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Villa-Reyna AL, Aguilar-Martínez M, Ochoa-Terán A, Santacruz-Ortega H, Leyva-Peralta MA, Vargas-Durazo JT, Salazar-Gastelum MI, García-Elías J, Gálvez-Ruiz JC. Efficient and Sustainable Bidentate Amines-Functionalized Resins for Removing Ag +, Cu 2+, Pb 2+, and Fe 3+ from Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2778. [PMID: 37447425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the effectiveness of chelating resins (CR) derived from Merrifield resin (MR) and 1,2-phenylenediamine (PDA), 2,2'-dipyridylamine (DPA), and 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine (AMP) as adsorbent dosimeters for Ag+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ cations from water under competitive and noncompetitive conditions. MR-PDA, MR-DPA, and MR-AMP were obtained in a 95-97% yield and characterized by IR, fluorescence, and SEM. The ability of CRs as adsorbents was determined by batch and flow procedures. MR-PDA showed a batch adsorption capacity order of Fe3+ (29.8 mg/g) > Ag+ (2.7 mg/g) > Pb2+ (2.6 mg/g) at pH 3.4. The flow adsorption showed affinity towards the Ag+ cation at pH 7 (18.4 mg/g) and a reusability of 10 cycles. In MR-DPA, the batch adsorption capacity order was Ag+ (9.1 mg/g) > Pb2+ (8.2 mg/g) > Cu2+ (3.5 mg/g) at pH 5. The flow adsorption showed affinity to the Cu2+ cation at pH 5 (2.2 mg/g) and a reuse of five cycles. In MR-AMP, the batch adsorption capacity was Ag+ (17.1 mg/g) at pH 3.4. The flow adsorption showed affinity to the Fe3+ cation at pH 2 (4.3 mg/g) and a reuse of three cycles. The three synthesized and reusable CRs have potential as adsorbents for Ag+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ cations and showed versatility in metal removal for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Laura Villa-Reyna
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Avenida Universidad e Irigoyen S/N, Col. E. Ortiz, Caborca 83600, Mexico
| | - Milagros Aguilar-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Avenida Universidad e Irigoyen S/N, Col. E. Ortiz, Caborca 83600, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Terán
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, Otay Tecnológico, Tijuana 22510, Mexico
| | - Hisila Santacruz-Ortega
- Departamento de Investigación Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Mario-Alberto Leyva-Peralta
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Avenida Universidad e Irigoyen S/N, Col. E. Ortiz, Caborca 83600, Mexico
| | - Judas-Tadeo Vargas-Durazo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Moisés I Salazar-Gastelum
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, Otay Tecnológico, Tijuana 22510, Mexico
| | - José García-Elías
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, Otay Tecnológico, Tijuana 22510, Mexico
| | - Juan-Carlos Gálvez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
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Zhou J, Song J, Ma G, Li Y, Wei Y, Liu F, Zhou H. Hierarchical Ti-MOF Microflowers for Synchronous Removal and Fluorescent Detection of Aluminum Ions. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110935. [PMID: 36354444 PMCID: PMC9688045 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional luminescence metal-organic frameworks with unique nanostructures have drawn ongoing attention for simultaneous determination and elimination of metal ions in the aqueous environment, but still remain a great challenge. In this work, three-dimensional hierarchical titanium metal-organic framework (Ti-MOF) microflowers were developed by a secondary hydrothermal method for not only highly sensitive and selective detection of Al(III), but also simultaneously efficient decontamination. The resulting Ti-MOF microflowers with a diameter of 5-6 μm consisted of nanorods with a diameter of ∼200 nm and a length of 1-2 μm, which provide abundant, surface active sites for determination and elimination of Al(III) ions. Because of their substantial specific surface area and superior fluorescence characteristics, Ti-MOF microflowers are used as fluorescence probes for quantitative determination of Al(III) in the aqueous environment. Importantly, the specific FL enhancement by Al(III) via a chelation-enhanced fluorescence mechanism can be utilized for selective and quantitative determination of Al(III). The Al(III) detection has a linear range of 0.4-15 µM and a detection limit as low as 75 nM. By introducing ascorbic acid, interference of Fe(III) can be avoided to achieve selective detection of Al(III) under various co-existing cations. It is noteworthy that the Ti-MOF microflowers exhibit excellent adsorption capacity for Al(III) with a high adsorption capacity of 25.85 mg g-1. The rapid adsorption rate is consistent with a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Ti-MOF is a promising contender as an adsorbent and a fluorescent chemical sensor for simultaneous determination and elimination of Al(III) due to its exceptional water stability, high porosity, and intense luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jieyao Song
