazen. Chemistry 2001; 7:1486-94. [PMID: 11330903 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010401)7:7<1486::aid-chem1486>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure and the assembly of tris-(2,2'-dioxy-binaphthyl)cyclotriphosphazene [(+)-[NP3(O2C20H12)3], DBNP, in the solid amorphous state was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) including ad hoc quantum mechanically derived force field (FF) parameters, in combination with the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXD) technique. The atom-atom radial distribution function (RDF) curve obtained through the EDXD experiment revealed low intensity peaks not attributable to the intramolecular distances of the single molecule, but clearly featuring a low energy state of long-distance three-dimensional assembly. The radial distribution functions (RDF) were calculated for various models of DBNP submitted to theoretical MD simulations. Based on the comparison of theoretically calculated RDFs and those obtained from the EDXD experiment, the predominant structural motif of the material in the bulk was found to have DBNP molecules laid one upon the other to form tubular nanostructures. These contain eight DBNP units each (length ca. 46 A) with two and three of these units aligned in parallel and held together. The material can be represented as a bulk of tubular snake-like chains undergoing distortions with a step of eight DBNP units. The bending angles, that vary randomly, attain limited values sufficient to induce disorder and thus nonperiodic structure. The present application of MD simulations combined with EDXD data appear to be a general approach to solve for the first time otherwise intractable issues concerning structural features and assembly of molecular materials in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Catania, Italy.
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Muralidharan K, Reddy ND, Elias AJ. Syntheses of novel exo and endo isomers of ansa-substituted fluorophosphazenes and their facile transformations into spiro isomers in the presence of fluoride ions. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:3988-94. [PMID: 11198851 DOI: 10.1021/ic0001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the dilithiated diols RCH2P(S)(CH2OLi)2 [R = Fc (1), Ph (2) (Fc = ferrocenyl)] with N3P3F6 in equimolar ratios at -80 degrees C result exclusively in the formation of two structural isomers of ansa-substituted compounds, endo-RCH2P(S)(CH2O)2[P(F)N]2(F2PN) [R = Fc (3a), Ph (4a)] and exo-RCH2P(S)(CH2O)2[P(F)N]2(F2PN) [R = Fc (3b), Ph (4b)], which are separated by column chromatography. Increasing the reaction temperature to -40 degrees C results in more of the exo isomers 3b and 4b at the expense of the endo isomers. The formation of the ansa-substituted compounds is found to depend on the dilithiation of the diols, as a reaction of the silylated phosphine sulfide FcCH2P(S)(CH2OSiMe3)2 (5) with N3P3F6 in the presence of CsF does not yield either 3a or 3b but instead gives the spiro isomer [FcCH2P(S)(CH2O)2 PN](F2PN)2 (6) as the disubstitution product of N3P3F6. The ansa isomers 3a and 3b are transformed into the spiro compound 6 in the presence of catalytic amounts of CsF at room temperature in THF, while 4a and 4b are transformed into the spiro compound [PhCH2P(S)(CH2O)2PN](F2PN)2 (7) under similar conditions. The novel conversions of ansa-substituted phosphazenes into spirocyclic phosphazenes were monitored by time-dependent 31P NMR spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on a transformation was studied by carrying out reactions at various temperatures in the range from -60 to +33 degrees C for 3b. In addition, compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, and 6 were structurally characterized. In the case of the ansa compounds, the nitrogen atom flanked by the bridging phosphorus sites was found to deviate significantly from the plane defined by the five remaining atoms of the phosphazene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
