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Mazej Z. Fluoride ion donor ability of binary fluorides towards the Lewis acids AsF5 and SbF5. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Housecroft CE, Brooke Jenkins HD. Absolute ion hydration enthalpies and the role of volume within hydration thermodynamics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports that various thermodynamic properties in aqueous media for certain individual ions and for compounds are linear functions of the inverse cube root of the solid respective ionic and compound solid state volumes, Vm−1/3.
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3
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Pollak D, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. Cs[H2NB2(C6F5)6] Featuring an Unequivocal 16-Coordinate Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9444-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pollak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Klaus-Richard Pörschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
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4
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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5
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Zheng X, Zhang Z, Tan G, Wang X. An Aliphatic Solvent-Soluble Lithium Salt of the Perhalogenated Weakly Coordinating Anion [Al(OC(CCl3)(CF3)2)4]−. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1008-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, P. R. China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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6
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Glasser L, Jenkins HDB. Predictive thermodynamics for ionic solids and liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21226-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic properties of ionic solids and liquids may reliably be predicted using volume-based thermodynamics (VBT) and thermodynamic difference rules (TDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Glasser
- Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth 6845
- Australia
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7
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Gamrad W, Dreier A, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. Cation-Cation Pairing by NCH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4482-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Gamrad W, Dreier A, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. Selbstassoziation organischer Kationen über NCH⋅⋅⋅O-Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Elder PJW, Roemmele TL, Taghavikish M, Engesser TA, Scherer H, Krossing I, Boeré RT, Chivers T. Structural Changes Upon Oxidation of (PtBu2)2and 1,4-(CH2)2(PtBu)4: Transannular P-P Interactions in Cations of the 1,4-C2P4Ring. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. W. Elder
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Mona Taghavikish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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10
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Isolation and reversible dimerization of a selenium-selenium three-electron σ-bond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4127. [PMID: 24916712 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-electron σ-bonding that was proposed by Linus Pauling in 1931 has been recognized as important in intermediates encountered in many areas. A number of three-electron bonding systems have been spectroscopically investigated in the gas phase, solution and solid matrix. However, X-ray diffraction studies have only been possible on simple noble gas dimer Xe∴Xe and cyclic framework-constrained N∴N radical cations. Here, we show that a diselena species modified with a naphthalene scaffold can undergo one-electron oxidation using a large and weakly coordinating anion, to afford a room-temperature-stable radical cation containing a Se∴Se three-electron σ-bond. When a small anion is used, a reversible dimerization with phase and marked colour changes is observed: radical cation in solution (blue) but diamagnetic dimer in the solid state (brown). These findings suggest that more examples of three-electron σ-bonds may be stabilized and isolated by using naphthalene scaffolds together with large and weakly coordinating anions.
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11
