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Kleinhaus JT, Wolf J, Pellumbi K, Wickert L, Viswanathan SC, Junge Puring K, Siegmund D, Apfel UP. Developing electrochemical hydrogenation towards industrial application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7305-7332. [PMID: 37814786 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogenation reactions gained significant attention as a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional thermocatalytic hydrogenations. This tutorial review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles, the practical application, and recent advances of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions, with a particular emphasis on the translation of these reactions from lab-scale to industrial applications. Giving an overview on the vast amount of conceivable organic substrates and tested catalysts, we highlight the challenges associated with upscaling electrochemical hydrogenations, such as mass transfer limitations and reactor design. Strategies and techniques for addressing these challenges are discussed, including the development of novel catalysts and the implementation of scalable and innovative cell concepts. We furthermore present an outlook on current challenges, future prospects, and research directions for achieving widespread industrial implementation of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions. This work aims to provide beginners as well as experienced electrochemists with a starting point into the potential future transformation of electrochemical hydrogenations from a laboratory curiosity to a viable technology for sustainable chemical synthesis on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Kleinhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jonas Wolf
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Sangita C Viswanathan
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
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Fan J, Zhang Y, Li N, Bai R, Liu Q, Zhou X. Experimental Study on Electrochemical Desulfurization of Coal Liquefaction Residue. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062749. [PMID: 36985721 PMCID: PMC10057002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of sulfur in coal direct liquefaction residue affects its further high quality and high value utilization. Electrochemical desulfurization is characterized by mild reaction conditions, simple operation, easy separation of sulfur conversion products and little influence on the properties of the liquefied residue. An anodic electrolytic oxidation desulphurization experiment was carried out on the liquefaction residue of the by-product of a coal-to-liquid enterprise in the slurry state. An electrochemical test and material characterization of raw materials before and after electrolysis showed that electrolytic oxidation can desulfurize the liquefaction residue under an alkaline condition. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used for the electrolysis experiments to obtain the optimal slurry concentration of 60 g/L. On this basis, the reaction kinetics were calculated, and the minimum activation energy in the interval at 0.9 (V vs. Hg/HgO) was 19.71 kJ/mol. The relationship between the electrolytic desulfurization of the liquefied residue and energy consumption was studied by the potentiostatic method. The influence of anodic potential and electrolytic temperature on the current density, cell voltage, desulfurization rate and energy consumption was investigated. The experimental results showed that the desulfurization rate and total energy consumption increase positively with the increase in reaction temperature and electrolytic potential in a certain range. The influence of the reaction temperature on the desulfurization rate and total energy consumption is more prominent than that of electrolytic potential, but the energy consumption of sulfur removal per unit mass does not show a positive correlation. Therefore, with the energy consumption per unit mass of sulfur removal as the efficiency index, the optimal experimental results were obtained: under the conditions of 0.8 (V vs. Hg/HgO) anode potential, 50 °C electrolytic temperature, 60 g/L slurry concentration and 14,400 s electrolytic time, the desulfurization rate was 18.85%, and the power consumption per unit mass of sulfur removal was 5585.74 W·s/g. The results of XPS, SEM, BET and IC showed that both inorganic and organic sulfur were removed by electrolytic oxidation, and the morphology, pore structure and chemical bond of the liquefied residue were affected by electrolytic oxidation. The research method provides a new idea and reference for the efficiency evaluation of desulfurization and hydrogen production from coal liquefaction residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Vocational College, Ordos 017010, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Recycle Utilization for Coal-Based Waste, Huhhot 010051, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Recycle Utilization for Coal-Based Waste, Huhhot 010051, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources, Huhhot 010051, China
| | - Ruzhan Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot 010051, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources, Huhhot 010051, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- College of Zhongran, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Mehri F, Ghamati M, Rowshanzamir S, Sauter W, Schröder U. Evaluation of the membrane efficiency of both Nafion and sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) using electrochemical membrane reactor toward desulfurization of a model diesel fuel. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li JJ, Zhou F, Tang XD, Hu T, Cheng J. Experimental study on deep desulfurization of MTBE by electrochemical oxidation and distillation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, deep desulfurization of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), which is the most important octane booster in gasoline, is extremely urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Fei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
| | - Xiao-dong Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
| | - Tao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
| | - Jin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- China
- Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals
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Tang XD, Hu T, Li JJ, Wang F, Qing DY. Deep desulfurization of condensate gasoline by electrochemical oxidation and solvent extraction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06851g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic salts were used as a supporting electrolyte to oxidize organic sulfides and achieve the purpose of deep desulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Tao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Da-yong Qing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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