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Waldin NA, Jamain Z. The Effect of Alkyl Terminal Chain Length of Schiff-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives towards Epoxy Resins on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061431. [PMID: 36987211 PMCID: PMC10051550 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Schiff-based cyclotriphosphazenes with different alkyl chain length terminal ends, 4a (dodecyl) and 4b (tetradecyl), were synthesized and the structures were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP) matrix were examined. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 4a (26.55%) and 4b (26.71%) revealed a good increment compared to pure EP (22.75%). The LOI results corresponded to their thermal behavior studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the char residue analyzed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The mechanical properties of EP showed a positive impact on tensile strength with a trend of EP < 4a < 4b. The tensile strength went from 8.06 N/mm2 (pure EP) to 14.36 and 20.37 N/mm2, indicating that the additives were compatible with epoxy resin.
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2
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Lu J, Cai B, Xu W, Wang L, Luo Z, Wang B. A Nitrogen-Rich DOPO-Based Derivate for Increasing Fire Resistance of Epoxy Resin with Comparable Transparency. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16020519. [PMID: 36676259 PMCID: PMC9865245 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To endow synergistically epoxy resin (EP) with excellent fire resistance and high optical transparency, a nitrogen-rich DOPO-based derivate (named as FATP) was synthesized and incorporated into EP. It showed that the incorporation of the FATP reduced the fire hazard of the EP, as demonstrated by the fact that the EP/4% FATP blends gained a UL-94 V-0 rating and an LOI value of 35%, with the lowest values of the THR (86.7 MJ/m2), the PHRR (1059.3 kW/m2), and the TSP (89.6 MJ/m2). The presence of the FATP also reduced the thermal stability and the crosslinking density whilst improving the curing reaction and the storage modulus of the EP/FATP blends. The TG-FTIR spectra showed that •HPO/•PO free radicals and some nonflammable gases (HN3 and NH3) were produced during the pyrolysis, and the characterization (SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) of char residues confirmed that the FATP facilitated the formation of continuous and compact carbon layers of greater graphitization degree. It was thus concluded that the FATP played the flame-retardant roles in both the gas and condensed phases. Furthermore, the FREPs kept almost identical transparency as the pristine EP, and mechanical properties were also slightly enhanced. The FREPs presented in this work show promising applications in the fields of advanced optical technology.
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Enhanced fire-proofing performance and crystallizability of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid): Dual functions of a Schiff base-containing synergistic flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:305-324. [PMID: 36150571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) is a kind of important bio-macromolecule which can be prepared via fermentation of starch of maize and sweet potato. Flammability and extremely poor crystallizability limited its wide application. In this work, a novel Schiff base derivate (CP) was synthesized and, combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant and nucleating agent to investigate its effects on LOI, UL-94 rating, thermal stability, combustion behavior and crystallizability of PLA. With loading of 5%CP/10%APP, PLA showed a significantly enhanced LOI and passed V-0 fire-safety rating with self-extinguish effect. PLA/5%CP/10%APP presented the lowest pHRR, THR and TSR, and highest char residue yield, FPI and FRI in cone calorimetry test, indicating an excellent flame retardancy effect, enhanced fire safety and longer escaping time in the fire. A continuous, compact and thick char layer structure formed as a protective barrier in combustion process, to enhance heat-insulating and oxygen resistance property, thermal stability and smoke-suppressing capacity of PLA. Flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and discussed based on comprehensive and in-depth characterization techniques. Also, 5%CP/10%APP presented a good nucleation effect to enormously increase crystallizability and shorten crystallization time of PLA.