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He G, Shynkaruk O, Lui MW, Rivard E. Small Inorganic Rings in the 21st Century: From Fleeting Intermediates to Novel Isolable Entities. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7815-80. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400547x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Olena Shynkaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Melanie W. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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12
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13
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Cameron TS, Decken A, Krossing I, Passmore J, Rautiainen JM, Wang X, Zeng X. Reactions of a Cyclodimethylsiloxane (Me2SiO)6 with Silver Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions; Crystal Structures of [Ag(Me2SiO)6][Al] ([Al] = [FAl{OC(CF3)3}3], [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]) and Their Comparison with [Ag(18-Crown-6)]2[SbF6]2. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3113-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3025793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Stanley Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3,
Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3,
Canada
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institute for Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, Albert−Ludwigs−Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jack Passmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3,
Canada
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Division
C−Inorganic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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15
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Zubarev DY, Boldyrev AI. Multiple Aromaticity, Multiple Antiaromaticity, and Conflicting Aromaticity in Planar Clusters. NANOCLUSTERS - A BRIDGE ACROSS DISCIPLINES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53440-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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16
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Ponikvar-Svet M, Keating LR, Dodson BJ, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 19, 2008) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-009-9474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Raabe I, Antonijevic S, Krossing I. Dynamics and Counterion-Dependence of the Structures of Weakly Bound Ag+–P4S3 Complexes. Chemistry 2007; 13:7510-22. [PMID: 17616955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier publication (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7111) we showed that polymeric cationic [Ag(P(4)S(3))(n)](+) complexes (n=1, 2) are accessible if partnered with a suitable weakly coordinating counterion of the type [Al(OR(F))(4)](-) (OR(F): poly- or perfluorinated alkoxide). The present work addresses the following questions that could not be answered in the initial report: How many P(4)S(3) cages can be bound to a Ag(+) ion? Why are these complexes completely dynamic in solution in the (31)P NMR experiments? Can these dynamics be frozen out in a low-temperature (31)P MAS NMR experiment? What are the principal binding sites of the P(4)S(3) cage towards the Ag(+) ion? What are likely other isomers on the [Ag(P(4)S(3))(n)](+) potential energy surface? Counterion influence: Reactions of P(4)S(3) with Ag[Al{OC(CH(3))(CF(3))(2)}(4)] (Ag[hftb]) and Ag[{(CF(3))(3)CO}(3)Al-F-Al{OC(CF(3))(3))}(3)] (Ag[al-f-al]) gave [(P(4)S(3))Ag[hftb]](infinity) (7) as a molecular species, whereas [Ag(2)(P(4)S(3))(6)](2+)[al-f-al](-) (2) (8) is an isolated 2:1 salt. We suggest that a maximum of three P(4)S(3) cages may be bound on average to an Ag(+) ion. Only isolated dimeric dications are formed with the largest cation, but polymeric species are obtained with all other smaller aluminates. Thermodynamic Born-Haber cycles, DFT calculations, as well as solution NMR and ESI mass spectrometry indicate that 8 exhibits an equilibrium between the dication [Ag(2)(P(4)S(3))(6)](2+) (in the solid state) and two [Ag(P(4)S(3))(3)](+) monocations (in the gas phase and in solution). Dynamics: (31)P MAS NMR spectroscopy showed these solid adducts to be highly dynamic, to an extent that the (2)J(P,P) coupling within the cages could be resolved (J-res experiment). This is supported by DFT calculations, which show that the extended PES of [Ag(P(4)S(3))(n)](+) (n=1-3) and [Ag(2)(P(4)S(3))(2)](+) is very flat. The structures of alpha- and gamma-P(4)S(3) were redetermined. Their variable-temperature (31)P MAS NMR spectra are discussed jointly with those of all four currently known [Ag(P(4)S(3))(n)](+) adducts with n=1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Raabe
