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Bharmoria P, Tietze AA, Mondal D, Kang TS, Kumar A, Freire MG. Do Ionic Liquids Exhibit the Required Characteristics to Dissolve, Extract, Stabilize, and Purify Proteins? Past-Present-Future Assessment. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3037-3084. [PMID: 38437627 PMCID: PMC10979405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are highly labile molecules, thus requiring the presence of appropriate solvents and excipients in their liquid milieu to keep their stability and biological activity. In this field, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained momentum in the past years, with a relevant number of works reporting their successful use to dissolve, stabilize, extract, and purify proteins. Different approaches in protein-IL systems have been reported, namely, proteins dissolved in (i) neat ILs, (ii) ILs as co-solvents, (iii) ILs as adjuvants, (iv) ILs as surfactants, (v) ILs as phase-forming components of aqueous biphasic systems, and (vi) IL-polymer-protein/peptide conjugates. Herein, we critically analyze the works published to date and provide a comprehensive understanding of the IL-protein interactions affecting the stability, conformational alteration, unfolding, misfolding, and refolding of proteins while providing directions for future studies in view of imminent applications. Overall, it has been found that the stability or purification of proteins by ILs is bispecific and depends on the structure of both the IL and the protein. The most promising IL-protein systems are identified, which is valuable when foreseeing market applications of ILs, e.g., in "protein packaging" and "detergent applications". Future directions and other possibilities of IL-protein systems in light-harvesting and biotechnology/biomedical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department
of Smart Molecular, Inorganic and Hybrid Materials, Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular
and Translational Medicine, University of
Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alesia A. Tietze
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular
and Translational Medicine, University of
Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be
University), Jain Global
Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, UGC Center for Advance Studies-II,
Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Salt
and Marine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Central
Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Interaction of ionic liquids with human serum albumin in the view of bioconcentration: a preliminary study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBioaccumulation potential is critical in PBT and risk assessment of chemicals. However, for ionic liquids (ILs), this aspect remains neglected. It is especially important to fill this gap, because for this group of compounds, existing data confirm their risk of being environmentally persistent and toxicity. Moreover, considering preliminary reports on the interactions of ILs with lipids, it may be assumed that ILs have a higher potential for bioaccumulation than indicated by previous estimations built upon octanol–water partition coefficients. Moreover, the bioconcentration of ionizable chemical compounds may also be strongly related to plasma protein contents. Therefore, in this work, the affinity of a set of imidazolium cations and organic anions, and their combination to human serum albumin (HSA) was determined. The obtained results reveal that both cations and anions can be strongly bound to HSA, and blood proteins might play an important role in overall bioaccumulation. Furthermore, it was observed that HSA binding properties towards IL cations depend on the hydrophobicity of cations. The obtained data also provide indication that cation–anion interaction may affect ILs ions affinity to HSA.
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3
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Yu Y, Gong QT, Lu WF, Liu YH, Yang ZJ, Wang N, Yu XQ. Aggregation-Induced Emission Probes for Specific Turn-On Quantification of Bovine Serum Albumin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5193-5201. [PMID: 35021694 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescence probes, coined 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives, has been synthesized by Biginelli reactions. Utilizing spectroscopic techniques, their photophysical properties have been comprehensively investigated in working environment both in vitro and in vivo. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to better understand the mechanism of these probes. The interactions between 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles with different substituents and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were analyzed using UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence, and docking analysis. Studies found that 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole could bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through a hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in enhancement of fluorescence emission of probes 1a-6f and fluorescence quenching of BSA. Combined with cell imaging experiments, these provide information on potential effects of benzothiazoles on disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Tian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Fan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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4
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Arumugam V, Rajamanikandan R, Ilanchelian M, Moodley KG, Redhi GG. Elucidation of interactions of BSA with [EPMpyr]+[Cl]− using spectroscopic techniques with reference to theoretical thermodynamic and molecular docking studies. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Kumar A, Bisht M, Venkatesu P. Biocompatibility of ionic liquids towards protein stability: A comprehensive overview on the current understanding and their implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:611-651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Dong X, Fan Y, Yang P, Kong J, Li D, Miao J, Hua S, Hu C. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Fluorescence Spectroscopic Investigation of the Interactions of Ionic Liquids and Catalase. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1851-1860. [PMID: 27324424 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816653124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of nine ionic liquids (ILs) on the catalase activity were investigated using fluorescence, absorption ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The interactions of ILs and catalase on the molecular level were studied. The experimental results indicated that ILs could inhibit the catalase activity and their inhibitory abilities depended on their chemical structures. Fluorescence experiments showed that hydrogen bonding played an important role in the interaction process. The inhibitory abilities of ILs on catalase activity could be simply described by their hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding abilities. Unexpected less inhibitory effects of trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO-) might be ascribed to its larger size, which makes it difficult to go through the substrate channel of catalase to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dong
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Yunchang Fan
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Jichuan Kong
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Juan Miao
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Shaofeng Hua
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Chaobing Hu
- College of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, China
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7