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Sun Y, Zhong S, Luo Q, Yu B, Song J, Tan D. A vanillin‐derived flame retardant based on 2‐aminopyrimidine for enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety Zhanjiang Guangdong China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety Zhanjiang Guangdong China
- College Food Science and Technology Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
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Miao Z, Yan D, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou W, Qiu M, Yang F, Wu Z. New flame retardant epoxy resins based on cyclophosphazene-derived curing agents. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Chen X, Wang B, Hao Z, Tan G, Selim MS, Yu J, Huang Y. Synergistic Effect of Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Hybrids and Modified Phosphagen with an Active Amino Group for Enhancing the Smoke Suppression and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21714-21726. [PMID: 35785288 PMCID: PMC9245116 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), phosphomolybdate (PMoA), as a classical Keggin cluster, was successfully intercalated into Mg, Al, and Zn layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) by the reconstruction method, and it was denoted as MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA. The structure and morphology of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, hexa(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was prepared and characterized as a high-performance organic flame retardant, which is rich in flame elements phosphorus and nitrogen. The synergistic effects of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP on the fire safety of EP composites loaded with different amounts of flame retardant hybrids were studied in detail. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the char residue of these EP composites increased significantly. Compared with the EP matrix filled with only MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA or HACP, the incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP had a synergistic effect on promoting char formation of EP composites. Particularly, the char yield of EP7 is as high as 29.0%. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA with HACP were investigated using the cone calorimeter combustion tests. The results showed that the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the EP composites remarkably declined by 35.2 and 50.9%, respectively, with a loading of 7 wt % hybrid flame retardant. Moreover, the hybrid flame retardants also showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the total smoke production and the release of toxic CO gas. The detailed analysis of the residual char indicated that the main mechanism for improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to both the catalytic carbonization of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and phosphoric acid compounds and physical barrier function of the char layer. In addition, the molybdenum oxides produced from [PMo12O40]3- during combustion can not only increase the yield and compactness of the char layer but also reduce the release of CO through a redox reaction, which has important application value to reduce the fire hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Hao
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guizhen Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed S. Selim
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Petroleum
Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Huang
- Guangzhou
Panyu Cable Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Sirotin IS, Filatov SN. Advances in the Synthesis of Oligomer Epoxyphosphazenes with Reduced Inflammability. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Jeevananthan V, Shanmugan S. Halogen-free layered double hydroxide-cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate flame retardants: effects of cyclotriphosphazene di, tetra and hexacarboxylate intercalation on layered double hydroxides against the combustible epoxy resin coated on wood substrates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23322-23336. [PMID: 36090417 PMCID: PMC9380775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of halogen-free flame retardants as environmentally friendly and renewable materials for heat and fire-resistant applications in the field of electronics is important to ensure safety measures. In this regard, we have proposed a simple and halogen-free strategy for the synthesis of flame retardant LDH-PN materials to decrease the fire hazards of epoxy resin (EP), via a co-precipitation reaction between Mg(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 and the subsequent incorporation of different cyclotriphosphazene (PN) carboxylate anions. The cyclotriphosphazene-based di, tetra and hexacarboxylate-intercalated layered double hydroxides are designated as LDH-PN-DC, LDH-PN-TC and LDH-PN-HC, respectively. Furthermore, the intercalation of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate anions into the LDH layers was confirmed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, solid-state 31P NMR, nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis (BET), HR-SEM and XPS. Evaluation of the flame retardant (vertical burning test and limiting oxygen index) properties was demonstrated by formulating the LDH-PN materials with epoxy resin (EP) in different ratios coated on wood substrates to achieve the desired behaviour of the EP/LDH-PN composites. Structure–property analysis reveals that EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt% achieved a V0 rating in the UL-94 V test and achieved higher LOI values (27.7 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and 29 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt%) compared to the epoxy-coated wood substrate (23.2 vol%), whereas EP/LDH-PN-DC failed in the vertical burning test for various weight percentages of LDH-PN-DC from 5 wt% to 20 wt% in the composites, with a lower LOI value of 22.1 vol%. Excellent flame retardancy was observed for EP/LDH-PN-TC and EP/LDH-PN-HC due to the presence of more binding sites of carboxylate anions in the LDH layers and less or no spiro groups in cyclotriphosphazene compared to that in EP/LDH-PN-DC. In addition, the synergistic flame retardant effect of the combination of LDH and cyclotriphosphazene on the epoxy resin composites remains very effective in creating a non-volatile protective film on the surface of the wood substrate to shelter it from air, absorb the heat and increase the ignition time, which prevents the supply of oxygen during the combustion process. The results of this study show that the proposed strategy for designing flame-retardant properties represents the state-of-the-art, competent coating of inorganic materials for the protection and functionalization of wood substrates. The flame retardant properties of the different types of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate-intercalated LDH materials are emphasized by increasing the number of binding sites and decreasing the number of spiro groups in the cyclotriphosphazene core.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Jeevananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Shanmugan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Synthesis and ethylene oligomerization behavior of trinuclear nickel complex with phosphorus dendrimer. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-021-00483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Liu D, Ji P, Zhang T, Lv J, Cui Y. A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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The
Bi‐DOPO
derivative functionalized graphene oxide: Preparation and its flame‐retardation on epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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13
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14
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Dagdag O, Bachiri AE, Hamed O, Haldhar R, Verma C, Ebenso E, Gouri ME. Dendrimeric Epoxy Resins Based on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene as a Reactive Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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16
