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Yu S, He J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Xie M, Xu Y, Bie X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Sevilla M, Titirici MM, Zhou H. Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307412. [PMID: 38251820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The contemporary production of carbon materials heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect. Biomass is a carbon-neutral resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric CO2. Employing biomass as a precursor for synthetic carbon materials can fix atmospheric CO2 into solid materials, achieving negative carbon emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents an attractive method for converting biomass into carbon materials, by which biomass can be transformed into materials with favorable properties in a distinct hydrothermal environment, and these carbon materials have made extensive progress in many fields. However, the HTC of biomass is a complex and interdisciplinary problem, involving simultaneously the physical properties of the underlying biomass and sub/supercritical water, the chemical mechanisms of hydrothermal synthesis, diverse applications of resulting carbon materials, and the sustainability of the entire technological routes. This review starts with the analysis of biomass composition and distinctive characteristics of the hydrothermal environment. Then, the factors influencing the HTC of biomass, the reaction mechanism, and the properties of resulting carbon materials are discussed in depth, especially the different formation mechanisms of primary and secondary hydrochars. Furthermore, the application and sustainability of biomass-derived carbon materials are summarized, and some insights into future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiangkai He
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhien Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mengyin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Bie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Marta Sevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | | | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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2
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Hemicellulose: Structure, Chemical Modification, and Application. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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3
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Rissanen JV, Lagerquist L, Eränen K, Hemming J, Eklund P, Grènman H. O2 as initiator of autocatalytic degradation of hemicelluloses and monosaccharides in hydrothermal treatment of spruce. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Yuan Q, Liu S, Ma MG, Ji XX, Choi SE, Si C. The Kinetics Studies on Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose. Front Chem 2021; 9:781291. [PMID: 34869229 PMCID: PMC8637159 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.781291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics studies is of great importance for the understanding of the mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis and expanding the applications of hemicellulose. In the past years, rapid progress has been paid on the kinetics studies of hemicellulose hydrolysis. In this article, we first introduced the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses via various strategies such as autohydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis, catalytic hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Then, the history of kinetic models during hemicellulose hydrolysis was summarized. Special attention was paid to the oligosaccharides as intermediates or substrates, acid as catalyst, and thermogravimetric as analyzer method during the hemicellulose hydrolysis. Furthermore, the problems and suggestions of kinetic models during hemicellulose hydrolysis was provided. It expected that this article will favor the understanding of the mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Research Center of Biomass Clean Utilization, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Guo Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Research Center of Biomass Clean Utilization, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Sun-Eun Choi
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Gangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chuanling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Rahmati S, Doherty W, Dubal D, Atanda L, Moghaddam L, Sonar P, Hessel V, Ostrikov K(K. Pretreatment and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass: reaction mechanisms and process engineering. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At a time of rapid depletion of oil resources, global food shortages and solid waste problems, it is imperative to encourage research into the use of appropriate pre-treatment techniques using regenerative raw materials such as lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrooz Rahmati
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
| | - William Doherty
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
| | - Deepak Dubal
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Luqman Atanda
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
| | - Lalehvash Moghaddam
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
- School of Engineering
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane 4000
- Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy
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C-O Bond Hydrogenolysis of Aqueous Mixtures of Sugar Polyols and Sugars over ReOx-Rh/ZrO2 Catalyst: Application to an Hemicelluloses Extracted Liquor. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery and upgrade of hemicelluloses, a family of heteropolysaccharides in wood, is a key step to making lignocellulosic biomass conversion a cost-effective sustainable process in biorefinery. The comparative selective catalytic C-O bond hydrogenolysis of C5-C6 polyols, sugars, and their mixtures for the production of valuable C6 and C5 deoxygenated products was studied at 200 °C under 80 bar H2 over ReOx-Rh/ZrO2 catalysts. The sugars were rapidly converted to the polyols or converted into their hydrogenolysis products. Regardless of the reactants, C-O bond cleavage occurred significantly via multiple consecutive deoxygenation steps and led to the formation of linear deoxygenated C6 or C5 polyols. The distribution of products depended on the nature of the substrate and C-C bond scission was more important from monosaccharides. In addition, we demonstrated effective hydrogenolysis of a hemicellulose-extracted liquor from delignified maritime pine containing monosaccharides and low MW oligomers. Compared with the sugar-derived polyols, the mono- and oligosaccharides in the liquor were more rapidly converted to hexanediols or pentanediols. C-O bond scission was significant, giving a yield of desired deoxygenated products as high as 65%, higher than in the reaction of the synthetic mixture of glucose/xylose of the same C6/C5 sugar ratio (yield of 30%).
