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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Supercritical Fluid Technologies for the Incorporation of Synthetic and Natural Active Compounds into Materials for Drug Formulation and Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081670. [PMID: 36015296 PMCID: PMC9413081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various active compounds isolated from natural sources exhibit remarkable benefits, making them attractive for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, various types of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. However, their major drawbacks are their reactivity, instability, relatively poor water solubility, and consequently low bioavailability. Synthetic drugs often face similar challenges associated with inadequate solubility or burst release in gastrointestinal media, despite being otherwise a safe and effective option for the treatment of numerous diseases. Therefore, drug-eluting pharmaceutical formulations have been of great importance over the years in efforts to improve the bioavailability of active compounds by increasing their solubility and achieving their controlled release in body media. This review highlights the success of the fabrication of micro- and nanoformulations using environmentally friendly supercritical fluid technologies for the processing and incorporation of active compounds. Several novel approaches, namely micronization to produce micro- and nano-sized particles, supercritical drying to produce aerogels, supercritical foaming, and supercritical solvent impregnation, are described in detail, along with the currently available drug delivery data for these formulations.
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Vlachopoulos A, Karlioti G, Balla E, Daniilidis V, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Christodoulou E, Koumentakou I, Karavas E, Bikiaris DN. Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Microparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: An Overview of Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:359. [PMID: 35214091 PMCID: PMC8877458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustained release of pharmaceutical substances remains the most convenient way of drug delivery. Hence, a great variety of reports can be traced in the open literature associated with drug delivery systems (DDS). Specifically, the use of microparticle systems has received special attention during the past two decades. Polymeric microparticles (MPs) are acknowledged as very prevalent carriers toward an enhanced bio-distribution and bioavailability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug substances. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and their copolymers are among the most frequently used biodegradable polymers for encapsulated drugs. This review describes the current state-of-the-art research in the study of poly(lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles and PLA-copolymers with other aliphatic acids as drug delivery devices for increasing the efficiency of drug delivery, enhancing the release profile, and drug targeting of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Potential advances in generics and the constant discovery of therapeutic peptides will hopefully promote the success of microsphere technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Georgia Karlioti
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evangelia Balla
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Vasileios Daniilidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Theocharis Kalamas
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Myrika Stefanidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evi Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
| | - Evangelos Karavas
- Pharmathen S.A., Pharmaceutical Industry, Dervenakion Str. 6, Pallini Attikis, GR-153 51 Attiki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.V.); (G.K.); (E.B.); (V.D.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (E.C.); (I.K.)
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Solid Dosage Forms of Biopharmaceuticals in Drug Delivery Systems Using Sustainable Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247653. [PMID: 34946733 PMCID: PMC8708471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) often comprise biopharmaceuticals in aqueous form, making them susceptible to physical and chemical degradation, and therefore requiring low temperature storage in cold supply and distribution chains. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying are some of the techniques used to convert biopharmaceuticals-loaded DDS from aqueous to solid dosage forms. However, the risk exists that shear and heat stress during processing may provoke DDS damage and efficacy loss. Supercritical fluids (SCF), specifically, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a sustainable alternative to common techniques. Due to its moderately critical and tunable properties and thermodynamic behavior, scCO2 has aroused scientific and industrial interest. Therefore, this article reviews scCO2-based techniques used over the year in the production of solid biopharmaceutical dosage forms. Looking particularly at the use of scCO2 in each of its potential roles—as a solvent, co-solvent, anti-solvent, or co-solute. It ends with a comparison between the compound’s stability using supercritical CO2-assisted atomization/spray-drying and conventional drying.
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Kumar R, Thakur AK, Banerjee N, Chaudhari P. A critical review on the particle generation and other applications of rapid expansion of supercritical solution. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121089. [PMID: 34530097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) is one of the promising techniques to obtain the fine particles (micro to nano-size) of APIs with narrow particle size distribution (PSD). In RESS, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) and API are used as solvent and solute respectively. In this literature survey, the application of RESS in the formation of fine particles is critically reviewed. Solubility of API in SC CO2 and supersaturation are the key factors in tuning the particle size. The different approaches to model and predict the solubility of API in SC CO2 are discussed. Then, the effect of process parameters on mean particle size and the particle size distribution are interpreted in the context of solubility and supersaturation. Furthermore, the less-explored applications of RESS in preparation of solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposome, polymorphic conversion, cocrystallization and inclusion complexation are compared with traditional processes. The solubility enhancement of API in SC CO2 using co-solvent and its applications in particle generation are explored in published literature. The development and modifications in the conventional RESS process to overcome the limitations of RESS are presented. Finally, the perspective on RESS with special attention to its commercial operation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Amit K Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nilanjana Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pranava Chaudhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Tutek K, Masek A, Kosmalska A, Cichosz S. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33673482 PMCID: PMC7956827 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tutek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kosmalska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Tsai WC, Wang Y. Progress of supercritical fluid technology in polymerization and its applications in biomedical engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tsai TL, Mimura H, Lee CP, Tsai SC. Preparation and characterization of tri-n-octylamine microcapsule (TOA-MC) used for selective separation of Re(VII) [chemical analogs of Tc(VII)] in the high level liquid radioactive waste (HLLW). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Soh SH, Lee LY. Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation Using Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010021. [PMID: 30621309 PMCID: PMC6359585 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of supercritical fluids, in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), provide numerous opportunities for the development of processes for pharmaceutical applications. One of the potential applications for pharmaceuticals includes microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation for drug delivery purposes. Supercritical CO2 processes allow the design and control of particle size, as well as drug loading by utilizing the tunable properties of supercritical CO2 at different operating conditions (flow ratio, temperature, pressures, etc.). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the processes and techniques using supercritical fluid processing based on the supercritical properties, the role of supercritical carbon dioxide during the process, and the mechanism of formulation production for each process discussed. The considerations for equipment configurations to achieve the various processes described and the mechanisms behind the representative processes such as RESS (rapid expansion of supercritical solutions), SAS (supercritical antisolvent), SFEE (supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions), PGSS (particles from gas-saturated solutions), drying, and polymer foaming will be explained via schematic representation. More recent developments such as fluidized bed coating using supercritical CO2 as the fluidizing and drying medium, the supercritical CO2 spray drying of aqueous solutions, as well as the production of microporous drug releasing devices via foaming, will be highlighted in this review. Development and strategies to control and optimize the particle morphology, drug loading, and yield from the major processes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hong Soh
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & Employability, Singapore 609607, Singapore.
| | - Lai Yeng Lee
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & Employability, Singapore 609607, Singapore.
- Newcastle University in Singapore, 537 Clementi Road, #06-01 SIT Building@Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599493, Singapore.
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TSUTSUMI C, TSUZUKI A, HARA T, NAKAYAMA Y, SHIONO T. Study on the Use of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent to Prepare Novel, Efficient Controlled-Release Materials. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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