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Kumar A, Venkatesu P. Does the stability of proteins in ionic liquids obey the Hofmeister series? Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 63:244-53. [PMID: 24211268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of Hofmeister anions of ionic liquids (ILs) on protein stability helps to shed light on how the anions interact with proteins in aqueous solution and is a long standing object for chemistry and biochemistry. Ions effects play a major role in understanding the physicochemical and biological phenomenon that undertakes the protein folding/unfolding and refolding process. Despite the generality of these effects, our understanding of ions at the molecular-level is still limited. This review offers a tour through past successful investigations and presents a challenge in current research in the field to reassess the possibilities of ions and to apply new strategies. This review highlights on the stability behavior of the proteins and also comparisons of our past research work in the Hofmeister series of ILs. Furthermore, we specifically focus on the critical discussion on the recent findings with existing results and their implications, along with our understanding of the Hofmeister series of anions of ILs on biomolecular stability. A detailed examination of the difference between selective proteins can provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of protein folding/unfolding in the presence of the Hofmeister series of ions of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Pinto PCAG, Ribeiro DMGP, Azevedo AMO, Dela Justina V, Cunha E, Bica K, Vasiloiu M, Reis S, Saraiva MLMFS. Active pharmaceutical ingredients based on salicylate ionic liquids: insights into the evaluation of pharmaceutical profiles. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Chowdhury R, Mojumdar SS, Chattoraj S, Bhattacharyya K. Effect of ionic liquid on the native and denatured state of a protein covalently attached to a probe: Solvation dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:055104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4739922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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10
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Naushad M, Alothman ZA, Khan AB, Ali M. Effect of ionic liquid on activity, stability, and structure of enzymes: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:555-60. [PMID: 22732130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have shown their potential as a solvent media for many enzymatic reactions as well as protein preservation, because of their unusual characteristics. It is also observed that change in cation or anion alters the physiochemical properties of the ionic liquids, which in turn influence the enzymatic reactions by altering the structure, activity, enatioselectivity, and stability of the enzymes. Thus, it is utmost need of the researchers to have full understanding of these influences created by ionic liquids before choosing or developing an ionic liquid to serve as solvent media for enzymatic reaction or protein preservation. So, in the present review, we try to shed light on effects of ionic liquids chemistry on structure, stability, and activity of enzymes, which will be helpful for the researchers in various biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Naushad
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ghosh S, Mandal AK, Das AK, Mondal T, Bhattacharyya K. Diffusion of organic dyes in a niosome immobilized on a glass surface using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9749-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Bekhouche M, Blum LJ, Doumèche B. Contribution of Dynamic and Static Quenchers for the Study of Protein Conformation in Ionic Liquids by Steady-State Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:413-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Bekhouche
- ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Loïc J. Blum
- ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Bastien Doumèche
- ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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13
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Sasmal DK, Mondal T, Sen Mojumdar S, Choudhury A, Banerjee R, Bhattacharyya K. An FCS study of unfolding and refolding of CPM-labeled human serum albumin: role of ionic liquid. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13075-83. [PMID: 21950461 DOI: 10.1021/jp207829y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) on the conformational dynamics of a protein, human serum albumin (HSA), is studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). For this, the protein was covalently labeled by a fluorophore, 7-dimethylamino-3-(4-maleimidophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM). On addition of a RTIL ([pmim][Br]) to the native protein, the diffusion coefficient (D(t)) decreases and the hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) increases. This suggests that the RTIL ([pmim][Br]) acts as a denaturant when the protein is in the native state. However, addition of [pmim][Br] to a protein denatured by GdnHCl causes an increases in D(t) and decrease in R(h). This suggests that in the presence of GdnHCl addition of RTIL helps the protein to refold. In the native state, the conformational dynamics of protein is described by three distinct time constants: ~3.6 ± 0.7, ~29 ± 4.5, and 133 ± 23 μs. The faster components (~3.6 ± 0.7 and ~29 ± 4.5 μs) are ascribed to chain dynamics of the protein, while the slowest component (133 μs) is responsible for interchain interaction or concerted motion. On addition of [pmim][Br], the conformational dynamics of HSA becomes slower (~5.1 ± 1, ~43.5 ± 2.8, and ~311 ± 2.3 μs in the presence of 1.5 M [pmim][Br]). The time constants for the protein denatured by 6 M GdnHCl are 3.2 ± 0.4, 34 ± 6, and 207 ± 38 μs. When 1.5 M [pmim][Br] is added to the denatured protein (in 6 M GdnHCl), the time constants become ~5 ± 1, ~41 ± 10, and ~230 ± 45 μs. The lifetime histogram shows that, on addition of GdnHCl to HSA, the contribution of the shorter lifetime component decreases and vanishes at 6 M GdnHCl. The shorter lifetime component immediately reappears after addition of RTIL to unfolded HSA. This suggests recoiling of the unfolded protein by RTIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Kumar Sasmal
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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14
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Shu Y, Liu M, Chen S, Chen X, Wang J. New Insight into Molecular Interactions of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with Bovine Serum Albumin. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12306-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2071925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Box 332, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China
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15
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Akdogan Y, Junk MJN, Hinderberger D. Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Solution Structure of Human Serum Albumin. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1014156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Akdogan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. N. Junk
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Baker SN, Zhao H, Pandey S, Heller WT, Bright FV, Baker GA. Fluorescence energy transfer efficiency in labeled yeast cytochrome c: a rapid screen for ion biocompatibility in aqueous ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3642-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02345k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Ali M, Dutta P, Pandey S. Effect of Ionic Liquid on Prototropic and Solvatochromic Behavior of Fluorescein. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15042-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Poulami Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Heller WT, O’Neill HM, Zhang Q, Baker GA. Characterization of the Influence of the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride on the Structure and Thermal Stability of Green Fluorescent Protein. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13866-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William T. Heller
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hugh M. O’Neill
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Chemical Sciences Division and Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Ali M, Kumar V, Baker SN, Baker GA, Pandey S. J-aggregation of ionic liquid solutions of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1886-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b920500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Page TA, Kraut ND, Page PM, Baker GA, Bright FV. Dynamics of Loop 1 of Domain I in Human Serum Albumin When Dissolved in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12825-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904475v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Page
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6110
| | - Nadine D. Kraut
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6110
| | - Phillip M. Page
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6110
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6110
| | - Frank V. Bright
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6110
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