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Papadopoulou E, Chrysafi I, Karidi K, Mitani A, Bikiaris DN. Particleboards with Recycled Material from Hemp-Based Panels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:139. [PMID: 38203991 PMCID: PMC10780057 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This research addresses the current need for sustainable solutions in the construction and furniture industries, with a focus on environmentally friendly particleboard. Particleboards were made from a mixture of virgin wood chips and hemp shives, which were then mechanically recycled and used to make new lightweight particleboards. Phenol-formaldehyde resin with 25% w/w phenol replacement by soybean flour (PFS) was used as the binder for the lignocellulosic materials. Laboratory analyses determined the resin properties, and FTIR confirmed the structure of the experimental PFS resin. The thermal properties of all the resins were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The panels were manufactured using industrial simulation and tested for mechanical and physical properties in accordance with European standards. The FTIR study confirmed good adhesion, and the TGA showed improved thermal stability for the recycled biomass panels compared to virgin biomass panels. The study concludes that lightweight particleboards can be successfully produced from recycled hemp shive-based panels, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional materials in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Electra Papadopoulou
- CHIMAR HELLAS S.A., 15 Km National Road, Thessaloniki—Polygyros, 570 01 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Iouliana Chrysafi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Karidi
- CHIMAR HELLAS S.A., 15 Km National Road, Thessaloniki—Polygyros, 570 01 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Andromachi Mitani
- Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, University of Thessaly, V. Griva nr.11, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Gunka V, Hrynchuk Y, Demchuk Y, Donchenko M, Prysiazhnyi Y, Reutskyy V, Astakhova O. Production of Bitumen Modified with Low-Molecular Organic Compounds from Petroleum Residues. 7. Study of the Structure of Formaldehyde Modified Tars. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht17.01.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Three samples of bituminous material with different softening temperatures of 321, 332, and 356.4 K were obtained by the method of chemical modification of tar with formaldehyde using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The determination of the group hydrocarbon composition was carried out for the raw materials of the modification process (tar) and the resulting bitumens. An FTIR study of the obtained groups of hydrocarbons (oil, resins, and asphaltenes) was also carried out. The structural transfor¬mations were investigated and a possible chemistry of the tar modification process with formaldehyde was proposed.
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Insights into the key aspects influencing the rheological properties of polymer gel for water shutoff in fractured reservoirs. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhou M, Shi H, Li C, Sheng X, Sun Y, Hou M, Niu M, Pan X. Depolymerization and Activation of Alkali Lignin by Solid Acid-Catalyzed Phenolation for Preparation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaofang Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Haiqiang Shi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xueru Sheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanning Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Minjie Hou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Meihong Niu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Bone MA, Macquart T, Hamerton I, Howlin BJ. A Novel Approach to Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Phenolic Resins Using Symthons. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040926. [PMID: 32316377 PMCID: PMC7240706 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials science is beginning to adopt computational simulation to eliminate laboratory trial and error campaigns—much like the pharmaceutical industry of 40 years ago. To further computational materials discovery, new methodology must be developed that enables rapid and accurate testing on accessible computational hardware. To this end, the authors utilise a novel methodology concept of intermediate molecules as a starting point, for which they propose the term ‘symthon’ (The term ‘Symthon’ is being used as a simulation equivalent of the synthon, popularised by Dr Stuart Warren in ‘Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach’, OUP: Oxford, 1983.) rather than conventional monomers. The use of symthons eliminates the initial monomer bonding phase, reducing the number of iterations required in the simulation, thereby reducing the runtime. A novel approach to molecular dynamics, with an NVT (Canonical) ensemble and variable unit cell geometry, was used to generate structures with differing physical and thermal properties. Additional script methods were designed and tested, which enabled a high degree of cure in all sampled structures. This simulation has been trialled on large-scale atomistic models of phenolic resins, based on a range of stoichiometric ratios of formaldehyde and phenol. Density and glass transition temperature values were produced, and found to be in good agreement with empirical data and other simulated values in the literature. The runtime of the simulation was a key consideration in script design; cured models can be produced in under 24 h on modest hardware. The use of symthons has been shown as a viable methodology to reduce simulation runtime whilst generating accurate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Bone
- Department of Chemistry & Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (T.M.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Terence Macquart
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (T.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK; (T.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Brendan J. Howlin
- Department of Chemistry & Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;
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Khaskov MA, Davydova EA, Valueva MI, Sinyakov SD. Influence of the Reactivity of the Thermosetting Component in the Resol Resin/Ethylene Glycol System on the Properties of Pyrolyzates. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722002007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hamad SF, Farr N, Fei T, Shukor NF, Dean JS, Hayes SA, Foreman JP, Rodenburg C. Optimizing size and distribution of voids in phenolic resins through the choice of catalyst types. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer F. Hamad
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- College of EngineeringUniversity of Misan Maysan 62001, Iraq
| | - Nicholas Farr
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Teng Fei
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nur F. Shukor
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Julian S. Dean
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Simon A. Hayes
- Department of Multidisciplinary Engineering EducationThe University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RD, UK
| | - Joel P. Foreman
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Sustainable Bio-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde Resoles Using Hydrolytically Depolymerized Kraft Lignin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111850. [PMID: 29143782 PMCID: PMC6150247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with Mw ~ 1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180 °C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures.