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Hydrothermal Carbonization of Various Paper Mill Sludges: An Observation of Solid Fuel Properties. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Each year the pulp and paper industries generate enormous amounts of effluent treatment sludge. The sludge is made up of various fractions including primary, secondary, deinked, fiber rejects sludge, etc. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fuel properties of the hydrochars produced from various types of paper mill sludges (PMS) at 180 °C, 220 °C, and 260 °C. The hydrochars, as well as the raw feedstocks, were characterized by means of ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, moisture, ash, lignin, sugar, and higher heating value (HHVdaf) measurements. Finally, combustion indices of selected hydrochars were evaluated and compared with bituminous coal. The results showed that HHVdaf of hydrochar produced at 260 °C varied between 11.4 MJ/kg and 31.5 MJ/kg depending on the feedstock. This implies that the fuel application of hydrochar produced from PMS depends on the quality of feedstocks rather than the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature. The combustion indices also showed that when hydrochars are co-combusted with coal, they have similar combustion indices to that of coal alone. However, based on the energy and ash contents in the produced hydrochars, Primary and Secondary Sludge (PPS2) could be a viable option for co-combustion with coal in an existing coal-fired power plant.
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Pérez Nebreda A, Russo V, Di Serio M, Salmi T, Grénman H. Modelling of homogeneously catalyzed hemicelluloses hydrolysis in a laminar-flow reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ahmad W, Kuitunen S, Pranovich A, Alopaeus V. Physicochemical Modeling for Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Spruce Wood. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Andrey Pranovich
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Ville Alopaeus
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Reynolds W, Smirnova I. Hydrothermal flow-through treatment of wheat straw: Coupled heat and mass transfer modeling with changing bed properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Gallina G, Cabeza Á, Grénman H, Biasi P, García-Serna J, Salmi T. Hemicellulose extraction by hot pressurized water pretreatment at 160 ºC for 10 different woods: Yield and molecular weight. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Hemicelluloses from stone pine, holm oak, and Norway spruce with subcritical water extraction − comparative study with characterization and kinetics. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Gallina G, Alfageme ER, Biasi P, García-Serna J. Hydrothermal extraction of hemicellulose: from lab to pilot scale. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:980-991. [PMID: 30060438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A flow-through reactor for hemicelluloses extraction with hot pressurized water was scaled with a factor of 73. System performance was evaluated by comparing the temperature profile, extraction yield and kinetics of the two systems, performing experiments at 160 and 170°C, 11barg for 90min, using catalpa wood as raw material. Hemicellulose yields were 33.9% and 38.8% (lab scale 160°C and 170°C) and 35.7% and 41.7% (pilot scale 160°C and 170°C). The pilot reactor was upgraded by designing a manifold system capable to provide samples with different liquid residence time during the same experiment. Tests at 140, 150, 160 and 170°C were carried for 90min. Increasing yields (9.3-40.6%) and decreasing molecular weights (4078-1417Da) were obtained at increasing the temperature. Biomass/water ratio of 1/27 gave total average concentration of xylose of 0.4g/L (140°C) to 1.8g/L (170°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gallina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, High Pressure Processes Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid ES-47011, Spain
| | - Enrique Regidor Alfageme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, High Pressure Processes Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid ES-47011, Spain
| | - Pierdomenico Biasi
- Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi, Biskopsgatan 8, Turku/Åbo FI-20500, Finland
| | - Juan García-Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, High Pressure Processes Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid ES-47011, Spain.