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Cheng J, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Ding G, Huo S. Aminobenzothiazole-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivative as reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Ozay H, Ilgin P, Ozay O. Novel hydrogels based on crosslinked chitosan with formyl-phosphazene using Schiff-base reaction. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1706514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hava Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ilgin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Lapseki Vocational School, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale/Lapseki, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozay
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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18
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Borisov RS, Mu J, Kuznetsov DA, Eroshenko AV, Filatov SN, Sirotin IS. Synthesis of Bisphenol A Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Resin with Reduced Viscosity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121914. [PMID: 31757068 PMCID: PMC6960611 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomers (PEO) were synthesized by the interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), phenol, and bisphenol A in a medium of excess of epichlorohydrin using potassium carbonate and hydroxide as HCl acceptors with the aim of obtaining a product with lower viscosity and higher phosphazene content. PEOs are mixtures of epoxycyclophosphazene (ECP) and a conventional organic epoxy resin based on bisphenol A in an amount controlled by the ratio of the initial mono- and diphenol. According to 31P NMR spectroscopy, pentasubstituted aryloxycyclotrophosphazene compounds predominate in the ECP composition. The relative content in the ECP radicals of mono- and diphenol was determined by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method. The organic epoxy fraction, according to gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), contains 50-70 wt % diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. PEO resins obtained in the present work have reduced viscosity when compared to other known phosphazene-containging epoxy resins while phosphazene content is still about 50 wt %. Resins with an epoxy number within 12-17 wt %, are cured by conventional curing agents to form compositions with flame-retardant properties, while other characteristics of these compositions are at the level of conventional epoxy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Kireev
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Yulya V. Bilichenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Roman S. Borisov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Dmitry A. Kuznetsov
- Scientific & Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies—Gazprom VNIIGAZ, Razvilka, s.p. Razvilkovskoe, Leninsky dist., Moscow region, 142717 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Eroshenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Sergey N. Filatov
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Igor S. Sirotin
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-978-9265
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Nazir
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced FibersEmpa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced FibersEmpa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland
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Synthesis of Resorcinol-Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040614. [PMID: 30960598 PMCID: PMC6523329 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy-resorcinol oligomers (PERO) are synthesized in one stage with the direct interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), resorcinol, and epichlorohydrin in the presence of solid NaOH. Depending on the initial ratio of HCP:resorcinol, PERO contains from 20 to 50 wt.% phosphazene component (2.0–4.8% of phosphorus) and have an epoxy group content up to 30 %. Products are characterized using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. According to mass spectrometry, the phosphazene fractions of PERO include up to 30 individual compounds with a predominance of cyclotriphosphazenes with one unsubstituted chlorine atom and four or five glycidyl groups. PERO has a lower viscosity in comparison with similar resins based on bisphenol A, which can simplify their use as a binder for polymer composites, adhesives, and paints.
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21
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Selvi M, Devaraju S, Alagar M. Cyclotriphosphazene nanofiber-reinforced polybenzoxazine/epoxy nanocomposites for low dielectric and flame-retardant applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Wu H, Li Y, Zeng B, Chen G, Wu Y, Chen T, Dai L. A high synergistic P/N/Si-containing additive with dandelion-shaped structure deriving from self-assembly for enhancing thermal and flame retardant property of epoxy resins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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25
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Revathi R, Prabunathan P, Alagar M. Synthesis and studies on phosphazene core-based POSS-reinforced polyimide nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Shi Y, Yu B, Zheng Y, Guo J, Chen B, Pan Z, Hu Y. A combination of POSS and polyphosphazene for reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Yuying Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Jin Guo
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Bohui Chen
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Zemin Pan
- Fujian Fuchuan Investment Co, Ltd; 7 Jianshe Road Fuzhou 350001 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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27
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28
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Yang S, Zhang Q, Hu Y. Preparation and investigation of flame-retardant epoxy resin modified with a novel halogen-free flame retardant containing phosphaphenanthrene, triazine-trione, and organoboron units. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Yefa Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
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29
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Alidağı HA, Hacıvelioğlu F, Tümay SO, Çoşut B, Yeşilot S. Synthesis and spectral properties of fluorene substituted cyclic and polymeric phosphazenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Xu MJ, Liu C, Ma K, Leng Y, Li B. Effect of surface chemical modification for aluminum hypophosphite with hexa-(4-aldehyde-phenoxy)-cyclotriphosphazene on the fire retardancy, water resistance, and thermal properties for polyamide 6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Jun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Kun Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yang Leng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
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31
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Krishnadevi K, Selvaraj V. Development of cyclophosphazene and rice husk ash incorporated epoxy composites for high performance applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Ma HX, Zhao C, Qiu JJ, Liu Y, Liu CM. Synthesis of branched benzoxazine monomers with high molecular mass, wide processing window, and properties of corresponding polybenzoxazines. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Large-Formal Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering; Wuhan 430415 China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Large-Formal Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jin-Jun Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Large-Formal Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Jianghan University; Wuhan 434023 China
| | - Cheng-Mei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Large-Formal Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
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33
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Wang G, Nie Z. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus-containing epoxy curing agent and the thermal, mechanical and flame-retardant properties of the cured products. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Lv M, Yao C, Yang D, Zeng H. Synthesis of a melamine-cyclotriphosphazene derivative and its application as flame retardant on cotton gauze. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Dingqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 People's Republic of China
