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Manchanda VK. Thorium as an abundant source of nuclear energy and challenges in separation science. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Today about 440 nuclear power plants, with total installed capacity of 390 GW(e) are in operation worldwide generating around 10% of global electricity which are largely fuelled by enriched uranium oxide [Nuclear Power in the World Today. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx]. Thorium is 3–4 times more abundant than uranium and needs to be exploited by countries with limited stock of uranium. Historically, there have been several attempts to develop Th based reactors, but none has reached commercial scale. In recent years, High Temperature Reactor based on thorium has gained prominence for production of hydrogen with long term goal of complete carbon neutrality. However, unlike natural uranium, which contains ∼0.7% fissile 235U isotope, natural thorium does not contain any ‘fissile’ material and is made up exclusively of the ‘fertile’ 232Th which can be converted to ‘fissile’ 233U, thereby enlarging the fissile material resources. However, there is a need to develop robust closed fuel cycle to address to the challenges of high gamma dose due to the presence of decay products of 232U. It is necessary to gain more experience with promising THOREX process to achieve the desired recovery and D.F. of 233U from the irradiated 232Th. There is also scope to have a close look at some of the alternative extractants and emerging separation techniques for the reprocessing of spent Th based fuels. In view of the distinct advantages of non aqueous reprocessing over aqueous reprocessing, there is need to intensify the efforts to develop the former on a commercial scale. Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR) is particularly promising in this context. There is a need to investigate Th as energy amplifier under Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (ADSS) which has potential to burn long lived radio nuclides, considered as a threat to environment over million of years.
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Baghalian Nejad R, Amini MK, Ghaziaskar HS. Separation of Thorium from Zirconium Carbide Waste by Liquid–Liquid Extraction Using Tri- n-octylamine Solvent after Selective Acid Leaching. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Baghalian Nejad
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, I. R. Iran
| | - Mohammad K. Amini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81744-73441, I. R. Iran
| | - Hassan S. Ghaziaskar
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, I. R. Iran
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Mahanty B, Mohapatra PK. Highly efficient separation of thorium from uranium in nitric acid feeds by solid phase extraction using Aliquat 336. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li L, Pan N, Guo X, Ding J, Wu R, Ding S, Wang R, Jin Y, Huang C, Xia C. The novel extractants, bis-triamides: Synthesis and selective extraction of thorium(IV) from nitric acid media. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McCann K, Drader JA, Braley JC. Comparing Branched versus Straight-chained Monoamide Extractants for Actinide Recovery. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1321018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McCann
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica A. Drader
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Jenifer C. Braley
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
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Ansari SA, Mohapatra PK. A review on solid phase extraction of actinides and lanthanides with amide based extractants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pathak PN, Prabhu DR, Kumari N, Mohapatra PK. Studies on the Extraction of Actinides Using a Solvent Containing D2EHiBA in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Unusual Extraction of the Tetravalent Ions. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.973521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Extraction kinetics of Uranium(VI) and Thorium(IV) with Tri-iso-amyl phosphate from nitric acid using a Lewis Cell. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumari N, Pathak P. Dynamic light scattering studies on the aggregation behavior of tributyl phosphate and straight chain dialkyl amides during thorium extraction. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rodrigues F, Ferru G, Berthon L, Boubals N, Guilbaud P, Sorel C, Diat O, Bauduin P, Simonin J, Morel J, Morel-Desrosiers N, Charbonnel M. New insights into the extraction of uranium(VI) by an N,N-dialkylamide. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.902139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Verma PK, Kumari N, Prabhu DR, Pathak PN. Optimization Studies for the Recovery of Thorium from Advanced Heavy Water Reactor High Level Waste (AHWR-HLW) Solutions Using Green Solvents. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.707733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Verma PK, Pathak PN, Jayasekharan T, Vatsac RK, Mohapatra PK. Characterization of the species formed during the extraction of thorium employing tri-n-butyl phosphate and N,N-dihexyl octanamide as extractants by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:275-283. [PMID: 24575626 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS) has been applied to identify and characterize the organic phase species formed during the extraction of thorium nitrate by 1.1 M tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and N,N-dihexyl octanamide (DHOA) solutions in n-dodecane. The aqueous phase thorium concentrations (at 4M HNO3) have been suitably chosen to get Loaded organic phases with/without third-phase. The extracted species have been characterized for the first time using LDI-ToF-MS. The results show feasibility of the use of this technique for understanding the extraction mechanisms and third-phase formation behavior of different extractants. The different chemical species observed using this technique are consistent with those observed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Verma