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangqiang Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Çaylak O, Elçi ŞG, Höl A, Akdoğan A, Divrikli Ü, Elçi L. Use of an aminated Amberlite XAD-4 column coupled to flow injection cold vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry for mercury speciation in water and fish tissue samples. Food Chem 2019; 274:487-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Microwave assisted modification of cellulose by gallic acid and its application for removal of aluminium from real samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:490-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Islam A, Kumar S, Zaidi N, Ahmad H. SPE coupled to AAS trace determination of Cd(II) and Zn(II) in food samples using amine functionalized GMA-MMA-EGDMA terpolymer: Isotherm and kinetic studies. Food Chem 2016; 213:775-783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Equilibrium and Kinetic studies on Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ Adsorption from aqueous solution by Resin 2, 2'– (Ethylenedithio)diethanol Immobilized Amberlite XAD-16 (EDTDE-AXAD-16) with Chlorosulphonic acid. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Islam A, Kumar S. Glycidylmethacrylate based resin functionalized with graphene oxide for column preconcentration and trace determination of Cd(ii) and Ni(ii) in environmental and food samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15612f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide decorated glycidylmethacrylate chelating resin was synthesized using a diethylenetriamine spacer arm and explored for the preconcentration/determination of Ni and Cd in environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202002
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202002
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A graphene oxide decorated with triethylenetetramine-modified magnetite for separation of chromium species prior to their sequential speciation and determination via FAAS. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Islam A, Zaidi N, Ahmad H, Kumar S. Amine-functionalized mesoporous polymer as potential sorbent for nickel preconcentration from electroplating wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7716-7725. [PMID: 25561258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mesoporous glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene-based chelating resin was synthesized and grafted with diethylenetriamine through epoxy ring-opening reaction. The synthesized resin was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, surface area and pore size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The resin was used for the first time as an effective sorbent for the preconcentration of nickel in electroplating wastewater samples. The analytical variables like pH, flow rate for sorption/desorption, and eluate selection were systematically investigated and optimized. The uniform and monolayer sorption behavior of resin for nickel was proved by an evident fit of the equilibrium data to a Langmuir isotherm model. Under optimized conditions, the resin was observed to show a good sorption capacity of 20.25 mg g(-1) and >96% recovery of nickel even in the presence of a large number of competitive matrix ions. Its ability to extract trace amount of nickel was exhibited by low preconcentration limit (5.9 μg L(-1)). The calibration curve was found to be linear (R(2) = 0.998) in the concentration range of 6.0-400.0 μg L(-1). Coefficient of variation of less than 5 for all the analysis indicated good reproducibility. The reliability was evaluated by the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) and recovery experiments. The applicability of the resin for the systematic preconcentration of nickel is substantiated by the analysis of electroplating wastewater and river water samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, 202002,
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Ahmad A, Siddique JA, Laskar MA, Kumar R, Mohd-Setapar SH, Khatoon A, Shiekh RA. New generation Amberlite XAD resin for the removal of metal ions: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:104-123. [PMID: 25968265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially available Amberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Jamal Akhter Siddique
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Thakurova-716629, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar
- Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Asma Khatoon
- Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Rayees Ahmad Shiekh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, PO Box 30002, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
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Islam A, Zaidi N, Ahmad H, Kumar S. Efficacy of dihydroxy-mercaptopyrimidine functionalized polymeric resin for the trace determination of Cd by SPE coupled flame atomic absorption spectrometry. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and applicability of a cadmium extractor prepared by functionalizing polystyrene resin with 2-thiobarbituric acid is studied. This is the first time that 2-thiobarbituric acid is reported in solid phase extraction as a chelating resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202 002
| | - Noushi Zaidi
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202 002
| | - Hilal Ahmad
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202 002
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Analytical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India-202 002