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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Decken A, Ebdah M, Kowalczyk RM, Landee CP, McInnes EJL, Passmore J, Shuvaev KV, Thompson LK. Tuning Intermolecular Magnetic Exchange Interactions in the Solids CxF2x(CNSSS)2(AsF6)2: Structural, EPR, and Magnetic Characterization of Dimeric (x = 2, 4) Diradicals. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:7756-66. [PMID: 17718477 DOI: 10.1021/ic062475i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of diradical containing salts CxF2x(CNSSS)2(**2+0(AsF6-)2 {x = 2, 1[AsF6]2; x = 3, 3[AsF6]2; x = 4, 2[AsF6]2} have been prepared. 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2 were fully characterized by X-ray, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and solid-state EPR measurements, further allowing us to extend the number of examples of the family of rare 7pi RCNSSS(*+) radical cations. 1[AsF6]2: a = 6.5314(7) A, b = 7.5658(9) A, c = 9.6048(11) A, alpha = 100.962(2) degrees , beta = 96.885(2) degrees , gamma = 107.436(2) degrees , triclinic, space group P, Z = 1, T = 173 K. 2[AsF6]2: a = 10.6398(16) A, b = 7.9680(11) A, c = 12.7468(19) A, beta = 99.758(2) degrees , monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 2, T = 173 K. In the solid-state, CxF2x(CNSSS)2(**2+) (x = 2, 4) formed one-dimensional polymeric chains of dications containing discrete centrosymmetric radical pairs in which radicals were linked by four centered two-electron pi*-pi* bonds [12+, d(S...S) = 3.455(1) A; 22+, d(S...S) = 3.306(2) A]. The exchange interactions in these bonds were determined to be -500 +/- 30 and -900 +/- 90 cm-1, by variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, respectively, providing rare experimental data on the singlet-triplet gaps in the field of thiazyl radicals. For 2[AsF6]2, the thermally excited triplet state was unambiguously characterized by EPR techniques [/D/ = 0.0254(8) cm(-1), /E/ = 0.0013(8) cm(-1)]. These experimental data implied a weakly associated nature of the radical moieties contained in the solids 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2. Computational analysis of the dimerization process is presented, and we show that the 2c 4 electron pi*-pi* bonds in 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2 have ca. 50% and 40% diradical character, respectively. In contrast, 3[AsF6]2.SO2, containing diradical C3F6(CNSSS)2(**2+) with an odd number of CF2 spacers, showed magnetic behavior that was consistent with the presence of monomeric radical centers in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 6E2, Canada
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Cameron TS, Decken A, Kowalczyk RM, McInnes EJL, Passmore J, Rawson JM, Shuvaev KV, Thompson LK. Characterisation of the thermally accessible spin triplet state in dimers of the 7? ClCNSSS+? in the solid state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2277-9. [PMID: 16718328 DOI: 10.1039/b602843h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[ClCNSSS]2(2+) is the first example of a thiazyl radical dimer where population of a thermally excited spin triplet state has been detected, as is proved by VT-powder and single-crystal EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stanley Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
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Decken A, Jenkins HDB, Knapp C, Nikiforov GB, Passmore J, Rautiainen JM. The Autoionization of [TiF4] by Cation Complexation with [15]Crown-5 To Give [TiF2([15]crown-5)][Ti4F18] Containing the Tetrahedral [Ti4F18]2− Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Decken A, Jenkins HDB, Knapp C, Nikiforov GB, Passmore J, Rautiainen JM. The Autoionization of [TiF4] by Cation Complexation with [15]Crown-5 To Give [TiF2([15]crown-5)][Ti4F18] Containing the Tetrahedral [Ti4F18]2− Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7958-61. [PMID: 16304651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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Abstract