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Khazraie T, Zhang Y, Tarasov D, Gao W, Price J, DeMartini N, Hupa L, Fatehi P. A process for producing lignin and volatile compounds from hydrolysis liquor. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:47. [PMID: 28250815 PMCID: PMC5322682 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hot water hydrolysis process is commercially applied for treating wood chips prior to pulping or wood pellet production, while it produces hydrolysis liquor as a by-product. Since the hydrolysis liquor is dilute, the production of value-added materials from it would be challenging. RESULTS In this study, acidification was proposed as a viable method to extract (1) furfural and acetic acid from hot water hydrolysis liquor and (2) lignin compounds from the liquor. The thermal properties of the precipitates made from the acidification of hydrolysis liquor confirmed the volatile characteristics of precipitates. Membrane dialysis was effective in removing inorganic salts associated with lignin compounds. The purified lignin compounds had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 180-190 °C, and were thermally stable. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that lignin compounds present in hot water hydrolysis liquor had different characteristics. The acidification of hydrolysis liquor primarily removed the volatile compounds from hydrolysis liquor. Based on these results, a process for producing purified lignin and precipitates of volatile compounds was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Khazraie
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Dmitry Tarasov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Weijue Gao
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Price
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Bioeconomy Technology Centre, FPInnovations, 2001 Neebing Ave, Thunder Bay, ON P7E 6S3 Canada
| | - Nikolai DeMartini
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Hupa
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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Li M, Cao S, Meng X, Studer M, Wyman CE, Ragauskas AJ, Pu Y. The effect of liquid hot water pretreatment on the chemical-structural alteration and the reduced recalcitrance in poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:237. [PMID: 29213308 PMCID: PMC5707831 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrothermal pretreatment using liquid hot water (LHW) is capable of substantially reducing the cell wall recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. It enhances the saccharification of polysaccharides, particularly cellulose, into glucose with relatively low capital required. Due to the close association with biomass recalcitrance, the structural change of the components of lignocellulosic materials during the pretreatment is crucial to understand pretreatment chemistry and advance the bio-economy. Although the LHW pretreatment has been extensively applied and studied, the molecular structural alteration during pretreatment and its significance to reduced recalcitrance have not been well understood. RESULTS We investigated the effects of LHW pretreatment with different severity factors (log R0) on the structural changes of fast-grown poplar (Populus trichocarpa). With the severity factor ranging from 3.6 to 4.2, LHW pretreatment resulted in a substantial xylan solubilization by 50-77% (w/w, dry matter). The molecular weights of the remained hemicellulose in pretreated solids also have been significantly reduced by 63-75% corresponding to LHW severity factor from 3.6 to 4.2. In addition, LHW had a considerable impact on the cellulose structure. The cellulose crystallinity increased 6-9%, whereas its degree of polymerization decreased 35-65% after pretreatment. We found that the pretreatment severity had an empirical linear correlation with the xylan solubilization (R2 = 0.98, r = + 0.99), hemicellulose molecular weight reduction (R2 = 0.97, r = - 0.96 and R2 = 0.93, r = - 0.98 for number-average and weight-average degree of polymerization, respectively), and cellulose crystallinity index increase (R2 = 0.98, r = + 0.99). The LHW pretreatment also resulted in small changes in lignin structure such as decrease of β-O-4' ether linkages and removal of cinnamyl alcohol end group and acetyl group, while the S/G ratio of lignin in LHW pretreated poplar residue remained no significant change compared with the untreated poplar. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the solubilization of xylan, the reduction of hemicellulose molecular weights and cellulose degree of polymerization, and the cleavage of alkyl-aryl ether bonds in lignin resulted from LHW pretreatment are critical factors associated with reduced cell wall recalcitrance. The chemical-structural changes of the three major components, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, during LHW pretreatment provide useful and fundamental information of factors governing feedstock recalcitrance during hydrothermal pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Shilin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Present Address: College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Studer
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- Present Address: Laboratory for Bioenergy and Biochemicals, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- Biosciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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17
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Kim TH, Ryu HJ, Oh KK. Low acid hydrothermal fractionation of Giant Miscanthus for production of xylose-rich hydrolysate and furfural. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:367-372. [PMID: 27380022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low acid hydrothermal (LAH) fractionation was developed for the effective recovery of hemicellulosic sugar (mainly xylose) from Miscanthus sacchariflorus Goedae-Uksae 1 (M. GU-1). The xylose yield was maximized at 74.75% when the M. GU-1 was fractionated at 180°C and 0.3wt.% of sulfuric acid for 10min. At this condition, the hemicellulose (mainly xylan) degradation was 86.41%. The difference between xylan degradation and xylose recovery yield, i.e., xylan loss, was 11.66%, as indicated by the formation of decomposed products. The furfural, the value added biochemical product, was also obtained by 0.42g/L at this condition, which was 53.82% of furfural production yield based on the xylan loss. After then, the furfural production continued to increase to a maximum concentration of 1.87g/L, at which point the xylan loss corresponded to 25.87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Ryu
- R&D Center, SugarEn Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Keun Oh
- Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Rissanen JV, Murzin DY, Salmi T, Grénman H. Aqueous extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce--From hot to warm. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:279-282. [PMID: 26363821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce sapwood was performed at 90°C and 110°C. One of the main goals was to study if the same reaction mechanisms are valid at low temperatures as the ones observed previously at higher temperatures. An intensified cascade reactor system with a high liquid-solid ratio (∼ 180) was used in the experiments. Differences between the sugar specific extraction rates were observed especially in the beginning of the extraction processes. The experimental results fitted well to a kinetic model developed at higher temperatures, which confirms that the dissolution occurs with the same mechanisms at low temperature. Moreover, the correlation of the pH with the amount of sugars dissolved concurred with previous observations. The results contradict the assumption that low temperature dissolution would not occur and they help in studying the early stages of extraction as the kinetics are considerably slowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi V Rissanen
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Dmitry Yu Murzin
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Grénman
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland.