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35
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Tan Y, Shao ZB, Yu LX, Long JW, Qi M, Chen L, Wang YZ. Piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate as monocomponent flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin: flame retardance, curing behavior and mechanical property. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00434b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PAz-APP (as a monocomponent hardener) can bring excellent flame retardance and smoke suppression efficiency to the EP system without sacrificing the mechanical properties and glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Lei-Xiao Yu
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Jia-Wei Long
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Min Qi
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
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36
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Novel crosslinkable epoxy resins containing phenylacetylene and azobenzene groups: From thermal crosslinking to flame retardance. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Liu H, Wang X, Wu D. Synthesis of a novel linear polyphosphazene-based epoxy resin and its application in halogen-free flame-resistant thermosetting systems. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Ding H, Wang J, Liu J, Xu Y, Chen R, Wang C, Chu F. Preparation and properties of a novel flame retardant polyurethane quasi-prepolymer for toughening phenolic foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Riqing Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF China Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization China; Nanjing China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering; SFA Nanjing 210042 China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
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39
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Mao Z, Li J, Pan F, Zeng X, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Sui X, Xu H. High-Temperature Auto-Cross-Linking Cyclotriphosphaznene: Synthesis and Application in Flame Retardance and Antidripping Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504510t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiandong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education), Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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40
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Jiang P, Gu X, Zhang S, Wu S, Zhao Q, Hu Z. Synthesis, Characterization, and Utilization of a Novel Phosphorus/Nitrogen-Containing Flame Retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie505021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shende Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongwu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer (Ministry of Education) and ‡Fire Safety Material Laboratory, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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41
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A new phosphazene derivative, spiro-N3P3[(O2C12H8)2(OC6H6N-3)2], and its Ru(II) complex: Syntheses, crystal structure, catalytic activity and antimicrobial activity studies. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Xu GR, Xu MJ, Li B. Synthesis and characterization of a novel epoxy resin based on cyclotriphosphazene and its thermal degradation and flammability performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Kitaeva NS, Shiryakina YM, Novikova AA, Shimkin AA. Influence of phosphazenes of various structures on the curing parameters and thermal oxidative degradation of oligomethylphenylsiloxane. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427214090250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Selvi M, Devaraju S, Sethuraman K, Revathi R, Alagar M. Cyclotriphosphazene fibre reinforced poly(benzoxazine-co-ε-caprolactam) nanocomposites for flame retardant applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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A novel UV-curable epoxy acrylate resin containing arylene ether sulfone linkages: Preparation, characterization, and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Pan M, Zhang C, Zhai X, Qu L, Mu J. Effect of hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene combined with octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane on thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314528227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel phosphazene-based compound called hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Epoxy (EP) resin composites containing HPCTP and octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OGPOSS) were prepared using 4,4′-diamino diphenylmethane as curing agent. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, UL 94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimetry test were used to assess thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites. Evaluation of thermal properties demonstrated that the resulting composites achieved less thermal stability compared with control EP resin but possessed high char yields at high temperatures. It indicated that both HPCTP and OGPOSS could induce the formation of intumescent char layer that retarded the degradation and combustion process of EP resin. The peak heat release rate of EP resin composite containing 15 wt% HPCTP was 61% less than that of control EP resin. Meanwhile, other flame-retardant parameters were also improved. Results of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of residual chars confirmed that both HPCTP and OGPOSS can enhance thermal stability and flame retardancy of EP resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Qu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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47
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Cyclotriphosphazenes having stereogenic phosphorus atoms: Synthesis, characterization and their stereogenic properties. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Kagit R, Yildirim M, Ozay O, Yesilot S, Ozay H. Phosphazene Based Multicentered Naked-Eye Fluorescent Sensor with High Selectivity for Fe3+ Ions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2144-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402783x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Kagit
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis
Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozay
- Lapseki Vocational School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing
Technologies, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Lapseki/Canakkale 17800, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yesilot
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze/Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Hava Ozay
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey
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49
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Ün ŞŞ, Özcan E, Uslu A, Yuksel F, Kılıç A. Cyclotriphosphazene derivatives with three different chiral centres: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of their stereogenic properties. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Pan M, Huang R, Wang T, Huang D, Mu J, Zhang C. Preparation and properties of epoxy resin composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313501008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) was synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and phenol. The chemical structure of HPCTP was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The synthesized HPCTP was incorporated into the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare epoxy resin (EP) composites using 4,4′-diamino diphenylmethane as curing agent. The thermal and flame-retardant properties of cured samples were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimetry. Evaluation of thermal properties demonstrated that the resulting composites achieved high thermal stability with high char yields. The UL-94 V-0 rating was easily achieved with the addition of HPCTP, and the heat release intensity simultaneously decreased. Results of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed that HPCTP can enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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