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Theoretical Confirmation of the Quinone Methide Hypothesis for the Condensation Reactions in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9020045. [PMID: 30970724 PMCID: PMC6431870 DOI: 10.3390/polym9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for the base-catalyzed condensation reactions in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis were investigated by using the density functional theory method. The structures of the intermediates and transition states, as well as the potential energy barriers of the involved reactions, were obtained. The hypothesis of quinine methide (QM) formation was theoretically confirmed. Two mechanisms were identified for QM formation, namely E1cb (elimination unimolecular conjugate base) and water-aided intra-molecular water elimination. The latter is energetically more favorable and is proposed for the first time in this work. Based on the QM mechanism, the condensation should be a unimolecular reaction because the following condensation between an ionized species (dissociated phenol or hydroxymethylphenol) with QM is much faster. The previously proposed SN2 condensation mechanism was found to be not competitive over the QM mechanism due to a much higher energy barrier. The condensation reaction between neutral phenol or hydroxymethylphenol and QM was also found to be possible. The energy barrier of this reaction is close to or higher than that of QM formation. Therefore, the overall condensation reaction may appear to be bimolecular if such a reaction is incorporated. The theoretical calculations in this work rationalized the discrepant results reported in previous kinetics studies well.
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Bian C, Wang S, Liu Y, Su K, Jing X. Role of Nonbond Interactions in the Glass Transition of Novolac-Type Phenolic Resin: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kehe Su
- Key
Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry
of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Yuan TQ, Sun RC. Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesives prepared with biorefinery technical lignins. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
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SHUKLA SHRAWANKUMAR, SRIVASTAVA DEEPAK, SRIVASTAVA KAVITA. Synthesis, Spectral and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of the Epoxidized Resole Resin Derived from Cardanol. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHRAWAN KUMAR SHUKLA
- Department of Plastic Technology; H. B. Technological Institute; Kanpur 208 002 India
| | - DEEPAK SRIVASTAVA
- Department of Plastic Technology; H. B. Technological Institute; Kanpur 208 002 India
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Shukla SK, Maithani A, Srivastava D. Studies on the effect of concentration of formaldehyde on the synthesis of resole-type epoxidized phenolic resin from renewable resource material. Des Monomers Polym 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2013.840469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Maithani
- Department of Oil & Paint Technology, H. B. Technological Institute, Kanpur 208002,
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Department of Plastic Technology, H. B. Technological Institute, Kanpur 208002,
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Mechanism and kinetics of nanostructure evolution during early stages of resorcinol–formaldehyde polymerisation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 406:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Cheng S, Yuan Z, Anderson M, Leitch M, Xu CC. Synthesis of biobased phenolic resins/adhesives with methylolated wood-derived bio-oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Shelkovnikova LA, Gavlina OT, Ivanov VA. Stability of phenol-formaldehyde ion-exchange sorbents in aqueous solutions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024411090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Monni J, Niemelä P, Alvila L, Pakkanen TT. Online monitoring of synthesis and curing of phenol–formaldehyde resol resins by Raman spectroscopy. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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