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Yedro FM, García-Serna J, Cantero DA, Sobrón F, Cocero MJ. Hydrothermal fractionation of grape seeds in subcritical water to produce oil extract, sugars and lignin. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Yedro FM, Cantero DA, Pascual M, García-Serna J, Cocero MJ. Hydrothermal fractionation of woody biomass: Lignin effect on sugars recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 191:124-132. [PMID: 25985415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Subcritical water was employed to fractionate woody biomass into carbohydrates and lignin. Nine urban trees species (hardwood and softwood) from Spain were studied. The experiments were carried out in a semi-continuous reactor at 250 °C for 64 min. The hemicellulose and cellulose recovery yields were between 30%wt. and 80%wt. while the lignin content in the solid product ranged between 32%wt. and 92%wt. It was observed that an increment of solubilized lignin disfavored the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. It was determined that the maximum extraction of hemicellulose was achieved at 20 min of solid reaction time while the extraction of celluloses not exhibited a maximum value. The hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose would be governed by the hydrolysis kinetic and the polymers accessibility. In addition, the extraction of hemicellulose was negatively affected by the lignin content in the raw material while cellulose hydrolysis was not affected by this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia M Yedro
- High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, EII Sede Mergelina, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Danilo A Cantero
- High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, EII Sede Mergelina, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marcos Pascual
- High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, EII Sede Mergelina, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Serna
- High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, EII Sede Mergelina, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - M José Cocero
- High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, EII Sede Mergelina, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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21
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Reza MT, Wirth B, Lüder U, Werner M. Behavior of selected hydrolyzed and dehydrated products during hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:352-361. [PMID: 25063978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of reaction temperature and reaction time on both solid hydrochar and HTC process liquid products were studied for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cellulose, wheat straw, and poplar. A novel slurry sampling system was designed and used with an 18.6L Parr reactor for 0-480 min in 200, 230, and 260 °C. Sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), HMF, and furfural were found maximum in lower HTC temperature and time. However, they degrade following first order degradation kinetics. Activation energies of total sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and xylose), furfural, and HMF for straw and poplar were 95-127, 130-135, and 74-90 kJ mol(-1), respectively and individuals were lower for HTC of cellulose than others. Organic acids (acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid) and phenolic compounds (phenol, catechol, and guaiacol) were increasing with higher HTC severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toufiq Reza
- APECS Group, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Wirth
- APECS Group, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Ulf Lüder
- APECS Group, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Maja Werner
- APECS Group, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany
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22
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Rissanen JV, Grénman H, Xu C, Willför S, Murzin DY, Salmi T. Obtaining spruce hemicelluloses of desired molar mass by using pressurized hot water extraction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2947-53. [PMID: 25169811 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in utilizing galactoglucomannan, the main hemicellulose in softwoods, for various applications such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, alimentary, and health products, as well as for the production of fuels. For fuel production and for using the rare sugars as platform chemicals, the hemicelluloses need to be hydrolyzed to sugar monomers, and for this purpose, low-molecular-mass extracts are favorable. However, for the other applications high molecular masses are required, which presents an even greater challenge for extraction. The ability to optimize the extraction process according to the needs of further processing, by using solely water as the solvent, is a key issue in the environmentally friendly utilization of this versatile raw material. The goal of this work is to study how the average molar mass of hemicelluloses extracted from spruce sapwood can be influenced by altering the experimental conditions. The main parameters influencing the extraction and hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses, namely, extraction time, temperature, pH, and chip size, were studied. The results show that it is feasible to develop an extraction process for harvesting spruce hemicelluloses, also of large molar masses, for industrial applications by using pressurized hot water extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi V Rissanen
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo/Turku (Finland)
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23