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Islam A, Zaidi N, Ahmad H, Yadav S. Synthesis, characterization, and systematic studies of a novel aluminum selective chelating resin. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5843-5853. [PMID: 24853406 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A procedure is detailed for the selective analysis of trace aluminum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with off-line column separation and preconcentration. Chelating resin was synthesized by covalent functionalization of Amberlite XAD-16 by 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole. The modified resin was characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, and minimum energy run. The optimum sorption was at pH 9 ± 0.1 with corresponding t(1/2) of only 7 min. Many competitive anions and cations studied did not interfere at all in the selective determination of Al(III), at the optimized conditions. The resin shows maximum sorption capacity of 21.58 mg g(-1) and can be regenerated up to 75 cycles without any discernible capacity loss. The Langmuir isotherm model provides the better correlation of the experimental data (r(2) = 0.999) in comparison to Freundlich isotherm model, while the Scatchard analysis revealed homogeneous binding sites in the chelating resin. Analytical figures of merit were evaluated by accuracy (standard reference materials and recovery experiment), precision (RSD <5%), and detection limit (2.8 μg L(-1)). The applicability was demonstrated by analysis of trace aluminum in biological, environmental, and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India,
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Islam A, Ahmad H, Zaidi N, Kumar S. Graphene oxide sheets immobilized polystyrene for column preconcentration and sensitive determination of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13257-13265. [PMID: 25003835 DOI: 10.1021/am5031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel solid-phase extractant was synthesized by coupling graphene oxide (GO) on chloromethylated polystyrene through an ethylenediamine spacer unit to develop a column method for the preconcentration/separation of lead prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, far-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups form a strong complex with lead, resulting in higher sorption capacity (227.92 mg g(-1)) than other nanosorbents used for sorption studies of the column method. Using the column procedure here is an alternative to the direct use of GO, which restricts irreversible aggregation of GO and its escape into the ecosystem, making it an environmentally sustainable method. The column method was optimized by varying experimental variables such as pH, flow rate for sorption/desorption, and elution condition and was observed to exhibit a high preconcentration factor (400) with a low preconcentration limit (2.5 ppb) and a high degree of tolerance for matrix ions. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by determining the Pb content in the standard reference materials and by recovery experiments. The method showed good precision with a relative standard deviation <5%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of lead in tap water, electroplating wastewater, river water, and food samples after preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh, India 202 002
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Aly Z, Graulet A, Scales N, Hanley T. Removal of aluminium from aqueous solutions using PAN-based adsorbents: characterisation, kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3972-3986. [PMID: 24297464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Economic adsorbents in bead form were fabricated and utilised for the adsorption of Al(3+) from aqueous solutions. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) beads, PAN powder and the thermally treated PAN beads (250 °C/48 h/Ar and 600 °C/48 h/Ar-H2) were characterised using different techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, specific surface analysis (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), thermogravimetric analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy. Effects of pH, contact time, kinetics and adsorption isotherms at different temperatures were investigated in batch mode experiments. Aluminium kinetic data best fit the Lagergren pseudo-second-order adsorption model indicating a one-step, surface-only, adsorption process with chemisorption being the rate limiting step. Equilibrium adsorption data followed a Langmuir adsorption model with fairly low monolayer adsorption capacities suitable for freshwater clean-up only. Various constants including thermodynamic constants were evaluated from the experimental results obtained at 20, 40 and 60 °C. Positive values of ΔH° indicated that the adsorption of Al(3+) onto all three adsorbents was endothermic with less energy input required for PAN powder compared to PAN beads and low-temperature thermally treated PAN. Negative ΔG° values indicated that the aluminium adsorption process was spontaneous for all adsorbents examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Aly
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia,
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