Formula unit volume, Vm, has recently been identified as the key link to a number of thermodynamic functions and has given rise to an alternative approach to thermodynamics for modern inorganic materials (volume-based thermodynamics, VBT). In an earlier publication, we reported over 400 ion volumes for commonly encountered cations and anions derived from crystal structure data which can, in turn, be used to generate formula unit volumes for those ionic salts, for which crystal structure data, which is the preferred source of such volume data, is not available. The purpose of the present paper is to report a further 147 supplementary ion volumes. These are compared to ion volumes obtained from the summation of Hofmann's elemental volumes, a convenient and alternative approach for the estimation of Vm. It is shown that many elusive ion volumes can be estimated using these databases in tandem by adopting the newly proposed isomegethic rule and other volume additivity rules. Generation of volume data for new, hypothetical, and counterintuitive ions, as well as for traditional ions, is now a reality, as is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Donald Brooke Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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Elliott BM, Boldyrev AI. Ab Initio Probing of the Aromatic Oxygen Cluster O42+. J Phys Chem A 2004; 109:236-9. [PMID: 16839112 DOI: 10.1021/jp0473016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the O(4)(2+) dication has been studied theoretically using a few conventional theoretical methods. We found the O(4)(2+) dication to be a metastable species with a perfect square structure. The molecular orbital analysis reveals that this dication is the first all-oxygen aromatic system with 6pi electrons. Although the O(4)(2+) dication is highly thermodynamically unstable, we believe that appropriate counteranions with very high electron detachment energy (superhalogens) can be found to form a solid-state compound containing O(4)(2+). Another way to probe the planar aromatic tetra oxygen dication could be a double-photoionization process of the (O(2))(2) dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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Krossing I, Passmore J. Evidence for the Blue 10π S62+ Dication in Solutions of S8(AsF6)2: A Computational Study Including Solvation Energies. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:1000-11. [PMID: 14753822 DOI: 10.1021/ic0207303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of dissociation reactions of S(8)(2+) into stoichiometric mixtures of S(n)(+), n = 2-7, and S(m)(2+), m = 3, 4, 6, 10, were investigated by the B3PW91 method [6-311+G(3df)//6-311+G] in the gas phase and in solution, with solvation energies calculated using the SCIPCM model and in some cases also the COSMO model [B3PW91/6-311+G*, dielectric constants 2-30, 83, 110]. UV-vis spectra of all species were calculated at the CIS/6-311G(2df) level and for S(4)(2+) and S(6)(2+) also at the TD-DFT level (BP86/SV(P)). Standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K were derived for S(3)(2+) (2538 kJ/mol), S(6)(2+) (2238 kJ/mol), and S(10)(2+) (2146 kJ/mol). A comparison of the observed and calculated UV-vis spectra based on our calculated thermochemical data in solution suggests that, in the absence of traces of facilitating agent (such as dibromine Br(2)), S(8)(2+) dissociates in dilute SO(2) solution giving an equilibrium mixture of ca. 0.5S(6)(2+) and S(5)(+) (K approximately 8.0) while in the more polar HSO(3)F some S(8)(2+) remains (K approximately 0.4). According to our calculations, the blue color of this solution is likely due to the pi-pi transition of the previously unknown 10 pi S(6)(2+) dication, and the previously assigned S(5)(+) is a less important contributor. Although not strictly planar, S(6)(2+) may be viewed as a 10 pi electron Hückel-aromatic ring containing a thermodynamically stable 3p(pi)-3p(pi) bond [d(S-S) = 2.028 A; tau(S-S-S-S) = 47.6 degrees ]. The computations imply that the new radical cation S(4)(+) may be present in sulfur dioxide solutions given on reaction of sulfur oxidized by AsF(5) in the presence of a facilitating agent. The standard enthalpy of formation of S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) was estimated as -3103 kJ/mol, and the disproportionation enthalpy of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) to S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(s) as exothermic by 6-17 kJ/mol. The final preference of the observed disproportionation products is due to the inclusion of solvent molecules, e.g., AsF(3), that additionally favors the disproportionation of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) into S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(AsF(3))(s) by 144 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Engesserstr. Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Decken A, Jenkins HDB, Nikiforov GB, Passmore J. The reaction of Li[Al(OR)4] R = OC(CF3)2Ph, OC(CF3)3with NO/NO2giving NO[Al(OR)4], Li[NO3] and N2O. The synthesis of NO[Al(OR)4] from Li[Al(OR)4] and NO[SbF6] in sulfur dioxide solution. Dalton Trans 2004:2496-504. [PMID: 15303165 DOI: 10.1039/b405715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NO[Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(4)] 1 and NO[Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)] 2 were obtained by the metathesis reaction of NO[SbF(6)] and the corresponding Li[Al(OR)(4)] salts in liquid sulfur dioxide solution in ca 40% (1) and 85% (2) isolated yield. 1 and 2, as well as Li[NO(3)] and N(2)O, were also given by the reaction of an excess of mixture of (90 mol%) NO, (10 mol%) NO(2) with Li[Al(OR)(4)] followed by extraction with SO(2). The unfavourable disproportionation reaction of 2NO(2)(g) to [NO](+)(g) and [NO(3)](-)(g)[DeltaH degrees = +616.2 kJ mol(-1)] is more than compensated by the disproportionation energy of 3NO(g) to N(2)O(g) and NO(2)(g)[DeltaH degrees =-155.4 kJ mol(-1)] and the lattice energy of Li[NO(3)](s)[U(POT)= 862 kJ mol(-1)]. Evidence is presented that the reaction proceeds via a complex of [Li](+) with NO, NO(2)(or their dimers) and N(2)O. NO(2) and Li[Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)] gave [NO(3)(NO)(3)][Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)](2), NO[Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)] and (NO(2))[Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)] products. The aluminium complex [Li[AlF(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(3)]](2) 3 was prepared by the thermal decomposition of Li[Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(4)]. Compounds 1 and 3 were characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analyses, 1-3 by elemental analyses, NMR, IR, Raman and mass spectra. Solid 1 contains [Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(4)](-) and [NO](+) weakly linked via donor acceptor interactions, while in the SO(2) solution there is an equilibrium between the associated [NO](+)[Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(4)](-) and separated solvated ions. Solid 2 contains essentially ionic [NO](+) and [Al(OC(CF(3))(3))(4)](-). Complex 3 consists of two [Li[AlF(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(3)]] units linked via fluorine lithium contacts. Compound 1 is unstable in the SO(2) solution and decomposes to yield [AlF(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(3)](-), [(PhC(CF(3))(2)O)(3)Al(mu-F)Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(3)](-) anions as well as (NO)C(6)H(4)C(CF(3))(2)OH, while compound 2 is stable in liquid SO(2). The [small nu](NO(+)) in 1 and [NO](+)(toluene)[SbCl(6)] are similar, implying similar basicities of [Al(OC(CF(3))(2)Ph)(4)](-) and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Decken
- Chemistry Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 6E2, Canada
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Song MK, Kim Y, Seff K. Disproportionation of an Element in a Zeolite. I. Crystal Structure of a Sulfur Sorption Complex of Dehydrated, Fully Cd2+-Exchanged Zeolite X. Synthesis of Tetrahedral S44+ and n-S42+, Two New Polyatomic Cations of Sulfur. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0215623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Kyung Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Yang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Karl Seff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275
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Nenajdenko VG, Shevchenko NE, Balenkova ES, Alabugin IV. 1,2-Dications in organic main group systems. Chem Rev 2003; 103:229-82. [PMID: 12517185 DOI: 10.1021/cr0000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cameron TS, Decken A, Dionne I, Fang M, Krossing I, Passmore J. Approaching the gas-phase structures of [AgS8]+ and [AgS16]+ in the solid state. Chemistry 2002; 8:3386-401. [PMID: 12203319 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20020802)8:15<3386::aid-chem3386>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Upon treating elemental sulfur with [AgSbF(6)], [AgAl(hfip)(4)], [AgAl(pftb)(4)] (hfip=OCH(CF(3))(2), pftb =OC(CF(3))(3)) the compounds [Ag(S(8))(2)][SbF(6)] (1), [AgS(8)][Al(hfip)(4)] (2), and [Ag(S(8))(2)](+)[[Al(pftb)(4)](-) (3) formed in SO(2) (1), CS(2) (2), or CH(2)Cl(2) (3). Compounds 1-3 