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Rissanen JV, Grénman H, Willför S, Murzin DY, Salmi T. Spruce Hemicellulose for Chemicals Using Aqueous Extraction: Kinetics, Mass Transfer, and Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500234t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi V. Rissanen
- Laboratory
of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Grénman
- Laboratory
of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Laboratory
of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Dmitry Yu. Murzin
- Laboratory
of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Laboratory
of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Process Chemistry
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
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24
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Salmi T, Grénman H, Wärnå J, Murzin DY. New modelling approach to liquid–solid reaction kinetics: From ideal particles to real particles. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Krogell J, Korotkova E, Eränen K, Pranovich A, Salmi T, Murzin D, Willför S. Intensification of hemicellulose hot-water extraction from spruce wood in a batch extractor--effects of wood particle size. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:212-220. [PMID: 23792759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of five different wood particle size fractions between 0.5 and 12.5 mm on hot-water extraction of acetylated water-soluble hemicelluloses from spruce wood with a batch extraction setup at 170 °C was investigated. Extraction kinetics, with regard to particle size, was also studied. The purpose was to intensify the hemicellulose extraction for high molar mass hemicelluloses at high yield and purity. About 30% of the wood was dissolved and basically all the hemicelluloses could be extracted. The average molar masses of the extracted hemicelluloses decreased rapidly during the first 10 min of the extraction, but were not much affected by the difference in wood particle sizes. Smaller particles resulted in higher extraction rates. The reaction order was established to be of pseudo-first order for particles above 2mm and 1.5st order for particles smaller than 2mm. The effective diffusion coefficient was determined to be 9.11×10(-10) m(2)/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Krogell
- Åbo Akademi Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Åbo, Turku, Finland.
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26
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Reza MT, Yan W, Uddin MH, Lynam JG, Hoekman SK, Coronella CJ, Vásquez VR. Reaction kinetics of hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:161-169. [PMID: 23651600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a pretreatment process to convert diverse feedstocks to homogeneous energy-dense solid fuels. Understanding of reaction kinetics is necessary for reactor design and optimization. In this study, the reaction kinetics and effects of particle size on HTC were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a novel two-chamber reactor maintaining isothermal conditions for 15s to 30 min reaction times. Loblolly pine was treated at 200, 230, and 260°C. During the first few minutes of reaction, the solid-product mass yield decreases rapidly while the calorific value increases rapidly. A simple reaction mechanism is proposed and validated, in which both hemicellulose and cellulose degrade in parallel first-order reactions. Activation energy of hemicellulose and cellulose degradation were determined to be 30 and 73 kJ/mol, respectively. For short HTC times, both reaction and diffusion effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toufiq Reza
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS0170, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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27
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Visuri JA, Song T, Kuitunen S, Alopaeus V. Model for Degradation of Galactoglucomannan in Hot Water Extraction Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha A. Visuri
- Chemical Engineering Research
Group, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tao Song
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper
Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo,
Finland
| | - Susanna Kuitunen
- Chemical Engineering Research
Group, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Alopaeus
- Chemical Engineering Research
Group, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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28
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Song T, Pranovich A, Holmbom B. Effects of pH control with phthalate buffers on hot-water extraction of hemicelluloses from spruce wood. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10518-10523. [PMID: 21925875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ground spruce wood was extracted with water at 170 °C at four different pH levels (3.8, 4.0, 4.2 and 4.4) achieved by using phthalate buffers. Static batch extractions were carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE-300). The extracted non-cellulosic carbohydrates, predominantly galactoglucomannans (GGMs), were characterised mainly by sugar unit analysis and molar mass determination. Compared to extraction with plain water, extractions with phthalate buffer solutions gave similar yields of non-cellulosic carbohydrates, but gave up to 70% less monosaccharides, and consequently higher molar masses of extracted GGMs. Moreover, at these pH levels, the hydrolysis of acetyl groups were decreased by 40% compared to extraction with plain water, thus maintaining the water solubility of GGMs. It is concluded that hot water extraction of hemicelluloses in high-molar-mass form (average Mw about 10 kDa) from wood in good yields (8% of wood) demands appropriate control of pH, to a level of about 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland.
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