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Reactivity, structure and electrospray mass spectrometry of pentafluoro- and pentachloro-phenoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes. Polyhedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)00511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Omotowa BA, Shreeve JM. Difluoroorganometalate-Assisted Generation of Perfluorocarbanions from Trimethylsilyl Synthons and Their Interactions with Perfluoroaryl Compounds. Organometallics 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/om0002576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vij A, Elias AJ, Kirchmeier RL, Shreeve JM. Selective Reactivity of the Phosphorus-Chlorine and Carbon-Chlorine Bonds in Cyclic Chlorocarbaphosphazenes: An Unusual Activation of a Carbon-Nitrogen Bond in Trialkylamines. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:2730-2745. [PMID: 11669905 DOI: 10.1021/ic9612921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyclic tertiary amines such as triethylamine and tri-n-propylamine used as HCl scavengers in nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclic chlorocarbaphosphazenes [N(3)PC(2)Cl(4) (I) and N(3)P(2)CCl(5) (II)] with (CF(2))(n)()(CF(2)CH(2)OH)(2) [n = 0 (III) or 1 (IV)] are found to undergo a facile C-N bond cleavage with the regiospecific substitution of the dialkylamino groups on the ring carbon atoms of the carbaphosphazene. In the case of cyclic amines such as 1-methylpiperidine and 4-methylmorpholine, the cleavage was found to occur regiospecifically at the N-CH(3) bond, resulting in the ring substitution of the cyclic secondary amino group on the dicarbaphosphazene ring carbon atoms. The polyfluoro diol III forms a spirocyclic ring exclusively at the phosphorus site in compounds [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[N(C(2)H(5))(2)](2) (1), [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[N(C(3)H(7))(2)](2) (2), [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[NCH(2)(CH(2))(3)CH(2)](2) (3), and [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[N(CH(2))(2)O(CH(2))(2)](2) (5) along with the formation of carbon-substituted carbaphosphazenes, Cl(2)PN(3)C(2)[NCH(2)(CH(2))(3)CH(2)](2) (4) and Cl(2)PN(3)C(2)[N(CH(2))(2)O(CH(2))(2)](2) (6). Reaction of II with III in the presence of triethylamine affords the dispiro product [CF(2)CH(2)O)(2)](2)P(2)N(3)C[N(C(2)H(5))(2)] (7), which crystallizes in a polar orthorhombic space group, Cmc2(1). Upon refluxing of I or II with R(3)N (R = C(2)H(5), n-C(3)H(7)) in toluene, the amino-substituted carbaphosphazenes, Cl(2)PN(3)C(2)[N(C(2)H(5))(2)](2) (8), Cl(4)P(2)N(3)C[N(C(2)H(5))(2)] (9), and Cl(4)P(2)N(3)C[N(n-C(3)H(7))(2)] (10) are obtained in good yields. Hydrolysis of 8 leads to the formation of Cl(O)PN(H)N(2)C(2)[N(C(2)H(5))(2)](2) (11). When lithium salts of the fluoro diols III and IV are reacted with I or II in diethyl ether, the P-Cl bond is selectively substituted, yielding the spirocyclic [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)Cl(2) (12), [CF(2)(CF(2)CH(2)O)(2)]PN(3)C(2)Cl(2) (13), [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)P(2)N(3)CCl(3) (14), and [(CF(2)CH(2)O)(2)](2)P(2)N(3)CCl (15). The C-Cl bonds in 12 and 14 were easily substituted by their reaction with 4-FC(6)H(4)XNa (X = O or S) to form [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[4-FC(6)H(4)O](2) (16) and [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[4-FC(6)H(4)S](2) (17). Reactions of 12 and 13 with (CH(3))(3)SiN(CH(3))(2) under mild conditions result in the elimination of (CH(3))(3)SiCl along with the formation of [CF(2)CH(2)O](2)PN(3)C(2)[N(CH(3))(2)](2) (18). The X-ray analyses of 13 and 18 represent the first examples of eight-membered spirocyclic phosphazenes. The thermal behavior of II, 9, 10, 14, and15 has also been investigated at 120 degrees C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out for 1, 2, 7, 9-14, and 16-19, and these compounds are also characterized using IR, (1)H, (13)C, (19)F and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, MS, and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Vij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
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