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determinations: 1 by Raman spectroscopy, 2 and 3 by solution NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Single crystals of [Ag(S(8))(2)](+)[Sb(OTeF(5))(6)](-) 4 were obtained from a disproportionation reaction and only characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The Ag(+) ion in 1 coordinates two monodentate SbF(6) (-) anions and two bidentate S(8) rings in the 1,3-position. Compound 2 contains an almost C(4v)-symmetric [AgS(8)](+) moiety; this is the first example of an eta(4)-coordinated S(8) ring (d(Agbond;S)=2.84-3.00 A). Compounds 3 and 4, with the least basic anions, contain undistorted, approximately centrosymmetric Ag(eta(4)-S(8))(2) (+) cations with less symmetric eta(4)-coordinated S(8) rings (d(Agbond;S)=2.68-3.35 A). The thermochemical radius and volume of the undistorted Ag(S(8))(2) (+) cation was deduced as r(therm)(Ag(S(8))(2) (+))=3.378+ 0.076/-0.120 A and V(therm)(Ag(S(8))(2) (+))=417+4/-6 A(3). AgS(8) (+) and several isomers of the Ag(S(8))(2) (+) cation were optimized at the BP86, B3LYP, and MP2 levels by using the SVP and TZVPP basis sets. An analysis of the calculated geometries showed the MP2/TZVPP level to give geometries closest to the experimental data. Neither BP86 nor B3LYP reproduced the longer weak dispersive Agbond;S interactions in Ag(eta(4)-S(8))(2) (+) but led to Ag(eta(3)-S(8))(2) (+) geometries. With the most accurate MP2/TZVPP level, the enthalpies of formation of the gaseous [AgS(8)](+) and [Ag(S(8))(2)](+) cations were established as Delta(f)H(298)([Ag(S(8))(2)](+), g)=856 kJ mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(298)([AgS(8)](+), g)=902 kJ mol(-1). It is shown that the [AgS(8)](+) moiety in 2 and the [AgS(8)](2) (+) cations in 3 and 4 are the best approximation of these ions, which were earlier observed by MS methods. Both cations reside in shallow potential-energy wells where larger structural changes only lead to small increases in the overall energy. It is shown that the covalent Agbond;S bonding contributions in both cations may be described by two components: i) the interaction of the spherical empty Ag 5s(0) acceptor orbital with the filled S 3p(2) lone-pair donor orbitals and ii) the interaction of the empty Ag 5p(0) acceptor orbitals with the filled S 3p(2) lone-pair donor orbitals. This latter contribution is responsible for the observed low symmetry of the centrosymmetric Ag(eta(4)-S(8))(2) (+) cation. The positive charge transferred from the Ag(+) ion in 1-4 to the coordinated sulfur atoms is delocalized over all the atoms in the S(8) ring by multiple 3p(2)-->3sigma* interactions that result in a small long-short-long-short Sbond;S bond-length alternation starting from S1 with the shortest Agbond;S length. The driving force for all these weak bonding interactions is positive charge delocalization from the formally fully localized charge of the Ag(+) ion.
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New reagents to introduce weakly coordinating anions of type Al(ORF)4−: synthesis, structure and characterization of Cs and trityl salts. J Fluor Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hammerl A, Klapötke TM, Nöth H, Warchhold M, Holl G, Kaiser M, Ticmanis U. [N(2)H(5)](+)(2)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-): a new high-nitrogen high-energetic material. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:3570-5. [PMID: 11421707 DOI: 10.1021/ic010063y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [N(2)H(5)](+)(2)[SO(4)](2-) with barium 5,5'-azotetrazolate gave new high-energy-density materials (HEDM) based on the 5,5'-azotetrazolate dianion. The dihydrazinium salt of [N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-) 1, its dihydrate 2, and its dihydrazinate 3 were prepared in high yield. Synthesis in water afforded yellow needles of [N(2)H(5)](2)(+)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-).2H(2)O (2): monoclinic, P2/c, a = 8.958(2) A, b = 3.6596(7) A, c = 16.200(3) A, beta = 96.834(3) degrees, V = 527.3(2) A(3), Z = 2; synthesis in anhydrous hydrazine gave yellow [N(2)H(5)](2)(+)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-).2N(2)H(4) (3): triclinic, P1, a = 4.6208(6) A, b = 8.585(1) A, c = 9.271(1) A, alpha = 108.486(2) degrees, beta = 95.290(2) degrees, gamma = 102.991(2) degrees, V = 334.51(8) A(3), Z = 1. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and vibrational (IR, Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C, (14)N, (15)N). The new compounds represent new high-nitrogen HEDMs with one of the highest nitrogen contents reported to date ([N(2)H(5)](+)(2)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-) 85.2%; [N(2)H(5)](+)(2)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-).2H(2)O 73.3%; [N(2)H(5)](+)(2)[N(4)C-N=N-CN(4)](2-).2N(2)H(4) 85.7%). The standard heat of formation of the solvate-free compound 1 was computed at the MP2(FULL)/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory to be DeltaH degrees (f) = 264 kcal mol(-1), which translates to 1147 kcal kg(-1) and is one of the highest ever reported. The compounds are stable at room temperature, almost insensitive to friction and impact, but detonate violently when the explosion is initiated, e.g., by rapid heating over the decomposition temperature or by using an initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammerl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Germany
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Cameron TS, Deeth RJ, Dionne I, Du H, Jenkins HD, Krossing I, Passmore J, Roobottom HK. Bonding, structure, and energetics of gaseous E8(2+) and of solid E8(AsF6)2 (E = S, Se). Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5614-31. [PMID: 11151362 DOI: 10.1021/ic990760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The attempt to prepare hitherto unknown homopolyatomic cations of sulfur by the reaction of elemental sulfur with blue S8(AsF6)2 in liquid SO2/SO2ClF, led to red (in transmitted light) crystals identified crystallographically as S8(AsF6)2. The X-ray structure of this salt was redetermined with improved resolution and corrected for librational motion: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), Z = 8, a = 14.986(2) A, b = 13.396(2) A, c = 16.351(2) A, beta = 108.12(1) degrees. The gas phase structures of E8(2+) and neutral E8 (E = S, Se) were examined by ab initio methods (B3PW91, MPW1PW91) leading to delta fH theta[S8(2+), g] = 2151 kJ/mol and delta fH theta[Se8(2+), g] = 2071 kJ/mol. The observed solid state structures of S8(2+) and Se8(2+) with the unusually long transannular bonds of 2.8-2.9 A were reproduced computationally for the first time, and the E8(2+) dications were shown to be unstable toward all stoichiometrically possible dissociation products En+ and/or E4(2+) [n = 2-7, exothermic by 21-207 kJ/mol (E = S), 6-151 kJ/mol (E = Se)]. Lattice potential energies of the hexafluoroarsenate salts of the latter cations were estimated showing that S8(AsF6)2 [Se8(AsF6)2] is lattice stabilized in the solid state relative to the corresponding AsF6- salts of the stoichiometrically possible dissociation products by at least 116 [204] kJ/mol. The fluoride ion affinity of AsF5(g) was calculated to be 430.5 +/- 5.5 kJ/mol [average B3PW91 and MPW1PW91 with the 6-311 + G(3df) basis set]. The experimental and calculated FT-Raman spectra of E8(AsF6)2 are in good agreement and show the presence of a cross ring vibration with an experimental (calculated, scaled) stretching frequency of 282 (292) cm-1 for S8(2+) and 130 (133) cm-1 for Se8(2+). An atoms in molecules analysis (AIM) of E8(2+) (E = S, Se) gave eight bond critical points between ring atoms and a ninth transannular (E3-E7) bond critical point, as well as three ring and one cage critical points. The cage bonding was supported by a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis which showed, in addition to the E8 sigma-bonded framework, weak pi bonding around the ring as well as numerous other weak interactions, the strongest of which is the weak transannular E3-E7 [2.86 A (S8(2+), 2.91 A (Se8(2+)] bond. The positive charge is delocalized over all atoms, decreasing the Coulombic repulsion between positively charged atoms relative to that in the less stable S8-like exo-exo E8(2+) isomer. The overall geometry was accounted for by the Wade-Mingos rules, further supporting the case for cage bonding. The bonding in Te8(2+) is similar, but with a stronger transannular E3-E7 (E = Te) bonding. The bonding in E8(2+) (E = S, Se, Te) can also be understood in terms of a sigma-bonded E8 framework with additional bonding and charge delocalization occurring by a combination of transannular n pi *-n pi * (n = 3, 4, 5), and np2-->n sigma * bonding. The classically bonded S8(2+) (Se8(2+) dication containing a short transannular S(+)-S+ (Se(+)-Se+) bond of 2.20 (2.57) A is 29 (6) kJ/mol higher in energy than the observed structure in which the positive charge is delocalized over all eight chalcogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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