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - P N Pathak
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - T Jayasekharan
- Applied Spectroscopy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - R K Vatsac
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Wang S, Tan L, Jiang J, Chen J, Feng L. Preparation and characterization of nanosized TiO2 powder as an inorganic adsorbent for aqueous radionuclide Co(II) ions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A ‘cold’ actinide partitioning run at 20 L scale with hollow fibre supported liquid membrane using diglycolamide extractants. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2011.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
‘Actinide partitioning’ studies were attempted by hollow fibre supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) technique using pressurized heavy water reactor simulated high level waste (PHWR-SHLW) as the feed. Two diglycolamide extractants for actinide partitioning, viz. 0.1 M TODGA (N,N,N´,N´-tetraoctyl diglycolamide) + 0.5 M DHOA (N,N-dihexyl octanamide) and 0.2 M T2EHDGA (N,N,N´,N´-tetra-2-ethylhexyl diglycolamide) + 30% iso-decanol in n-dodecane were used as the carrier solvent. Quantitative recovery of all trivalent actinides and lanthanides from PHWR-SHLW was achieved with both the carriers within 30 min when the feed volume was 0.5 L. On the other hand, about 18 h were necessary for a similar study carried out using a feed volume of 20 L. None of the other elements present in the PHWR-SHLW were transported, except small quantities of Sr and Mo. The product could be concentrated to two and four times by maintaining the feed to receiver phase volume ratio of 2:1 and 4:1, respectively. The transport behaviour of trivalent actinides and lanthanides by the two diglycolamide extractants were remarkably similar. The present studies revealed that diglycolamide-HFSLM system offers a promising alternative approach for ‘actinide partitioning’, where the use of organic solvent inventory could be drastically reduced. A mathematical model was developed and there was good agreement between the predicted and experimentally obtained data.
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Extraction studies of uranium into a third-phase of thorium nitrate employing tributyl phosphate and N,N-dihexyl octanamide as extractants in different diluents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Extraction and separation of U(VI) and Th(IV) from hydrobromic acid media using Cyanex-923 extractant. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc090617118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the solvent extraction of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV)
from hydrobromic acid media was performed using the neutral phosphine oxide
extractant Cyanex-923 in toluene. These metal ions were found to be
quantitatively extracted with Cyanex-923 in toluene in the acidity range
5x10-5-1x10-4 M and 5x10-5-5x10-3 M, respectively, and they are stripped from
the organic phase with 7.0 M HClO4 and 2.0- 4.0 M HCl, respectively. The
effect of the equilibrium period, diluents, diverse ions and stripping agent
on the extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) was studied. The stoichiometry of the
extracted species of these metal ions was determined based on the slope
analysis method. The extraction reactions proceed by solvation and their
probable extracted species found in the organic phase were UO2Br2?2Cyanex-923
and ThBr4?2Cyanex-923. Based on these results, a sequential procedure for
their separation from each other was developed.
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Pathak PN, Kanekar AS, Prabhu DR, Manchanda VK. Comparison of Hydrometallurgical Parameters ofN,N‐Dialkylamides and of Tri‐n‐Butylphosphate. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290903113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pathak PN, Prabhu DR, Kanekar AS, Manchanda VK. Distribution studies on Th(IV), U(VI) and Pu(IV) using tri-n-butylphosphate andN,N-dialkyl amides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2006.94.4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryDistribution studies on U, Pu and Th have been carried out employing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as extractant to optimise the conditions for the reprocessing of spent fuel of proposed Th based Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). Due to their high basicity and organophilicity straight chainN,N-dialkyl amides have been evaluated for their third phase formation behaviour (usually quantified by limiting organic concentration) during the extraction of thorium vis a vis TBP. Dihexyl derivatives of octanamide (DHOA) and decanamide (DHDA) were found promising in view of higher limiting organic concentration of thoriumviz.33 g and 50 g/L, respectively as compared to 26 g/L for TBP. Extraction profiles of U, Pu and Th have been obtained using these amides and compared with those of TBP. Attempts have also been made to optimise the stripping conditions using aceto-hydroxamic acid (AHA) and acetaldoxime as reductants for the partitioning of Pu from the loaded organic phase.
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Shailesh S, Pathak P, Mohapatra P, Manchanda V. Transport studies of uranium across a supported liquid membrane containing N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl) isobutyramide (D2EHIBA) as the carrier. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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