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Puluhulawa LE, Joni IM, Mohammed AFA, Arima H, Wathoni N. The Use of Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran in Food and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113362. [PMID: 34199586 PMCID: PMC8199723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects. In addition, several natural polymers offer potential distinct applications in gene delivery and genetic engineering. However, some of these polymers have drawbacks, such as their lack of water retention and elasticity. Sacran, one of the high-molecular-weight natural polysaccharides (megamolecular polysaccharides) derived from Aphanothece sacrum (A. sacrum), has good water retention and elasticity. Historically, sacran has been used as a dietary food. Moreover, sacran can be applied in biomedical fields as an active material, excipient, and genetic engineering material. This article discusses the characteristics, extraction, isolation procedures, and the use of sacran in food and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE) Padjadajaran Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-22-842-888888
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Guimarães R, Lapér ML, Castro VG, Silva GG, Xavier LGO, Matencio T, Houmard M, Nunes EHM. Polyvinyl alcohol/
multi‐walled
carbon nanotubes nanocomposites with ordered macroporous structures prepared by
ice‐templating. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Guimarães
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Miguel L. Lapér
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Vinícius G. Castro
- Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais (CTNano) Rua Professor José Vieira de Mendonça Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Glaura G. Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais (CTNano) Rua Professor José Vieira de Mendonça Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Ludmila G. O. Xavier
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Tulio Matencio
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Manuel Houmard
- Departamento de Engenharia Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Eduardo H. M. Nunes
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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Mizutani G, Zhao Y, Khuat HTT, Okajima M, Kaneko T. Optical Second-harmonic Observation of Stimulated Sacran Aggregates. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:351-362. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Mizutani
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Hien Thi Thu Khuat
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Maiko Okajima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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Kaneko T, Okajima MK. [Super Liquid Crystalline Polysaccharides Produced by Ultimately-ecological Microreactors]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:489-496. [PMID: 29607994 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria fix carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the atmosphere using solar energy to produce various biomolecules, and thus are regarded as ultimately ecological microreactors. Sacran is a cyanobacterial polysaccharide with a very high molecular weight of 29 Mg/mol, which is extracted from Aphanothece sacrum cyanobacterium mass-cultivated in freshwater environments such as river or spring. Sacran is a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide comprising more than 6 kinds of sugar residues and contains 12% sulfate anionic groups and 27% carboxyls. Sacran has a super-absorbent function of water, which can retain 6000 mL for 1 g specimen, due to very long hydrating chains. The value is much higher than hyaluronic acid or conventional super-absorbent polymers. Sacran exhibits self-orienting behavior in dilute solution at a concentration range over 0.25 wt%, which is quite low when compared with conventional liquid crystalline polysaccharides. Mesogenic helical chains of sacrans have extremely high aspect ratios of 1600 for highly persistent lengths of 32 micrometer. Through the liquid crystallinity, sacran solution shows a shear-thinning behavior and the solution spread over a substrate such as biological skin very efficiently to create a thin layer. Applied on atopic dermatitis skin sacran solution exerts excellent moisturizing effect and anti-itching action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kaneko
- Energy and Environmental Area, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Maiko K Okajima
- Energy and Environmental Area, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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Okajima MK, Sornkamnerd S, Kaneko T. Development of Functional Bionanocomposites Using Cyanobacterial Polysaccharides. CHEM REC 2018. [PMID: 29543373 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are regarded as very eco-friendly microreactors for the production of various biomolecules such as polysaccharides by fixing not only carbon but also nitrogen in water. Cyanobacterial polysaccharides having various functional groups such as hydroxyls, carboxyls, sulfates, etc. have the ability to interact with metals or inorganics, to create bionanocomposites. Sacran, a supergiant cyanobacterial anionic polysaccharide extracted from the extracellular matrix of Aphanothece sacrum which is mass-cultivated in freshwater, is mainly used to create functional bionanocomposites. Gel-type bionanocomposites of sacran with various metal cations are formed and showed photoresponsive functions. Metal recovery is performed from the sacran bionanocomposite gels. Sacran chains are complexed with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to give viscose dispersion from which MWCNT bionanocomposites can be collected by electrophoresis. The MWCNT/sacran dispersion retains the capability of adsorbing various metal ions to form hardened hydrogel beads. Finally, natural inorganic sepiolite can be used for sacran bionanocomposites which show an efficient neodymium ion adsorption ability. Thus, cyanobacterial polysaccharides are useful for preparing eco-friendly and functional bionanocomposites with various hard materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko K Okajima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Saranyoo Sornkamnerd
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
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Zhao Y, Thu Hien KT, Mizutani G, Rutt HN, Amornwachirabodee K, Okajima M, Kaneko T. Optical second-harmonic images of sacran megamolecule aggregates. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:146-152. [PMID: 28157840 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have detected a second-order nonlinear optical response from aggregates of the ampholytic megamolecular polysaccharide sacran extracted from cyanobacterial biomaterials by using optical second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy. The SHG images of sacran cotton-like lump, fibers, and cast films showed SHG intensity microspots of several tens of micrometers in size. The dependence of the SHG spot intensity on an excitation light polarization angle was observed to illustrate sacran molecular orientation in these microdomains. We also observed SHG signals around a special region of the cast film edges of sacran. These results show that sacran megamolecules aggregate in several different ways.
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Ito W, Yamaki M, Kawai M, Mitsumata T, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Extraordinary Swelling of Hydrogels Physically Crosslinked by Megamolecular Chain Sacran. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.151125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Yamagata University
| | - Miho Yamaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Mika Kawai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Maiko K. Okajima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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Mitsumata T, Miura T, Takahashi N, Kawai M, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Ionic state and chain conformation for aqueous solutions of supergiant cyanobacterial polysaccharide. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:042607. [PMID: 23679443 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.042607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the electric conductivity, dielectric relaxation behavior, and viscosity for the aqueous solution of cyanobacterial megamolecules, molecular weight =1.6×10(7) g/mol, named sacran. Sacran is an anionic polyelectrolyte which has carboxylate and sulfate groups on the saccharide chain. The electric conductivity and the zero shear viscosity demonstrated three crossover concentrations at 0.004, 0.02, and 0.1 wt%. The viscosity was found to be scaled as ~c(1.5), ~c(0.5), ~c(1.5), and ~c(3.0) with increasing the sacran concentration. At 0.1 wt%, the sacran chain formed a weak gel which exhibits macroscopic liquid crystal domains including Schlieren texture. Therefore, these crossover concentrations are considered to be the overlap concentration, entanglement concentration, and gelation concentration (or critical polyelectrolyte concentration), respectively. Dielectric relaxation analysis exhibited the fact that sacran has two types of counterions with different counterion-polyion interaction, i.e., strongly bound and loosely bound counterions. The dielectric parameters such as relaxation time or relaxation strength are sensitive to both the entanglement concentration and the gelation concentration, but not the overlap concentration. The number density of bound counterions calculated from the relaxation strength revealed that the counterion is condensed on the sacran chain with raising the sacran concentrations. The decrease in the charge density of the sacran chain reduces the repulsive force between the chains and this would cause the helix transformation or gelation behavior. The chain conformation of sacran in pure water and the gelation mechanism are discussed in relation with the behavior of polyelectrolytes and liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Mitsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan.
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